中西方文化差异

走向世界，

你准备好了吗？IVY.Z----CultureDifferencesBetween

WesternandChineseTheDifferencesofValuesTheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

TheDifferencesofIdoms

ContentsWhatisculture?

Classicdefinitionofculture

---"ahistoricallytransmittedpatternsofmeaning

embodiedinsymbols,asystemininherited

conceptionsexpressedinsymbolicformsby

meansofwhichmencommunicate,

perpetuateanddeveloptheirknowledgeabout

andattitudestowardlife"(Geertz,1973,p.89)CultureDifferencesBetweenWesternandChineseWhatisculture?Morethanraceorethnicity

Thelearnedtraditions,practicesandbeliefs

thatonegroupofpeopleholdincommon

“learnedandsharedpatternsofpercievingand

adaptingtotheworld”(MullarveyO’Byrne,1997)

“systemofsharedmeanings”(Whiteford,2000)CultureDifferencesBetweenWesternandChinese图示中西方文化差异一位德国人图示中西文化差异:蓝色代表西方人的行为方式、思维方式红色代表中国人的行为方式、思维方式6Opinion/意见7WayofLife／生活方式8Punctuality／准时9Contacts／人际关系10Anger／对待愤怒11QueuewhenWaiting／排队12SundaysontheRoad／周日的街景13Party／聚会14IntheRestaurant／在餐厅Traveling／旅游HandlingofProblems／处理问题ThreeMealsADay／三餐Transportation／交通工具ElderlyinDaytoDayLife／

老人的日常生活MoodsandWeather／心情与天气TheBoss／领导What'sTrendy／时尚TheChild／孩子价值观的启蒙思想

Enlightenthinkingofvalues

东西方价值观的是全方面的不同，西方的自然价值观念是由古希腊传统的自然价值观念、基督教(christianism)传统的自然价值观念发展来的，而中国的价值观是由道家(Taoistschool)的、以及儒家的自然价值观发展来的。在西方价值观中二元对置乃是关键，它是一种“双重二元对置”：首先是造物者与造物的二元对置，诸如本体实在与现象的对置、神与万物的对置之类，例如柏拉图的理念世界与现象世界的对置；然后是人与自然界的二元对置。这是整个希腊思想、也是整个西方文化的基本构架。

TheDifferencesofValueTheconceptofvaluesValuesareideasaboutwhatisrightandwrong,desirableandundesirable,normalandabnormal.properandimproper.Italsoincludestheassumptions,theunquestionedgivens,aboutpeople,life,andthewaysthingsare.

---ThedifferencesofvaluesTheconceptofvalues

Peoplewhogroupupinacertainculturesharecertainvalues,thatdoesnotmeantheyallshareexactlythesamevaluestothesameextent;itdoesmeanthatmostofthem.mostofthetime,agreewitheachother`sideasabouthumannature,socialrelations,rightandwrong.Amainstreamculturecanbeviewedasacollectionofvaluesandassumptionsthatgotogethertoshapethewayagroupofpeopleperceiveandrelatetotheworldaroundthem.---Thedifferencesofvalues请在此处输入标题1.CollectivismandIndividualism

Thedefinitionof"collectivism"--Collectivismisasocialpatternconsistingofcloselylikedindividualswhoseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives(family,co-workers,tribe,nation);areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedbythosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersorthesecultures.(Triandis,1995)---Thedifferencesofvalues请在此处输入标题1.CollectivismandIndividualism

Thedefinitionof"Individualism"

--Individualismisasocialpatternthatconsistsoflooselylikedindividualswhoviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights;andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.(Triandis,1995)---ThedifferencesofvaluesTheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

Thethinkingstylesoftheeastandthewestaredifferent:EsternerstendtoseeksamenessfromdifferencewhileWesternersarelikelytofinddifferencefromsameness.Toacertaindegreen,itistrueinthatthethinkingstylesandviewinganglesbetweentheEastandtheWestaredifferent.Asamatteroffact,asearlyasthe19thcentury,theGermanMaterialisticphilosopherFeuerbachpointedoutthat“EasternerstendtoneglectdiscrepancyinconsistencywhileWesternerstendtoignoreconsistencyindicrepancy”.TheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

AnalyticalThinkingvs.ComprehensiveThinkingPeoplenurturedinWesternculturetendtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships.Ontheotherhand,peoplebroughtupinChineseculturearelikelytosynthesizepartsandexaminethewhole.LineardissectionoftheWesternculturecontributestothedevelopmentoflogicalthinkingbyabstractreasoning,whereascircularsynthesisoftheChineseculturehelpsapersontothinkintermsofimagesandtogainintuitiveinsight.TheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

AnalyticalThinkingvs.ComprehensiveThinkingAnalyticalthinkingprevailsinWesternculture.Peoplearegoodatclassifyingthingsandarrangingthemsystematically.ThecomprehensivemodeofthinkingholdsswayinChineseculture.Peopleareaccustomedtoobservingandjudgingthingsasanenclosedwhole.Analysisisnotrejected,butsynthesispredominates.TheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

AbstractThinkingvs.

FigurativeThinkingLineardissectionisrelatedtoabstraction.QianXuesensays,"Abstractivethinkingseemstobelinearorbranchlike."Westernersarerelativelystrongerinmakinguseofconceptsforlogicaljudgementandresoning.Abstractionissynonymouswithprecisionandclarity,andthatmayhelptoexplainwhymoretheoreticalworksonscienceandtechnologyhavebeenproducedintheWest.TheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

ConverseThinkingvs.

StraightThinkingDifferentnationsmighttakedifferentanglesintheirabservationandwaysofthinking.Amanifestationofthisinlanguageisthatdifferetorevencompleteconverselinguisticformsmightbeadoptedindescribingthesamephenomenon.Forexample,priorityisconsideredanhonororprivilegeinChineseculture,andtoshowhispolitenessorcourtesy,aChinesewouldaskhisTheDifferencesofThoughtPatterns

ConverseThinkingvs.

StraightThinkinghisguesttoeatorgofirstbysaying"您（先）请！",aphraseliterallymeaning"Youdothis(beforeme),please".InEnglishthecounterparyof"您（先）请！"is"Afteryou"."先"(before)isrenderedinto"after"（后）inEnglish,completelyoppositeinsequence.请在此处输入标题

Asisknowntoall,idiomisthecoreandthequintessenceoflanguage.Ittransformsplentyofculturalinformationsuchashistory,geography,religion,andmilitary,custom,nationality,psychology,thoughtpatternandsoon.Alsoitcontainsalar