what引导的主语从句

Languagepoints1.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.[考点]what引导的主语从句，第一句what在从句中作become的宾语，第二句what在从句中作主语。[考例1]_____wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.（山东2008）A.It B.This C.What D.As[点拨]选C。what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。若选it则应去掉第二个is；as引导定语从句，若选as则应去掉isthat。[考例2]______isknowntousallisthatthe2008OlympicGameswilltakeplaceinBeijing.（福建2008）A.It B.WhatC.As D.Which[点拨]what引导主语从句并且在从句中作sayanddo的宾语。2.Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhether

theshapewouldlastornot.1)violent

猛烈的，激烈的2)whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句;而if只能引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句既可以用whether,也可以用if,两者常可以互换。Heaskedmewhether/ifIcouldlendhimmybike.Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitsnowsinwinterinAustralia?值得注意的是：①

whether和if都可以和ornot连用,但是whether之后可以直接跟ornot,而if则不能,如：Idon’tcarewhetherornotyourcarbreaksdown.Idon’tknowwhetherornothe’scoming.但是不可以说：Idon’tcareifornotyourcarbreaksdown.②whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构,如:Idon’tcareifshedoesn’tcome.Idon’tcareifitdoesn’train.但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义,如：Iwonderwhetherhedoesn’tthinktoomuchofhimself.其意思相当于:Ithinkhedoesthinktoomuchofhimself.③

在个别动词之后,如discuss等,只跟用whether引导的宾语从句,如:Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldclosetheshop.WediscussedwhetherMarycouldjoinus.④

whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能,如：I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.⑤

whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能,如:Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if,如：

Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.引导表语从句用whether,不用if,

如:Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.Thequestioniswhetherhewillspeakatthemeeting.引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如:Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisessential.IamindoubtwhetherIshouldagreetotheplan.(NMET

1996)1._________

we’ll

go

camping

tomorrow

depends

on

the

weather.2.Ihavejustdiscuss________weshouldgivehimenoughhelp.3.Theyhadnoidea________ornot

theycouldachievetheirgoals.Whetherwhetherwhether3.Theywereintimetoproducethewater...

intime:soonerorlater;eventually;I’llseehimintime.

intime(forsth./todosth.):notlateShewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.与time相关的短语:innotime立刻,马上attimes有时atatime每次;依次onceuponatime从前

ontime按时;准时atonetime从前forthetimebeing暂时fromtimetotime不时地

4.…astheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.随着地球的冷却,地球的表面就开始出现了水。1)cooldown变凉,冷却2)appear“出现,似乎”是不及物动词当表示“似乎,好像”时是系动词,该词无被动语态。OurteacherappearedonTVthismorning.I.含义上的差异

appear

是指根据事物的外表表象做出判断的,但实质上并不一定如此;seem是表示说话人主观上的判断,暗含有一定的根据,往往接近事实的判断;look是根据视觉印象而得出的判断,实质上也可能如此。Sheisfiftybutsheappearsyoung.她五十岁了,但看起来很年轻。(其实并非如此)Seseemsyoung.(Ithinkheisrich.)她看起来很年轻。(根据个人的主观判断而推断出)Shelooksyoung.她很年轻。(从他外表可出感觉出)II.用法上的差异appear,look,seem后均可带名词、形容语、tobe结构。Themanwhocameyesterdayappeared/seemed/lookedanhonestman.昨天来的那个人看来是一个诚实的人。b.look可用于进行时,而seem,appear一般不能。Heislookingveryhappy.他现在看起来很高兴。Remember!c.appear和seem之后可接动词不定式的一般式、完成式以及其他形式,而look之后除了能接tobe结构外,不接其它动词不定式形式。Sheappearedtoagreewithyou.他好像同意你的意见。Theydon’tseemtohavereadthisnovel.他们好像没有读过这本小说。d.look,seem能与介词like构成习语，意思是“看上去象”,而appear却不能。例如:ItseemslikeyearssinceIlastsawyou.自从上次见到你后,好像很久没有见到你了。

Helookslikeastudent.他看起来象个学生。e.seem,look后均可接asif,asthough引导的表语从句,从句中既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气,而appear则不能。Itseemed/lookedasifhehadbeentoBeijing.看起来他去过北京。f.appear和seem均可接that引导的从句,而look不能。Itseems/appearsthatwewon’tfinishthisworktoday.我们好像今天完不成这项工作。g.appear和seem可用于therebe结构中,而look不能。如:Thereappearstohavebeenanaccident.好像出了一次事故。5.…bylayingeggs.lay-laid-laid-laying放,把......放在......;产卵Helaidhisbooksonthedesk.注意:

lay(laid;laid;laying)放置;产卵lie(lay;lain;lying)躺;位于lie(lied;lied;lying)说谎Thenaughtyboy___tomethatthehenthat___therejustnowhad___twoeggsthedaybefore.A.laid;laid;laidB.laid;lay;lainC.lied;laid;lainD.lied;lay;laidD6.givebirthto1)生（孩子）

She’sjustgivenbirthtoahealthybabygirl.

她刚刚生了个健康的女婴。

2)产生

Theextraordinaryexperiencegavebirthtohislatestnovel.

这段奇特的经历促成了他的最新的一部小说的诞生。7.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这就是使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中去。阅读下列句子,注意prevent...from的意思和用法。1.Therewasnothingtopreventherfromdoingso.2.Wemustpreventthewaterfrombeingpolluted.3.Theemperororderedhisporterstopreventthespeakerenteringthebuilding.[归纳]prevent...from的意思是____________________________。from后多跟动词-ing形式(句1、句2)；有时可省略from(句3)。[拓展]

近义短语有:stop...from阻止……干某事;keep...from阻止……干某事。注意:prevent和stop后的from都可以省略,而keep...from中的from则不能省略，如果省略了,其意义将发生改变。制止、阻止、使……不做某事1).Noonecanpreventtheplans___out.A.tobecarriedB.fromcarrying C.nottocarryD.frombeingcarried2).Theytriedtopreventtheplanefrom___ontherunway.A.land B.landing C.toland D.beinglanded8.…theearthmaybecometoohottoliveon.

地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存。有关too的一些用法too作“太”讲。Thereistoomuchwater.水太多了。Thisshirtistoolargeforme.这衬衫我穿起来太大。Theproblemisrathertoohardforme.这个问题对我来说太难了。2)当“too＋adj.(形容词)＋inf.(动词不定式)”时,有两种不同的意义,一种为“太……以至(不)……”,在翻译时要加上一个否定词;另一种是“太……”,语意肯定,但too后的形容词常用ready,heavy,beautiful等。Thequestionistoohardtounderstand.问题太难,理解不了。Heistooproudtoseehisownshortcomings.他太骄傲了以至于看不到自己的缺点。Youaretooreadytofindfaultwithothers.你太爱挑别人的毛病了。3)当“only/all/not/but＋too＋adj.(形容词)＋inf.(动词不定式)”时,后面的动词不定式在翻译时不必加否定词。only等与too连用等于very(非常)。Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.我非常欢迎你再来信。Theyarebuttoogladtodoso.他们非常喜欢这么做。Weareonlytoopleasedtoworktogetherwiththeworkers.我们和工人们一起劳动,非常高兴。4)在“cannot／cannever...too”结构中，应理解为“无论怎样……也不会过分”。Youcannotpraisehimtoohighly.你无论怎样表扬他也不过分。Wecannotbetoocarefulindoingexperiments.我们做实验无论怎样小心也不过分。Youcanneverbetoocarefulofyourhealth.你越注意健康越好。5)当too用于数量增减时,表示“过(多、少、长等)”的意思。Itistoolongbyhalf.它长了一半。Hehasgivenmesixtoomany(few).他多(少)给了我六个。Thisrodis3inchestoolong.这杆长了3英寸。----Areyougoingtothefootballgame?----No.Theticketsare__expensiveforme.A.verymuchB.fartooC.highlyD.somuch解析:too+形容词+forsb.表示 “太……”,far可置于too前表示 程度。B9.…whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.

在未来的千百万年中,生命能否在地球一延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。dependvi.相信,信赖;依靠,依赖(尤指钱);视……而定①YoucandependonJohn—heisalwaysontime.你可以相信约翰,他总是很准时。相关短语：believesb.相信某人（所说的话）believeinsb.信任/信赖某人trust(in)sb.相信/信任/信赖某人dependoncountonsb.relyon信任/相信/依赖/依靠某人Tellhimwhatyouwanttosay;he’samanto__.A.countB.believeC.trustD.depend解析:相信/信赖某人:counton sb./believeinsb./dependon sb./trust(in)sb.CI.根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形式。1.This_____(理论)helpstoexplainhowanimalscommunicatewitheachother.2.Thefinalcostcouldbeasmuchasoneb_____dollars.3.31peoplehavebeeninjuredin_____(暴力的)incidentsthroughouttheday.练习坊theorybillionviolent4.Acrosstheg_____,sealevelvariesbyhundredsoffeet.5.A(n)_____(原子)issosmallthatwecannotseeit.6.Smokingish______tohealth,butsomepeoplecannotgetridofit.7.Thebestwaytogetthat_____________(二氧化碳)intotheatmosphereistowarmtheentireplanet.globeatomharmful

carbondioxide8.Thenewownershavetriedtogivetherestaurantamorefamily-friendly__________(气氛).9.O_____isakindofgasthatisnecessaryformostanimalsandplantstolive.10.Iwassurprisedbythe_________(出席)ofsomanypeopleatthemeeting.atmosphereOxygenpresenceII.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Theshiprocked_________(violent)fromsidetoside,causingmanypassengerstofeelseasick.2.Thereisa___________(fundament)differenceinattitudebetweenthesetwopoliticians.3.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatsmokingis_______(harm)toourhealth.violentlyfundamentalharmful4.Ourproblemshave_________(multiply)sincelastyear.5.Scientistswanttoknowwhetherlife______(exist)onotherplanets.6.Shelistenedwitha_______(puzzle)expressiononherface.multipliedexistspuzzledIII.用适当的介词填空。1.According___ourrecords,thebooksyouhaveborrowedshouldnowbereturnedtothelibrary.2.Tobegin_____,weoughttoknowwhatwearestudyingfor.3.Whenthefirebrokeoutinthemovietheater,peoplelosttheirheadsandran___alldirections.towithin4.Thecarcametoastopjust___timetopreventanaccident.5.Heusuallycomestoschoolearly.It’svery______himtobesolatetoday.6.Aknowledgeofphysicsisfundamental___anyunderstandingofthisproblem.7.Thesmellofrainandwetnesswaseverywhere.Itseemedtofillme_____energy.inunliketowith8.Whenyouareyoung,youdreamaboutallsorts___things.9.Hegrowsnotonlyvegetablesbutalsoflowersinhisgarden;thatis,hegrowsflowers_________vegetables.10.Aseedcangrow____atree,andtreesmakeupbeautifulforests.11.CanyoutellmehowChinaisdifferent______yourcountry?ofaswellasintofrom12.___thepasthehadtoreadbycandlelight.13.Shegavebirth___afinehealthybabylastweek.14.Intheteacher’sclass,thestudentsoftenanswerhisquestions___turn.15.Howmuchoilcanbeput_____thisbottle?Intoininto16.Whatcanwedotokeepthedisease____