托福强化阅读否定信息题

第七部分：否定事实信息题7.1题型识别7.2解题步骤7.3正确选项特点7.4干扰选项集中列举7.5干扰选项分散列举7.1题型识别Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofX?Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT?7.2解题步骤7.2.1大定位根据段号或箭头定位到具体的段落7.2.2小定位

根据题干中的扎眼词或关键词缩小定位区间，然后排除与原文对应的三个干扰选项7.2.3利用选项定位题干中定位词少，无法缩区间时，找选项中的扎眼词汇或关键词定位排除7.2.1解题步骤之大定位paragraph3:Thesamethinghappenedtothisday,thoughonasmallerscale,whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows;thewaterusuallyspreadsoutfanwise,depositingthesedimentintheformofasmooth,fan-shapedslope.Sedimentsarealsodroppedwherearicerslowsonenteringalakeorthesea;thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst,butwillbelocatedinlandatsomefuturedate,whenthesealevelfallsorthelanerises;suchbedsaresometimesthousandsofmetersthick.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPT:○amountainvalley○flatland○alakefloor○theseafloorTheparagraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[]7.2.2解题步骤小定位例1

Inanyvertebratetwochiefpartsofthenervoussystemmaybedistinguished.Thesearethecentralnervoussystem(thenervecordmentionsabove),consistingofthebrainandspinalcord,andtheperipheralnervoussystem,consistingofthecranial,spinal,andperipheralnerves,togetherwiththeirmotorandsensoryendings.Theterm“autonomicnervoussystem”referstothepartsofthecentralandperipheralsystemsthatsupplyandregulatetheactivityofcardiacmuscle,smoothmuscle,andmanyglands.7.2.2解题步骤小定位例1

AllofthefollowingaredescribedasbeingcontrolledbytheautonomicnervoussystemEXCEPT○connectivetissue○cardiacmuscle○glandularactivity○smoothmuscle7.2.2解题步骤小定位例2Thestudyofthechemicalprocessesinsidelivingthingsiscalledbiochemistry.Anorganismgrowsandfunctionsthroughtheactivityinitscells.Biochemistryfocusesonthepartsofthecell:proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,andnucleicacid.Proteinsarechainsofaminoacidsthatbindtoothermoleculesandaidincellgrowthandrepair.Cellsareregulatedbyspecialkindsofproteincalledenzymes.Carbohydratesstoreenergyandprovidestructureforthecells.Lipidsincludecompoundssuchaswaxes,fat,andsteroids.NucleicacidsarebestknownasDNA—deoxyribonucleicacid—andRNA—ribonucleicacid—thesubstancesthatcarrygeneticdata.Recenttechnologyhasimprovedbiochemistry,permittingscientiststodetectwithgreaterclaritythestructureandfunctionsofthecell.Thesenewtechniquesincludeelectronmicroscopy,chromatography,andradioisotopelabeling.Cancerresearchdependsonthecluesprovidedbybiochemistry.7.2.2解题步骤小定位例2Theauthor’sdescriptionofnewtechnologymentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT:○radioisotopelabeling○electronmicroscopy○radiationtherapy○chromatography7.2.3利用选项定位例1Paragraph2：TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.WaterfromrainsandmeltingsnowshasbeenaccumulatingintheOgallalaforthepast30,000years.EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.7.2.3利用选项定位例1Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingstatementsabouttheOgallalaaquiferaretrueEXCEPT:○TheaquiferstretchesfromSouthDakotatoTexas.○Theaquifer’swatercomesfromundergroundsprings.○Waterhasbeengatheringintheaquiferfor30,000years.○Theaquifer’swaterisstoredinalayerofsandstone.7.2.3利用选项定位例2Paragraph4：Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargerate—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930’s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofever-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestimatedthatatcurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferwillrundrywithin40years..ThesituationismostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.ItisprojectedthattheremainingOgallalawaterwill,bytheyear2030,supportonly35to40percentoftheirrigatedacreageinTexasthatissupportedin19807.2.3利用选项定位例2Accordingtoparagraph4,alloffollowingareconsequencesoftheheavyuseoftheOgallalaaquiferforirrigationEXCEPT:○Therechargerateoftheaquiferisdecreasing.○Watertablesintheregionareingincreasinglylower.○Wellsnowhavetobedugtomuchgreaterdepthsthanbefore.○Increasinglypowerfulpumpsareneededtodrawwaterfromtheaquifer.7.2.3利用选项定位例3Paragraph3：Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasproxydata.ProxytemperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calciteshellsembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.7.2.3利用选项定位例3Paragraph4：Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeen

significantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10.000years(theHoloceneperiod).7.2.3利用选项定位例3

Accordingtoparagraphs3and4,proxydatahavesuggestedallofthefollowingabouttheclimateEXCEPT:○Regionalclimatesmaychangeovertime.○Theclimatehaschangedverylittleinthepast10.000years.○Globaltemperaturesvarymorethanregionaltemperatures.○Importantnaturalchangesinclimatehaveoccurredoverlargetimescales.7.2.3利用选项定位例4Paragraph5：Ofcourse,thereisfarmoreoilundergroundthancanberecovered.Itmaybeinapooltoosmallortoofarfromapotentialmarkettojustifytheexpenseofdrilling.Someoilliesunderregionswheredrillingisforbidden,suchasnationalparksorotherpubliclands.Evengiventhebestextractiontechniques,onlyabout30to40percentoftheoilinagivenpoolcanbebroughttothesurface.Therestisfartoodifficulttoextractandhastoremainunderground.

7.2.3利用选项定位例4Accordingtoparagraph5,thedecisiontodrillforoildependsonallofthefollowingfactorsEXCEPT○permissiontoaccesstheareawhereoilhasbeenfound○theavailabilityofsufficientquantitiesofoilinapool○thelocationofthemarketinrelationtothedrillingsite○thepoliticalsituationintheregionwheredrillingwouldoccur7.3正确选项特点无：原文未提及反：提及但与原文矛盾与题干无关7.3正确选项特点例1—无Thestudyofthechemicalprocessesinsidelivingthingsiscalledbiochemistry.Anorganismgrowsandfunctionsthroughtheactivityinitscells.Biochemistryfocusesonthepartsofthecell:proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,andnucleicacid.Proteinsarechainsofaminoacidsthatbindtoothermoleculesandaidincellgrowthandrepair.Cellsareregulatedbyspecialkindsofproteincalledenzymes.Carbohydratesstoreenergyandprovidestructureforthecells.Lipidsincludecompoundssuchaswaxes,fat,andsteroids.NucleicacidsarebestknownasDNA—deoxyribonucleicacid—andRNA—ribonucleicacid—thesubstancesthatcarrygeneticdata.Recenttechnologyhasimprovedbiochemistry,permittingscientiststodetectwithgreaterclaritythestructureandfunctionsofthecell.Thesenewtechniquesincludeelectronmicroscopy,chromatography,andradioisotopelabeling.Cancerresearchdependsonthecluesprovidedbybiochemistry.

7.3正确选项特点例1—无

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTfoundinsideacell?○nerveendings○aminoacids○enzymes○nucleicacids7.3正确选项特点例2—反Paragraph9:Thefinalmajorhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromoverirrigation.Excesswaterfromirrigationsinksdownintothewatertable.Ifnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bringingdissolvedsaltstothesurface.Thewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil.7.3正确选项特点例2—反AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascontributingtodesertificationEXCEPT

○Soilerosion○Globalwarming○Insufficientirrigation○Theraisingoflivestock7.3正确选项特点例3—与题干无关Insomewaysthesocialmakeupofthetwopartieswassimilar.Tobecompetitiveinwinningvotes,WhigsandDemocratsbothhadtohavesignificantsupportamongfarmers,thelargestgroupinsociety,andworkers.Neitherpartycouldwinanelectionbyappealingexclusivelytotherichorthepoor.TheWhigs,however,enjoyeddisproportionatestrengthamongthebusinessandcommercialclasses.Whigsappealedtoplanterswhoneededcredittofinancetheircottonandricetradeintheworldmarket,tofarmerswhowereeagertoselltheirsurpluses,andtoworkerswhowishedtoimprovethemselves.Democratsattractedfarmersisolatedfromthemarketorfortablewithit,workersalienatedfromtheemergingindustrialsystem,andrisingentrepreneurswhowantedtobreakmonopoliesandopentheeconomytoerslikethemselves.TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.7.3正确选项特点例3—与题干无关Accordingtoparagraph6,theDemocratsweresupportedbyallofthefollowinggroupsEXCEPT○workersunhappywiththenewindustrialsystem○plantersinvolvedininternationaltrade○risingentrepreneurs○individualsseekingtoopentheeconomytoers7.4干扰选项集中列举大部分题目干扰选项都是集中的在一个段落内，甚至是一句话内出现。注意：当四个选项都在原文出现过时，则有一个选项即正确答案是矛盾的或与题干无关的。7.4干扰选项集中列举例1Paragraph1:Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitial"peepshow"formattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater.Inthepeepshowformat,afilmwasviewedthroughasmallopeninginamachinethatwascreatedforthatpurpose.ThomasEdison'speepshowdevice,theKinetoscope,wasintroducedtothepublicin1894.ItwasdesignedforuseinKinetoscopeparlors,orarcades,whichcontainedonlyafewindividualmachinesandpermittedonlyonecustomertoviewashort,50-footfilmatanyonetime.ThefirstKinetoscopeparlorscontainedfivemachines.Forthepriceof25cents(or5centspermachine),customersmovedfrommachinetomachinetowatchfivedifferentfilms(or,inthecaseoffamousprizefights,successiveroundsofasinglefight).7.4干扰选项集中列举例1Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingweretrueofviewingfilmsinKinetoscopeparlorsEXCEPT:

○Oneindividualatatimeviewedafilm.○Customerscouldviewonefilmafteranother.○Prizefightswerethemostpopularsubjectsforfilms.○Eachfilmwasshort.7.4干扰选项集中列举例2Paragraph8:Onecognitivetheorysuggeststhataggravatingandpainfuleventstriggerunpleasantfeelings.Thesefeelings,inturn,canleadtoaggressiveaction,butnotautomatically.Cognitivefactorsintervene.Peopledecidewhethertheywillactaggressivelyornotonthebasisoffactorssuchastheirexperienceswithaggressionandtheirinterpretationofotherpeople'smotives.Supportingevidencecomesfromresearchshowingthataggressivepeopleoftendistortotherpeople'smotives.Forexample,theyassumethatotherpeoplemeanthemharmwhentheydonot.7.4干扰选项集中列举例2Accordingtothecognitiveapproachdescribedinparagraphs7and8,allofthefollowingmayinfluencethedecisionwhethertoactaggressivelyEXCEPTaperson's○Moralvalues○Previousexperienceswithaggression○Instincttoavoidaggression○Beliefsaboutotherpeople'sintentions7.4干扰选项集中列举例3Paragraph4:Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout"obediencetotheding-dongofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines."Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.Evenwell-paidworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.7.4干扰选项集中列举例3Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph4asconsequencesofthenewsystemforworkersEXCEPTalossof○Freedom○Statusinthecommunity○Opportunitiesforadvancement○Contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagers7.4干扰选项集中列举例4ManydifferentfactorsmaycontributetotheseincreasesinglaciationatregularintervalsthroughoutEarth’smoregeologicallyrecenthistory.ThethreemostprominentfactorsprobablyreferstotheamountofsunlightthatreachestheEarth.Thisvariesovertimeforthreemainreasons.First,theplanetwobblesasitspins,duetothepullofthesunandmoon.Furthermore,theearthtiltsonitsaxisandthedegreeoftiltchangesovertime.Finally,theorbitoftheEartharoundthesunisellipticalandthelengthofthemajoraxisoftheellipsechangesoveraperiodabout100,000years.AmathematiciannamedMilutinMilankovitchdiscoveredinthe1930sthatthepatternofinsolation,orsunlight,predictedbytheseeccentricitiesintheEarth’smovementmatchedtheperiodofthelastseveralerasofintenseglaciation.7.4干扰选项集中列举例4Theeccentricitiesintheearth’smovementincludeallofthefollowingEXCEPT○thechangingdistancetothesunduringtheEarth’sellipticalorbit○thepatternofinsolationcorrespondingwiththeEarth’smovement○thedegreeofchangeintheEarth’stiltovertime○thevariousmovementsoftheEarthasitspins7.4干扰选项集中列举例5Inanyvertebratetwochiefpartsofthenervoussystemmaybedistinguished.Thesearethecentralnervoussystem(thenervecordmentionsabove),consistingofthebrainandspinalcord,andtheperipheralnervoussystem,consistingofthecranial,spinal,andperipheralnerves,togetherwiththeirmotorandsensoryendings.Theterm“autonomicnervoussystem”referstothepartsofthecentralandperipheralsystemsthatsupplyandregulatetheactivityofcardiacmuscle,smoothmuscle,andmanyglands.7.4干扰选项集中列举例5AllofthefollowingaredescribedasbeingcontrolledbytheautonomicnervoussystemEXCEPT○connectivetissue○cardiacmuscle○glandularactivity○smoothmuscle7.4干扰选项集中列举例6Paragraph5：Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.

7.4干扰选项集中列举例6Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph5asnaturalcausesofclimatechangeEXCEPT○atmosphericchanges○theslowmovementoflandmasses○fluctuationsintheamountoficeandsnow○changesinoceanactivity7.4干扰选项集中列举例7paragraph3:Thesamethinghappenedtothisday,thoughonasmallerscale,whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows;thewaterusuallyspreadsoutfanwise,depositingthesedimentintheformofasmooth,fan-shapedslope.Sedimentsarealsodroppedwherearicerslowsonenteringalakeorthesea;thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst,butwillbelocatedinlandatsomefuturedate,whenthesealevelfallsorthelanerises;suchbedsaresometimesthousandsofmetersthick.7.4干扰选项集中列举例7Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPT:○amountainvalley○flatland○alakefloor○theseafloor7.4干扰选项集中列举例8paragraph5:Inadditiontoexploringthepossibleantecedentsoftheater,scholarshavealsotheorizedaboutthemotivesthatledpeopletodeveloptheater.Whydidthetheaterdevelop,andwhywasitvaluedafteritceasedtofulfillthefunctionofritual?Mostanswersfallbackonthetheoriesaboutthehumanmindandbasichumanneeds.One,setforthbyArustotleinthefourthcenturyB.C.,seeshumansasnaturallyimitative——astakingpleasureinimitatingpersons,things,andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations.Another,advancedinthetwentiethcentury,suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy,throughwhichtheyseektoreshaperealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife.Thus,fantasyorfiction(ofwhichdramaisoneform)permitspeopletoobjectifytheiranxietiesandfears,confrontthem,andfulfilltheirhopesinfictionifnotfact.Thetheater,then,isonetoolwherebypeopledefineandunderstandtheirworldorescapefromunpleasantrealities.7.4干扰选项集中列举例8Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph5aspossiblereasonsthatledsocietiestodeveloptheaterEXCEPT:○Theaterallowspeopletofacewhattheyareafraidof.○Theatergivesanopportunitytoimagineabetterreality.○Theaterisawaytoenjoyimitatingotherpeople.○Theaterprovidespeopletheopportunitytobetterunderstandthehumanmind.

7.4干扰选项集中列举例9paragraph6:Themoststrikingcharacteristicoftheplantsofthealpinezoneistheirlowgrowthform.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface.Inanareawherelowtemperaturesarelimitingtolife,theimportanceoftheadditionalheatnearthesurfaceiscrucial.Thelowgrowthformcanalsopermittheplantstotakeadvantageoftheinsulationprovidedbyawintersnowcover.Intheequatorialmountainsthelowgrowthformislessprevalent.7.4干扰选项集中列举例9Accordingtoparagraph6,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofplantsinthealpinezoneEXCEPT:○Becausetheyarelow,theyarelessexposedtostrongwinds.○Becausetheyarelow,thewindsnowcovergivesthemmoreprotectionfromtheextremecold.○Intheequatorialmountains,theytendtobelowerthaninmountainselsewhere.○Theirlowgrowthformkeepsthemclosertothegroundwherethereismoreheatthanfurtherup.7.4干扰选项集中列举例10paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges—inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies—arecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.7.4干扰选项集中列举例10Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?○Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.○Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.○Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.○Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.7.4干扰选项集中列举例11paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer---wolves,cougar,andlynx--havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthegateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhaveeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.7.4干扰选项集中列举例11WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?

○Areductioninthenumberofpredators○Restrictionsonhunting○Theeffectsofloggingandfire○Lawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer7.4干扰选项集中列举例12Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisrareoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,theytendedtoliveinenvironmentslesssubjecttoerosion.Still,theirfossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:aslowrateofdecayofsofttissues,littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackifswiftcurrentsandwavestojumbleandcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,someareashaveeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.7.4干扰选项集中列举例12AllofthefollowingarementionedasfactorsthatencouragefossilizationEXCEPTthe○speedofburial○conditionsofthewater○rateatwhichsofttissuesdecay○causeofdeathoftheanimal7.5干扰选项分散列举

干扰选项分散列举的否定事实信息题考察各个段落（难，很少考察）：分散列举考察各个段落：没有说明根据文章某个段落且题目位置靠后的一般是分散列举。三个与原文对应的选项是重点段落的TS或细节的同义改写7.5干扰选项分散列举

例1Paragraph9:Thefinalmajorhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromoverirrigation.Excesswaterfromirrigationsinksdownintothewatertable.Ifnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bringingdissolvedsaltstothesurface.Thewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil.7.5干扰选项分散列举

例1

AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascontributingtodesertificationEXCEPT

○Soilerosion○Globalwarming○Insufficientirrigation○Theraisingoflivestock7.5干扰选项分散列举

例1选项1“Soilerosion”对应文章第七段Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.7.5干扰选项分散列举

例1选项2“Globalwarming”对应文章第四段Insomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresultofatrendtowarddrierclimaticconditions.Continuedgradualglobalwarminghasproducedanincreaseinaridityforsomeareasoverthepastfewthousandyears.Theprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresultingfromairpollutionseriouslyincreases..7.5干扰选项分散列举

例1选项4“Theraisingoflivestock”对应文章第七段Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisis