商法课后习题作业

GeneralPrinciplesoftheUNIDROITPICCp50-53

1.FreedomofContract

OneofthemostfundamentalideasunderlyingtheUNIDROITPICCisthatoffreedomof

contract.ThisprincipleisexpresslystatedinArt.1.1("Freedomofcontract")whichreads:"The

partiesarefreetoenteracontractandtodetermineitscontent."Aspointedoutinthe

Comment,"Therightofbusinesspeopletodecidefreelytowhomtheywilloffertheirgoodsor

servicesandbywhomtheywishtobesupplied,aswellasthepossibilityforthemfreelyto

agreeonthetermsofindividualtransactions,arethecornerstonesofanopen,market-oriented

andcompetitiveinternationaleconomicorder.u

2.OpennesstoUsages

AnotheressentialelementoftheUNIDROITPICCisitsmarkedopennesstousages.Inother

words,likeotherlegalinstrumentsspecificallydealingwithinternationalcommercial

transactions,inparticularCISG,theUNIDROITPICCaccordsusagesandpracticesdeveloping

withinthedifferenttradesectorsacentralroleinthedeterminationoftherightsanddutiesof

thepartiestoeachindividualcontract.Thereasonforthisistobefoundinthegeneralobjective

pursuedbytheUNIDROITPICCtoprovidearegulationsufficientlyflexibletopermitofits

constantlyadaptingtotheever-changingtechnicalandeconomicconditionsofcross-border

trade

3.FavorContractus

AnotherprincipleunderlyingtheUNIDROITPICCisthesocalledfavorcontractus,i.e.theaim

ofpreservingthecontractwheneverpossible,thuslimitingthenumberofcasesinwhichits

existenceorvaliditymaybequestionedorinwhichitmaybeterminatedbeforetime.The

reasonbehindthisistheacknowledgementthatdespiteshortcomingswhichmightariseinthe

courseoftheformationorperformanceofthecontractitisnormallyintheinterestofboth

partiestodoallpossibletokeeptheiroriginalbargainalivethantorenounceitandtolookfor

alternativegoodsorserviceselsewhereonthemarket.

4.ObservanceofGoodFaithandFairDealinginInternationalTrade

Paragraph1ofArt.1.7.clearlystates:"eachpartymustactinaccordancewithgoodfaithand

fairdealing(诚信及公平交易)ininternationaltrade,"andthisclearlyindicatesthatunderthe

systemoftheUNIDROITPICCitisthroughoutthelifeofthecontract,includingthenegotiation

process,thattheparties'behaviormustconformtogoodfaithandfairdealing.Inthisrespect

theUNIDROITPICCfollowanapproachfamiliartothegeneralityofcivillawsystems,butnot

necessarilytocommonlawsystemswhich,evenwhereadmittinggoodfaithandfairdealingas

ageneralprinciple,confineitsoperationbasicallytotheperformanceofcontracts

(A)Freedomofcontract

AsstatedintheComment,“therightofbusiness

peopletodecidefreelytowhomtheywi11offertheirgoodsor

servicesandbywhomtheywishtobesupplied,aswe11asthe

possibiIityforthemfreelytoagreeonthetermsofindividual

transactions,arethecornerstonesofanopen,market-orientedand

competitiveinternationaleconomicorder.”(Article1.1,comment1)

So,itisclearthatthepartiesenjoythewidestpossible

autonomy,inthesensethattheymayineachindividualcaseeither

excludetheapplicationoftheUNIDROITPICCinwholeorinpartor

modifytheprovisionssoastoadaptthemtothespecificneedsofthe

kindoftransactioninvolved.

(B)OpennesstoUsages

TheUNIDROITPICCaccordsusagesandpracticesdeveloping

withinthedifferenttradesectorsacentraIroleinthedetermination

oftherightsanddutiesofthepartiestoeachindividualcontract.

However,theusagesandpracticescanonlybeboundonparties

undertwocircumstances：

(1)theyhavebeenagreedorestabIishedbytheparties：

(2)theyarewidelyknowntoandregularlyobservedin

internationaltradebypartiesinparticulartradeconcerned,except

wheretheapplicationofsuchausagewouldbeunreasonable.

Asaconsequence,usageofapurelyIocaIornationaIoriginal

originareapplicabIeonlyexceptionallywithoutanyreferencethereto

bytheparties.

(C)FavorContracts

AnotherprincipleunderlyingtheUNIDROITPICCistheso

calledfavorcontracts,theaimofpreservingthecontractwhenever

possible,thuslimitingthenumberofcasesinwhichitsexistenceor

validitymaybequestionedorinwhichitmaybeterminatedbefore

time.

Thereasonbehindthisisthatdespiteshortcomingswhichmight

ariseinthecourseoftheformationorperformanceofthecontractit

isnormallyintheinterestofbothpartiestodoa11possibletokeep

theiroriginalbargainalivethantorenounceitandtolookfor

alternativegoodsorserviceelsewhereonthemarket.

(D)ObservanceofGoodFaithandFairDealingin

InternationalTrade

TheUNIDROITPICCclearlystates：z,eachpartymustactin

accordancewithgoodfaithandfairdealingininternationaltrade".

ThisindicatesthatunderthesystemoftheUNIDROIT

PICC,itisthroughoutthelifeofthecontract,includingthe

negotiationprocess,thattheparties'behaviourmustconformto

goodfaithandfairdealing.

Aboutthe“goodfaith”,thereisnogivendefinition.But

thefactthatthetemiscoupIedwith**fairdealing“makesitclear

thatitistobeunderstoodinanobjectivesenseas"reasonable

commercialstandardsoffairdealing,andnotinasubjectivesense,

asastateofmindorjustactinghonestly.

FOB(FreeonBoard,...namedportofshipment)船上交货(...指定装运港)

CFR(CostandFreight,...namedportofdestination)成本加运费(.....指定目的港)

GIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight,...namedportofdestination)成本加保险费、运费

(指定目的港)

FOB,FreeonBoard(...NamedportofShipment)

指定装运港船上交货

Itmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodswhentheyhavepassedover

theship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearall

expensesandrisksofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.

CFR(CostandFreight,...namedportofdestination)成本加运费(......指定目的港)

Itmeansthatthesellershallundertakethecostandfreightnecessarytocarrythegoodstothe

namedportofdestination,buttherisksof,lossesof,ordamagetothegoods,aswellasany

additionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredonboard

thevessel,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship'srailat

theportofshipment.

CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight,...namedportofdestination)成本力口保险费、运费(.......

指定目的港)

Itmeansthatthesellerhastheobligationtoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthe

risksof,lossesof,ordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage

货交承运人的三个贸易术语

1)FCA(FreeCarrier,...namedplace)货交承运人(....指定地点)

2)CIP(CarriageinsurancePaidto,...namedplaceofdestination)运费、保险费付至(...指

定目的地)。

3)CPT(CarriagePaidTo....namedplaceofdestination)运费付至(….指定目的地)

目的地交货的各种术语

1)DAF(DeliveredatFrontier....namedplace)边境交货(....指定地点)

2)DES(DeliveredExShip....namedportofdestination目的港船上交货(.....指定目的

港)

3)DEQ(DeliveredExQuay,...namedPortOfdestination)§的港码头交货(....指定目

的港)

4)DDU(DeliveredDutyUnpaid,...namedplaceofdestination)未完税交货(…指定目的地)

5)DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid,...namedplaceofdestination)完税后交货(…指定目的地)

EXWORKS(•­•namedplace)I厂交货价

Itmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenheplacesthegoodsatthe

disposalofthebuyerattheseiler'spremisesoranothernamedplace

(i.e.,works,factory,warehouse,etc.)notclearedforexportand

notloadedonanycollectingvehicle.

FCA(FreeCarrier,•,namedplace)货交承运人

Itmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobiigationtodeliverwhenhe

hashandedoverthegoods,clearedforexport,intothechargeofthe

carriernamedbythebuyeratthenamedplaceorpoint.

FAS(FreeAlongsideShip,•,namedportofshipment)船边交

货

ItmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsarepIaced

alongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipment.Thebuyerhasto

beara11costsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthat

moment.

FOB(FreeOnBoard••,namedportofshipment)禺岸价

Itmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobiigationtodeliverwhen

thegoodshavepassedovertheship'sraiIatthenamedportof

shipment.Thebuyerhastobeara11costsandrisksoflossofor

damagetothegoodsfromthatmoment.

FOBLinerTerms：FOB班轮条件

FOBUnderTackle：FOB吊钩下交货

FOBStowed(FOBS):FOB卖方负责装船并理舱

FOBTrimmed(FOBT):FOB卖方负责装船并平舱

FOBStowedandTrimmed(FOBST)卖方负责理舱和平舱

CFR(CostandFreight••,namedportofdetermination)货值加运

费

Itmeansthatthesellermustpaythecostandfreightnecessary

tobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbuttheriskof

lossofordamagetothegoods,aswe11asanyadditionalcostsdueto

eventsoccurringafterthetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredonboard

thevessel,istransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoods

passtheship'sraiIintheportofshipment.

CFRLinerTerms：CFR班轮条件

CFRLanded;CFR卸到岸上

CFRExShip,sHold:CFR舱底交货

CFRExTackle:吊钩下交货

CIF(CostInsuranceandFreightnamedportofdestination)

货值，保险费加运费

ItmeansthatthesellerhasthesameobiigationasunderCFRbut

withtheadditionthathehastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthe

buyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.

Thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.

CPT(CarriagePaidto••,namedplaceofdestination)运费付至

Itmeansthatthesellerpaysthefreightforthecarriageofthe

goodstothenameddestination.Theriskoflossofordamagetothe

goods,aswe11asanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafter

thetimethegoodshavebeendeliveredtothecarrier,istransferred

fromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredinto

thecustodyofthecarrier.

CIP(CarriageandInsurancePaidto…namedplaceofdestination)

运费和保险费付至

ItmeansthatthesellerhasthesameobiigationasunderCPTbut

withtheadditionthathehastoprocurecargoinsuranceagainstthe

buyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.

Thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.

DAF(DeliveredatFrontier,•,namedplace)边境交货

Itmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthe

disposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportnotunload,

clearedforexport,butnotclearedforimportatthenamedpointand

placeatthefrontier,butbeforethecustomsborderoftheadjoining

country.

DES(DeliveredExship••,namedportofdestination)目的港船

上交货

Itmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthe

disposalofthebuyeronboardtheshipnotclearedforimportatthe

namedportofdestination.Thesellerhastobeara11thecostsand

risksinvoIvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestination

beforedischarging.

DEQ(DeliveredExQuay,•,namedportofdestination)目的港码

头交货

Itmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthe

disposalofthebuyeronboardtheshipnotclearedforimportonthe

quay(wharf)atthenamedportofdestination.Thesellerhastobear

a11thecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamed

portofdestinationanddischargingthegoodsonthequay(wharf).The

DEQtermrequiresthebu