冲刺全真模考阅读卷答案

about20minutesonReading11Advantagesofpublicabout20minutesonReading11AdvantagesofpublicAnewforScienceandTechnologyPolicy(ISTP)hasdemonstratedthattransportismoreefficientthancars.Thestudycomparedthe学前先扫下二维码哦，扫扫有惊喜Thisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,andusingatransportThisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,andusingatransportofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,17%ofitswentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandAsiancities,onthehand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorPeterNewman,ISTPpointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputdifferenceintoattractingindustryandjobsorcreatingabettertoAccordingtoProfessorNewman,thelargerAustraliancityaratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.Hedescribesitaslargetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlower,butcities.TheexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnerofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'spreferencesaswheretheyNewmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringpublicissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransporthasbeenmadeonbasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsrathereconomics.Newman,however,believesthestudydemonstratesthatauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateeconomicaswellasenvironmentalBicycleusewasauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateeconomicaswellasenvironmentalBicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthatthemost'bicyclefriendly'citiesconsidered-AmsterdamandCopenhagenwereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirpublictransportsystems'reasonablebutnotwithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchsystemswouldnotcitycouldnotmakemoreuseofpublictransportbecauseitiseitherhotortoocold.Newmanrejectsthis,pointingoutthatpublichasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hetheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound'zeroWhencomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesareonForexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardforacityasasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailnetwork.However,hepointsthatbothHongKongandZürichhavemanagedtomakeasuccessoftheirworldasAInfact,NewmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesortAInfact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesorttransportoveranotherispolitics:'Themoredemocratictheprocess,morepublictransportisfavored.'HeconsidersPortland,Oregon,aexampleofthis.Someyearsago,federalmoneywasgrantedtobuildaspendthemoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalwonandrailwayworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavefollowed,andmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingtheofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthesameasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityattheBIntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastsixwithpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemtospendmorethananhourtravellingtowork.TrainsandcarsinitiallyallowedpeopleHowever,publicinfrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbancausingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthencouragestolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyareoftenwealthierthanAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotgeneratedthesamelevelofcarInStockholm,carusehasactuallyfalleninrecentyearsasthecityInStockholm,carusehasactuallyfalleninrecentyearsasthecityDevelopingcitiesinAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreuseofcarthanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Incitiesdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentBankthebuildingofpublictransportandpeoplehavebeenforcedtorelycars-creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizethoseDNewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowcitiesbuiltformightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagereport,usedMelbourneasanexample.Itfoundthatpushingeveryoneintothecentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,theproposaladvocatedcreationofurbanvillagesathundredsofsites,mostlyaroundEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerenolongerforcedcities.However,theISTPteam'sresearchdemonstratesthatpopulationandjobdensityofcitiesroseorremainedconstantintheafterdecadesofdecline.Theexplanationforthisseemstobethatisvaluabletoplacepeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'Thewherepeoplecometogetherface-to-Questions1-ReadingPassage1hasfivemarkedparagraphs,A-ChoosethecorrectheadingforeachQuestions1-ReadingPassage1hasfivemarkedparagraphs,A-Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofi-1-1ParagraphListofAvoidinganovercrowdedAsuccessfulexerciseinpeopleThebenefitsofworkingtogetherincitiesivHigherincomesneednotmeanmorecarsvEconomicargumentsfailtopersuadeviTheimpactoftelecommunicationsonpopulationdistributionviiIncreasesintravellingtimeviiiRespondingtoargumentsagainstpublic2345填写答案：正确答案：ii,vii,iv,i,Advantagesofpublic2345填写答案：正确答案：ii,vii,iv,i,AdvantagesofpublicAnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankScienceTechnologydemonstratedthatpublicAnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankScienceTechnologydemonstratedthatpublictransportismoreefficientthanThestudycomparedtheproportionofwealthpouredintobythirty-sevencitiesaroundtheworld.Thisincludedbothpublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,maintainingandusingtransportThestudyfoundthattheWesternAustraliancityofPerthisaexampleofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,ofitswealthwentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandcities,ontheotherhand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorNewman,ISTPDirector,pointedoutthatthesemorecitieswereabletoputthedifferenceintoattractingandjobsorcreatingabetterplacetoAccordingtoProfessorNewman,thelargerAustralianofMelbourneisaratherunusualcityinthissortofHedescribesitastwocities:'AEuropeancitysurroundedbyuseintheinnercitymuchlower,buttheoutersuburbssamecar-basedstructureasmostotherAustralianexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnerofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'sastowheretheyNewmansaysofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'sastowheretheyNewmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringtransportissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransportbeenmadeonthebasisofenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsratherthaneconomics.Newman,thestudydemonstratesthat'theauto-dependentmodelinefficientandgrosslyinadequateineconomicwellenvironmentalBicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthetwomost'bicyclefriendly'citiesconsidered-AmsterdamCopenhagen-wereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirtransportsystemswere'reasonablebutnotItiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejecttheofcitieswithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchwouldnotworkintheirparticularcity.OneobjectionisSomepeoplesaytheircitycouldnotmakemoreuseoftransportbecauseitiseithertoohotortoocold.Newmanthis,pointingoutthatpublictransporthasbeensuccessfulbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hehascheckedtheusecarsagainstclimateandfound'zeroWhenitcomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesarestrongerground.Forexample,NewmanacceptsWhenitcomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesarestrongerground.Forexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardacityashillyasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailHowever,hepointsoutthatbothHongKongandZürichhavetomakeasuccessoftheirrailsystems,heavyandrespectively,thoughtherearefewcitiesintheworldasAInfact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingoneoftransportoveranotherispolitics:'Themoredemocratic considersPortland,Oregon,aperfectexampleofthis.Someago,federalmoneywasgrantedtobuildanewroad.However,pressuregroupsforcedareferendumoverwhethertospendmoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalwonandtheworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavefollowed,andmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingnatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthepopulationasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityatBIntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastcenturies,withpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemspendmorethanhalfanhourtravellingtowork.Trainsandinitiallyallowedpeopletoliveatgreaterdistancestakinglongertoreachinitiallyallowedpeopletoliveatgreaterdistancestakinglongertoreachtheirdestination.However,infrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbansprawl,massivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthpeopletolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviableTheexampleofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyarewealthierthantheirAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotthesamelevelofcaruse.InStockholm,carusehasactuallyinrecentyearsasthecityhasbecomelargerandwealthier.newstudymakesthispointevenmorestarkly.DevelopinginAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreuseofthecarwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Incitiesdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentdiscouragedthebuildingofpublictransportandpeoplehaveforcedtorelyoncars-creatingthemassivetrafficjamscharacterizethoseDNewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowcitiesbuiltcarsmightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagewhichusedMelbourneasanexample.Itfoundthatpushingintothecitycentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,proposaladvocatedintothecitycentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,proposaladvocatedthecreationofurbanvillagesathundredssites,mostlyaroundrailwayEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsinwouldleadtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerelongerforcedintocities.However,theISTPteam'sdemonstratesthatthepopulationandjobdensityofcitiesorremainedconstantinthe1980safterdecadesofdecline.explanationforthisseemstobethatitisvaluabletopeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'Thenewworldlargelydependonhumancreativity,andcreativitywherepeoplecometogetherface-to-Questions6-DothefollowingstatementsagreewithinformationgivenPassage6-10onyouranswersheet,TRUEthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon26FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon26TheISTPexaminedpublicandprivatesystemsineveryTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon 37EfficientcitiescanimprovethequalityoflifeforTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon BC48Aninner-FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon BC48Aninner-tramnetworkisdangerousforcarTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisinformationonABC59InpeopleprefertolivetheouterTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon C610CitieswithNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon C610CitieswithhighlevelsofbicycleusagecanbeefficientevenpublicisonlyaveragelyTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationon C7ofpublicforforScienceandTechnologyPolicy(ISTP)hasdemonstratedthattransportismoreefficientthancars.ThestudycomparedtheThisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,andusingatransportofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,17%ofitswentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandAsiancities,onthehand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorPeterNewman,ISTPpointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputdifferenceintoattractingindustryandjobsorcreatingabettertoAccordingtoProfessorNewman,thelargerAustraliancityaratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.Hedescribesitaslargetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlargetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlower,butcities.TheexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnerofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'spreferencesaswheretheyNewmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringpublicissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransporthasbeenmadeonbasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsrathereconomics.Newman,however,believesthestudydemonstratesthatauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateeconomicaswellasenvironmentalBicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthatthemost'bicyclefriendly'citiesconsidered-AmsterdamandCopenhagenwereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirpublictransportsystems'reasonablebutnotwithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchsystemswouldnotcitycouldnotmakemoreuseofpublictransportbecauseitiseitherhotortoocold.Newmanrejectsthis,pointingoutthatpublichasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hetheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound'zeroWhencomeshasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hetheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound'zeroWhencomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesareonForexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardforacityasasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailnetwork.However,hepointsthatbothHongKongandZürichhavemanagedtomakeasuccessoftheirworldasAInfact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesorttransportoveranotherispolitics:'Themoredemocratictheprocess,morepublictransportisfavored.'HeconsidersPortland,Oregon,aexampleofthis.Someyearsago,federalmoneywasgrantedtobuildaspendthemoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalwonandrailwayworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavefollowed,andmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingtheofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthesameasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityattheBIntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastsixwithpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemtospendmorethananhourtravellingtowork.TrainsandcarsinitiallyallowedpeopleHowever,publicHowever,publicinfrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbancausingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthencouragestolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyareoftenwealthierthanAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotgeneratedthesamelevelofcarInStockholm,carusehasactuallyfalleninrecentyearsasthecityDevelopingcitiesinAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreuseofcarthanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Incitiesdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentBankthebuildingofpublictransportandpeoplehavebeenforcedtorelycars-creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizethoseDNewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowcitiesbuiltformightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagereport,usedMelbourneasanexample.Itfoundthatpushingeveryoneintothecentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,theproposaladvocatedcreationofurbanvillagesathundredsofsites,mostlyaroundEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerenolongerforcedcities.However,theISTPteam'sresearchdemonstratesthatpopulationandjobdensityofcitiesroseorremainedconstantintheafterdecadesofdecline.Theexplanationforthisseemstobethatisvaluabletoplacepeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'Thewherepeoplecometogetherface-to-Questions11-Lookatthefollowingcities(Questions11-andthelistdescriptionsMatcheachcitywiththecorrectdescription,A-Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes11-13onyouranswer1112填写答案：正确答案：F,D,填写答案：正确答案：F,D,Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage2ListofAsuccessfullyusesalightrailtransportsysteminhillyenvironmentBsuccessfulpublictransportsystemdespitecoldwintersCprofitablymovedfromroadtolightrailtransportsystemDhillyandinappropriateforrailtransportsystemEheavilydependentoncarsdespitewidespreadFinefficientduetoalimitedpublictransport8GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEElderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,8GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEElderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,happierandmoreindependent,thismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdageareInthelast14years,theNationalLong-termHealthCareSurveygathereddataonthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan20,000menwomenover65.Researchers,nowanalysingtheresultsofdatain1994,sayarthritis,highbloodpressureandcirculationproblemsthemajormedicalcomplaintsinthisagegroup-aretroublingaproportioneveryyear.Andthedataconfirmsthattherateatwhichdiseasesaredecliningcontinuestoaccelerate.Otherdiseasesofold-dementia,stroke,arteriosclerosisandemphysema-arealsofewerandfewer'Itreallyraisesthequestionofwhatshouldbeconsideredageing,'saysKennethManton,ademographerCarolina.Hesaystheproblemsdoctorsacceptedasnormalina65-year-in1982areoftennotappearinguntilpeopleare70orClearly,certaindiseasesarebeatingaretreatinthefaceofadvances.Clearly,certaindiseasesarebeatingaretreatinthefaceofadvances.Buttheremaybeothercontributingfactors.Improvementschildhoodnutritioninthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury,example,gavetoday'selderlypeopleabetterstartinlifethanOnthedownside,thedataalsorevealsfailuresinpublichealththatcausedsurgesinsomeillnesses.Anincreaseinsomecancersbronchitismayreflectchangingsmokinghabitsandpoorerairsaytheresearchers.'Thesemaybesubtleinfluences,'saysManton,oursubjectshavebeenexposedtoworseandworsepollutionforoveryears.It'snotsurprisingweseesomeOneinterestingcorrelationMantonuncoveredisthatbetter-peoplearelikelytolivelonger.Forexample,65-year-oldwomenfewerthaneightyearsofschoolingareexpected,onaverage,tolive82.ThosewhocontinuedtheireducationliveanextrasevenAlthoughsomeofthiscanbeattributedtoahigherincome,MantonitismainlybecauseeducatedpeopleseekmoremedicalThesurveyalsoassessedhowindependentpeopleover65were,andfoundastrikingtrend.Almost80%ofthoseinthe1994surveyasignificantdropinthenumberofdisabledoldpeopleintheasignificantdropinthenumberofdisabledoldpeopleintheIfthetrendsapparentintheUnitedStates14yearsagohadresearcherscalculatetherewouldbeanadditionalonemillionelderlypeopleintoday'spopulation.AccordingtoManton,slowingtrendhassavedtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sMedicaresystemmore$200billion,suggestingthatthegreyingofAmerica'spopulationprovelessofafinancialburdenthanTheincreasingself-relianceofmanyelderlypeopleisprobablytheuseofraisedtoiletseatshasmorethandoubledsincethestartthestudy,andtheuseofbathseatshasgrownbymorethan50%.theMacArthurFoundation'sresearchgrouponsuccessfulageing.ThefoundthatthoseelderlypeoplewhowereabletoretainasenseindependenceweremorelikelytostayhealthyinoldHefoundthatratsthatexerciseonatreadmillhaveraisedlevelsbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactorcoursingthroughtheirbrains.believesthishormone,whichkeepsneuronsfunctioning,maypreventbrainsofactivehumansfromAspartofthesamestudy,TeresaSeeman,asocialepidemiologistAspartofthesamestudy,TeresaSeeman,asocialepidemiologisttheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniainLosAngeles,foundabetweenself-esteemandstressinpeopleover70.Insimulationsofchallengingactivitiessuchasdriving,thosewhofeltcontroloftheirlivespumpedoutlowerlevelsofstresshormonesascortisol.ChronicallyhighlevelsofthesehormoneshavebeentoheartButindependencecanhavedrawbacks.Seemanfoundthatelderlypeoplefeltemotionallyisolatedmaintainedhigherlevelsofstressevenwhenasleep.Theresearchsuggeststhatolderpeoplefarebesttheyfeelindependentbutknowtheycangethelpwhentheyneedsimplefactors.'Thesortofthingthatyourgrandmotheralwaystoldturnsouttoberightontarget,'sheQuestions14-Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-QWritethecorrectletter,A-Q,inboxes14-22onyouranswerproportionofpeopleover65sufferingproportionofpeopleover65sufferingfromthemostcommonage-medicalproblemsis14(1).andthatthespeedofthischangeisalsoseemsthatthesediseasesareaffectingpeopleinlifetheydidinthepast.Thisislargelyduetodevelopmentsinotherfactorssuchasimproved18(5)mayalsobeplayingapart.insomeotherillnessesmaybeduetochangesinpersonalhabitsandTheresearchestablishesalinkbetweenlevelsofandexpectancy.ItalsoshowsthattherehasbeenaconsiderableinvolvedinsupportingthissectionofthepopulationmaybelesspreviouslyAcostBfallingCDundernourishedEearlierFlaterGdisabledHmoreIincreasingJnutritionKeducationLMmedicineNpollutionOenvironmentalPhealthQindependent填写答案：正确答案：B,I,F,M,J,N,K,G,本题【909GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSIN填写答案：正确答案：B,I,F,M,J,N,K,G,本题【909GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEElderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,happierandmoreindependent,thismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdagearefewerandfewerpeopleandwhentheydostrike,itismuchlaterinInthelast14years,theNationalLong-termHealthCareSurveygathereddataonthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan20,000menwomenover65.Researchers,nowanalysingtheresultsofdatain1994,sayarthritis,highbloodpressureandcirculationproblemsthemajormedicalcomplaintsinthisagegroup-aretroublingaproportioneveryyear.Andthedataconfirmsthattherateatwhichdiseasesaredecliningcontinuestoaccelerate.Otherdiseasesofold-dementia,stroke,arteriosclerosisandemphysema-arealsofewerandfewer'It-dementia,stroke,arteriosclerosisandemphysema-arealsofewerandfewer'Itreallyraisesthequestionofwhatshouldbeconsideredageing,'saysKennethManton,ademographerCarolina.Hesaystheproblemsdoctorsacceptedasnormalina65-year-in1982areoftennotappearinguntilpeopleare70orClearly,certaindiseasesarebeatingaretreatinthefaceofadvances.Buttheremaybeothercontributingfactors.Improvementschildhoodnutritioninthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury,example,gavetoday'selderlypeopleabetterstartinlifethanOnthedownside,thedataalsorevealsfailuresinpublichealththatcausedsurgesinsomeillnesses.Anincreaseinsomecancersbronchitismayreflectchangingsmokinghabitsandpoorerairsaytheresearchers.'Thesemaybesubtleinfluences,'saysManton,oursubjectshavebeenexposedtoworseandworsepollutionforoveryears.It'snotsurprisingweseesomeOneinterestingcorrelationMantonuncoveredisthatbetter-peoplearelikelytolivelonger.Forexample,65-year-oldwomenfewerthaneightyearsofschoolingareexpected,onaverage,tolive82.ThosewhocontinuedtheireducationliveanextrasevenAlthough82.ThosewhocontinuedtheireducationliveanextrasevenAlthoughsomeofthiscanbeattributedtoahigherincome,MantonitismainlybecauseeducatedpeopleseekmoremedicalThesurveyalsoassessedhowindependentpeopleover65were,andfoundastrikingtrend.Almost80%ofthoseinthe1994surveyasignificantdropinthenumberofdisabledoldpeopleintheIfthetrendsapparentintheUnitedStates14yearsagohadresearcherscalculatetherewouldbeanadditionalonemillionelderlypeopleintoday'spopulation.AccordingtoManton,slowingtrendhassavedtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sMedicaresystemmore$200billion,suggestingthatthegreyingofAmerica'spopulationprovelessofafinancialburdenthanTheincreasingself-relianceofmanyelderlypeopleisprobablytheuseofraisedtoiletseatshasmorethandoubledsincethestartthestudy,andtheuseofbathseatshasgrownbymorethan50%.theMacArthurFoundation'sresearchgrouponsuccessfulageing.ThefoundthatthoseelderlypeoplewhowereabletoretainafoundthatthoseelderlypeoplewhowereabletoretainasenseindependenceweremorelikelytostayhealthyinoldHefoundthatratsthatexerciseonatreadmillhaveraisedlevelsbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactorcoursingthroughtheirbrains.believesthishormone,whichkeepsneuronsfunctioning,maypreventbrainsofactivehumansfromAspartofthesamestudy,TeresaSeeman,asocialepidemiologisttheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniainLosAngeles,foundabetweenself-esteemandstressinpeopleover70.Insimulationsofchallengingactivitiessuchasdriving,thosewhofeltcontroloftheirlivespumpedoutlowerlevelsofstresshormonesascortisol.ChronicallyhighlevelsofthesehormoneshavebeentoheartButindependencecanhavedrawbacks.Seemanfoundthatelderlypeoplefeltemotionallyisolatedmaintainedhigherlevelsofstressevenwhenasleep.Theresearchsuggeststhatolderpeoplefarebesttheyfeelindependentbutknowtheycangethelpwhentheyneedsimplefactors.'Thesortofthingthatyourgrandmotheralwaystoldturnsouttoberightontarget,'sheQuestions23-CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectA-H,Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes23-26youranswerHomemedicalRegularamountsofFeelingsofcontroloverFeelingsofAmaycauseheartBcanbehelpedbyhormoneCmaycauserisesinlevelsofstressDhavecosttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmorethan$200billion.Emayhelppreventmentaldecline.填写答案：正确答案：G,E,H,填写答案：正确答案：G,E,H,Youshouldspendabout20onReading3FmaygetstrongeratGallowoldpeopletobemoreindependent.Hcanreducestressindifficultsituations.OneofthefirstgreatintellectualfeatsofaOneofthefirstgreatintellectualfeatsofayoungchildishowtotalk,closelyfollowedbylearninghowtocount.Fromchildhoodwearesoboundupwithoursystemofnumerationthatitisfeatofimaginationtoconsidertheproblemsfacedbyearlyhumansofnumerationleadstotheconvictionthat,ratherthanbeingathatcomesnaturallytoaperson,itisoneofthegreatandachievementsofthehumantheconceptofnumber.Eventheearliestoftribeshadasystemnumerationthat,ifnotadvanced,wassufficientforthetasksthathadtoperform.Ourancestorshadlittleuseforactualnumbers;theirconsiderationswouldhavebeenmoreofthekindIsthisratherthanHowmany?whentheywereengagedinfoodgathering,forHowever,whenearlyhumansfirstbegantoreflectonthenatureofHowever,whenearlyhumansfirstbegantoreflectonthenatureofaroundthem,theydiscoveredthattheyneededanideaofnumbertokeeptheirthoughtsinorder.Astheybegantosettle,growplantsItwillneverbeknownhowandwhenthisnumerationabilitybutitiscertainthatnumerationwaswelldevelopedbythetimehadformedevensemi-permanentEvidenceofearlystagesofarithmeticandnumerationcanbereadilyTheindigenouspeoplesofTasmaniawereonlyabletocountone,two,thoseofSouthAfricacountedone,two,twoandone,twotwos,twotwosone,andsoon.Butinrealsituationsthenumberandwordsareusingtheone,two,manytypeofsystem,thewordmanywouldmean,atmyhandsandseehowmanyfingersIamshowingyou.Thisbasicislimitedintherangeofnumbersthatitcanexpress,butthiswillgenerallysufficewhendealingwiththesimpleraspectsofThelackofabilityofsomeculturestodealwithlargenumbersisversion,areverypoorinnumberwordsandexpressions.TheancienttachundtachundorhundoftheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,andso100wasdenotedhundteontig,ortentimesten.TheaveragepersonintheseventhinEuropewasnotasfamiliarwithnumbersaswearetoday.Infact,qualifyasawitnessinacourtoflawamanhadtobeabletocountnine!Perhapsthemostfundamentalstepindevelopingasenseofisnottheabilitytocount,butrathertoseethatanumberisanabstractideainsteadofasimpleattachmenttoagroupofobjects.Itmusthavebeenwithinthegraspoftheearliesthumansconceivethatfourbirdsaredistinctfromtwobirds;however,itistothenumber4,asconnectedwithfourrocks.Associatinganumberoneofthequalitiesofaspecificobjectisagreathindrancetodevelopmentofatruenumbersense.Whenthenumber4canbeinthemindasaspecificword,independentoftheobjectbeingtheindividualisreadytotakethefirststeptowardthedevelopmentanotationalsystemfornumbersand,fromthere,toTracesoftheveryfirststagesinthedevelopmentofnumerationcanseeninseverallivinglanguagestoday.ThenumerationsystemofTsimshianlanguageinBritishColumbiacontainssevendistinctsetswordsfornumbersaccordingtotheclassoftheitembeingcounted:forlongobjectsandtrees,forcanoes,formeasures,andforwhenforlongobjectsandtrees,forcanoes,formeasures,andforwhennoparticularobjectisbeingnumerated.Itseemsthatthelastsystem.Thisdi