环境工程专业英语 课件 U4L3 Soil Pollution

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringMainContents

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentSolidWastesandSoilPollution

SoilPollutionProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

Soilpollutionisdefinedasthebuild-upinsoilsofpersistenttoxiccompounds,chemicals,salts,radioactivematerials,ordiseasecausingagents,whichhaveadverseeffectsonplantgrowthandanimalhealth.SoilPollution

Definition

Therearemanydifferentwaysthatsoilcanbecomepolluted,suchas:SeepagefromalandfillDischargeofindustrialwasteintothesoilPercolationofcontaminatedwaterintothesoilRuptureofundergroundstoragetanks.Excessapplicationofpesticides,herbicidesorfertilizer.SolidwasteseepageSoilPollution

Definition

Themostcommonchemicalsinvolvedincausingsoilpollutionare:Petroleumhydrocarbons.HeavymetalsPesticidesSolventsSoilPollution

Definition

AgriculturalSoilPollutionPollutionofsurfacesoilPollutionofundergroundsoil

SoilpollutionbyindustrialeffluentsandsolidwastePollutionofsurfacesoilDisturbancesinsoilprofilePollutionduetourbanactivitiesPollutionofsurfacesoilPollutionofundergroundsoilSoilPollutionTypesofSoilPollution

Soilpollutioniscausedbythepresenceofman-madechemicalsorotheralterationinthenaturalsoilenvironment.Thistypeofcontaminationtypicallyarisesfromtheruptureofundergroundstoragelinks,applicationofpesticides,percolationofcontaminatedsurfacewatertosubsurfacestrata,oilandfueldumping,leachingofwastesfromlandfillsordirectdischargeofindustrialwastestothesoil.SoilPollution

CausesofSoilPollution

Themostcommonchemicalsinvolvedarepetroleumhydrocarbonssolvents,pesticides,leadandotherheavymetals.Thisoccurrenceofthisphenomenoniscorrelatedwiththedegreeofindustrializationandintensitiesofchemicalusage.SoilPollution

CausesofSoilPollution

Asoilpollutantisanyfactorwhichdeterioratesthequality,textureandmineralcontentofthesoilorwhichdisturbsthebiologicalbalanceoftheorganismsinthesoil.Pollutioninsoilhasadverseeffectonplantgrowth.Pollutioninsoilisassociatedwith:IndiscriminateuseoffertilizerIndiscriminateuseofpesticides,insecticidesandherbicideDumpingoflargequantitiesofsolidwasteDeforestationandsoilerosionSoilPollution

CausesofSoilPollution

Farmersgenerallyusefertilizertocorrectsoildeficiencies.Fertilizerscontaminatethesoilwithimpurities,whichcomefromtherawmaterialsusedfortheirmanufacture.Mixedfertilizersoftencontainammoniumnitrate(NH4NO3),phosphorusasP2O5,andpotassiumasK2O.Forinstance,As,PbandCdpresentintracesinrockphosphatemineralgettransferredtosuperphosphatefertilizer.Sincethemetalsarenotdegradable,theiraccumulationinthesoilabovetheirtoxiclevelsduetoexcessiveuseofphosphatefertilizers,becomesanindestructiblepoisonforcrops.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofFertilizers

Plantsonwhichwedependforfoodareunderattackfrominsects,fungi,bacteria,viruses,rodentsandotheranimals,andmustcompetewithweedsfornutrients.Tokillunwantedpopulationslivinginorontheircrops,farmersusepesticides.ThefirstwidespreadinsecticideusebeganattheendofWorldWarIIandincludedDDT(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane).InsectssoonbecameresistanttoDDTandasthechemicaldidnotdecomposereadily,itpersistedintheenvironment.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

SinceDDTwassolubleinfatratherthanwater,itbiomagnifiedupthefoodchainanddisruptedcalciummetabolisminbirds,causingeggshellstobethinandfragile.Asaresult,largebirdsofpreysuchasthebrownpelican,ospreys,falconsandeaglesbecameendangered.DDThasbeennowbeenbannedinmostwesterncountries.IronicallymanyofthemincludingU.S.A.,stillproduceDDTforexporttootherdevelopingnationswhoseneedsoutweightheproblemscausedbyit.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

SinceDDTwassolubleinfatratherthanwater,itbiomagnifiedupthefoodchainanddisruptedcalciummetabolisminbirds,causingeggshellstobethinandfragile.Asaresult,largebirdsofpreysuchasthebrownpelican,ospreys,falconsandeaglesbecameendangered.DDThasbeennowbeenbannedinmostwesterncountries.IronicallymanyofthemincludingU.S.A.,stillproduceDDTforexporttootherdevelopingnationswhoseneedsoutweightheproblemscausedbyit.（Itwas

bannedinChinain1983）SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

Pesticidesnotonlybringtoxiceffectonhumanandanimalsbutalsodecreasethefertilityofthesoil.Someofthepesticidesarequitestableandtheirbiodegradationmaytakeweeksandevenmonths.

Pesticideproblemssuchasresistance,resurgence,andhealtheffectshavecausedscientiststoseekalternatives.Pheromonesandhormonestoattractorrepelinsectsandusingnaturalenemiesorsterilizationbyradiationhavebeensuggested.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

Ingeneral,solidwasteincludesgarbage,domesticrefuseanddiscardedsolidmaterialssuchasthosefromcommercial,industrialandagriculturaloperations.Theycontainincreasingamountsofcardboards,plastics,glass,oldconstructionmaterial,packagingmaterialandtoxicorotherwisehazardoussubstances.Sinceasignificantamountofurbansolidwastetendstobepaperandfoodwaste,themajorityisrecyclableorbiodegradableinlandfills.Similarly,mostagriculturalwasteisrecycledandminingwasteisleftonsite.SoilPollution

DumpingofSolidWastes

Theportionofsolidwastethatishazardoussuchasoils,batterymetals,heavymetalsfromsmeltingindustriesandorganicsolventsaretheoneswehavetopayparticularattentionto.Thesecaninthelongrun,getdepositedtothesoilsofthesurroundingareaandpollutethembyalteringtheirchemicalandbiologicalproperties.Theyalsocontaminatedrinkingwateraquifersources.Morethan90%ofhazardouswasteisproducedbychemical,petroleumandmetal-relatedindustriesandsmallbusinessessuchasdrycleanersandgasstationscontributeaswell.SoilPollution

DumpingofSolidWastes

SoilErosionoccurswhentheweatheredsoilparticlesaredislodgedandcarriedawaybywindorwater,Deforestation,agriculturaldevelopment,temperatureextremes,precipitationincludingacidrain,andhumanactivitiescontributetothiserosion.Humansspeedupthisprocessbyconstruction,mining,cuttingoftimber,overcroppingandovergrazing.Itresultsinfloodsandcausesoilerosion.SoilPollution

Deforestation

SoilErosionoccurswhentheweatheredsoilparticlesaredislodgedandcarriedawaybywindorwater,Deforestation,agriculturaldevelopment,temperatureextremes,precipitationincludingacidrain,andhumanactivitiescontributetothiserosion.Humansspeedupthisprocessbyconstruction,mining,cuttingoftimber,overcroppingandovergrazing.Itresultsinfloodsandcausesoilerosion.SoilPollution

Deforestation

Forestsandgrasslandsareanexcellentbindingmaterialthatkeepsthesoilintactandhealthy.Theysupportmanyhabitatsandecosystems,whichprovideinnumerablefeedingpathwaysorfoodchainstoallspecies.Theirlosswouldthreatenfoodchainsandthesurvivalofmanyspecies.Duringthepastfewyearsquitealotofvastgreenlandhasbeenconvertedintodeserts.ThepreciousrainforesthabitatsofSouthAmerica,tropicalAsiaandAfricaarecomingunderpressureofpopulationgrowthanddevelopment(especiallytimber,constructionandagriculture).SoilPollution

Deforestation

Manyscientistsbelievethatawealthofmedicinalsubstancesincludingacureforcancerandaids,lieinforests.Deforestationisslowlydestroyingthemostproductivefloraandfaunaareasintheworld,whichalsoformvasttractsofaveryvaluablesinkforCO2.SoilPollution

Deforestation

Urbanactivitiesgeneratelargequantitiesofcitywastesincludingseveralbiodegradablematerials(likevegetables,animalwastes,papers,woodenpieces,carcasses,planttwigs,leaves,clothwastesaswellassweepings)andmanynon-biodegradablematerials(suchasplasticbags,plasticbottles,plasticwastes,glassbottles,glasspieces,stone/cementpieces).SoilPollution

PollutionDuetoUrbanization

Ifcontaminatedsoilisusedtogrowfood,thelandwillusuallyproduceloweryieldsthanitwouldifitwerenotcontaminated.This,inturn,cancauseevenmoreharmbecausealackofplantsonthesoilwillcausemoreerosion,spreadingthecontaminantsontolandthatmightnothavebeentaintedbefore.SoilPollution

EnvironmentalLongTermEffectsofSoilPollution

Inaddition,thepollutantswillchangethemakeupofthesoilandthetypesofmicroorganismsthatwillliveinit.Ifcertainorganismsdieoffinthearea,thelargerpredatoranimalswillalsohavetomoveawayordiebecausethey'velosttheirfoodsupply.Thus,it'spossibleforsoilpollutiontochangewholeecosystem.SoilPollution

EnvironmentalLongTermEffectsofSoilPollution

Pollutionrunsoffintoriversandkillsthefish,plantsandotheraquaticlife.Cropsandfoddergrownonpollutedsoilmaypassthepollutantsontotheconsumers.Pollutedsoilmaynolongergrowcropsandfodder.Soilstructureisdamaged(clayionicstructureimpaired).Corrosionoffoundationsandpipelines.Impairssoilstability.Mayreleasevaporsandhydrocarbonintobuildingsandcellars.Maycreatetoxicdusts.Maypoisonchildrenplayinginthearea.SoilPollution

EffectsofSoilPollutioninBrief

长句的翻译

一般来说，就翻译程序而言，长句翻译可以按六步进行操作，即：①紧缩主干（找出主句主语、谓语及宾语）；②区分主从（理清主从句，找出从句的主语、谓语及宾语以及修饰关系）；③辨析词义（特别是主干中的词义）；④分清层次（推断出句子思维逻辑发展形式及重心）；⑤调整搭配（特别是主谓及动宾搭配，调整语序）；⑥润饰词语语句（考虑选词炼句并考虑文体的适应性）。以上六步看似复杂，其实与其他翻译过程一样，必须经过三个阶段：一是对原文的准确理解；二是对译文的恰当表达；三是对译文的适当润色和修改。否则，翻译难以通达。Translation

长句的翻译

(4)Havingachievedthispositionthefaceplateshouldbeheldtopreventrotationthetimingshaftshouldbenowdepressedtodisengagethedriveandrotatedclockwiseuntiltheline“B”(fig.12)onthecamshaftbelowcoincideswiththelineontheinformationplate.译文1：当达到这一位置后，应当保持面板以防旋转，直到凸轮轴下的线“B”(图12)与铭牌线路相重叠时，定时轴应降低，以便传动装置脱扣，而按顺时针方向转动。译文2：在达到这一位置时，应当握住面盘防止转动；压下定时轴，使传动机构松脱；并逆时针方向旋转定时轴直到凸轮轴下部“B”线(图12)与指示盘上刻线重合。比读译文1和译文2，不难发现其间的差异。原文的最大特点是用一系列并列句，顺次交代一系列的操作过程，“until”只是最后一句谓语“berotated”的限定从句，如果能把这层关系摸透，便可得到译文2这样的佳译。应该说，原文没有太复杂的句法结构，一气呵成，叙说明晰，无半点含糊。译文1没有理解三个句子之间的逻辑联系，没有将“until”从句对号入座，没能理解“depressed”和“rotated”同是“shaft”的谓语动词。在翻译过程中，原文中明晰的逻辑关系已丧失殆尽。Translation

长句的翻译

1.顺序译法

顺序译法指按照原句的顺序进行翻译，这不仅可以避免译文产生混乱，还可以维持原文结构。英语中，有些长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是动作发生的先后顺序，也有些长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排的，这些与汉语里的表达方法一致，故可用顺序译法。此外，一些并列复合句和带宾语从句或表语从句的主从复合句，通常可按照原文的思路和顺序来翻译。(1)Nationswillusuallyproduceandexportthosegoodsinwhichtheyhavethegreatestcomparativeadvantage,andimportthoseitemsinwhichtheyhavetheleastcomparativeadvantage.译文：各国通常都生产和出口那些他们最具优势的产品，而进出那些他们最不具优势的产品。原句中，使用了两个由“inwhich”引导的定语从句，在译文中分别被译成“他们最具优势的”和“他们最不具优势的”，行文简洁精练，两个“inwhich”都被省略了，译文采用的是顺序译法。Translation

长句的翻译

2.逆序译法英语中，有些句子的表达顺序与汉语的表达习惯不同，甚至相反，尤其是一些复合句，其主句一般放在句首，即重心在前，而汉语则一般按时间和逻辑顺序，将主要部分放在句尾，形成尾重心。对于这些句子，翻译时应当采用逆序翻译法。例如：(1)ThetimeisnownearathandwhichmustprobablydeterminewhetherAmericansaretobefreemenorslaves;whethertheyaretohaveanypropertytheycancalltheirown;whethertheirhousesandfarmsaretobepillagedanddestroyed,andthemselvesconsignedtoastateofwretchednessfromwhichnohumaneffortswilldeliverthem.译文：美国人将会成为自由人还是奴隶，他们是否将拥有称得上属于自己的财产，他们的房屋和农庄是否会遭到掠夺和毁坏，他们自己是否会陷入任何人力都无法拯救的悲惨境地——现在，必须决定这一切的时刻就在眼前。原文中，行文方式是先总说，即先说出结论，接着再谈具体事情；而译文则先谈论具体情况，最后再分说，这也是英汉两种语言在行文方式上的不同。造成这种行文方式的不同的主要原因是英美人的思维方式同汉民族人们的思维方式不同，表现在语言上就存在这种差异。Translation

长句的翻译

3.分译译法分译是指原文语句过长，同时又含有多层意思，而主句和从句或者修饰部分之间的关系又不是很紧密，如果在译文中用一个句子对原文进行翻译，反而会引起句意混乱，翻译时可按汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句中的从句或短语化为句子，分开进行叙述。一般来说，分译的目的是使得句子意思的表达清楚明了。例如：(1)Theloadsthatastructureissubjectedtoaredividedintodeadloads,whichincludeweightsofallthepartsofthestructure,andliveloads,whichareduetotheweightsofpeople,movableequipment,etc.译文：一个结构物受到的荷载可分为静载与动载。两类静载包括该结构物各部分的重量。动载则是由于人及可移动设备等的重量而引起的荷载。原文结构清晰，翻译时要做一些调整。新手很可能会将其译为“结构物受到的荷载可分包括该结构物各部分重量的静载和由于人及可移动设备等的重量而引起的动载两类”。从理解原文的角度看，该译文传达了原意，符合“信”的原则。但由于汉语习惯用小句，这46个字的长句很难一气读完，有欠“达、雅”，如采用化整为零的分译法，则可收到醒目易读的效果。Translation

长句的翻译

4.变序译法

变序译法，就是把复杂的原句结构打乱，根据汉语的表达习惯重新组织句子，或者按由远及近的顺序从中间断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。这种重组主要是由于原文的语序在译文中无法得到完全的保留和再现，为符合译文的表达习惯和思维模式而在译文中对原文语序进行重新排列。

(1)Thereasonthataneutralbodyisattractedbyachargedbodyisthat,althoughtheneutralbodyisneutralwithinitself,itisnotneutralwithrespecttothechargedbody,andthetwobodiesactasifoppositelychargedwhenbroughtneareachother译文：虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对于带电体来说，它并非中性；当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生极性相反的电荷的作用。这就是中性物体被带电体吸引的原因。该句采用了典型的变序译法。当然，在翻译时稍不留神，译者就很容易将其译为：“中性物体被带电体吸引的原因在于，虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对带电体来说，它不是中性，当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生带有相反电荷的作用”。这种误译主要是不恰当地采用了顺序分译法，以致译文内部衔接松弛，破坏了作者所提出的概念的完整性。从“although…”到句尾，都是说明“中性物体被带电体吸引的原因”，这一整体不容分割。试从“although”引导的让步状语从句入手，将原文中前置的主要信息在译文中后置，起到了画龙点睛的作用。长句的翻译

5.综合译法如果顺序译法、逆序译法、分译译法、变序译法等翻译方法不能解决所有问题，就需要考虑综合使用。如果英语长句单纯采用其中任何一种方法都能译出，就需要仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。使用综合译法，不仅可以灵活变通长句的语序，还能使译文的句法通顺自然，更符合汉语的表达习惯和中国人的思维表达方式。(1)Itwaswonderfultoseehisfaceshiningatusoutofathincloudofthesedelicatefumes,ashestirred,andmixed,andtasted,andlookedasifheweremakinginsteadofpunch,afortuneforhisfamilydowntothelatestposterity.译文：当他搅拌、混合、品尝时，我们看到他的脸在透着各种美妙气味的薄雾中闪着光芒，他看起来像是在为他的家族和后代创造财富，而不是一时兴起，这真是太好了。分析原文，很容易发现句子中有四层意思：看了很不错；透过各种美妙的气味薄雾，我们可以看到他脸上闪闪发亮；在他搅和原材料、品尝味道时；看起来仿佛他是在忙着为家族和后代积累财富，而不是一时玩闹。汉语的习惯是先叙述后表态，先发生的事情先说。因此，翻译时，译者必须注意顺逆结合，交错出现。长句的翻译

在翻译长句时，译者首要的任务是理解原文，然后选择恰当的翻译方法文重新组织出来，可以说，翻译方法选择恰当与否，会直接影响译文的好坏。Translation

Exercise