暨南大学241基础英语专业课考研真题（2017-2021年）

暨南大得

JINANUNIVERSITY

2021年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A卷）

****************************************************************************=

招生专业与代码：050205日语语言文学、050203法语语言文学

考试科目名称及代码：241基础英语

考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸(卷)上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

PartICloze(10points)

Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassageandwritethe

correspondingletterontheAnswerSheet

Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeof

ourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst_1_,theywerelikenewbornchildren,

unabletousethis_2_tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind'sfuture

_3_andculturalgrowthincreased.

Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis_4_forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They

_5_thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus_6_aninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinlower

_7_.Proponentsofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour_8_forlanguageisinborn,butthat

languageitselfdevelopsgradually,_9_afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.

Thereforetherearecritical_10_timesforlanguagedevelopment.

Current_11_ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed,however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceof

someinnateabilitiesisundeniable._12_,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeign

languagesarebesttaughtin_13_grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesby

being_14_tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe

_15_oftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.

_16_someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelop

automaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen_17_fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossess

language.Thisdemonstratesthat_18_withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguage

development.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage_19_than

anyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior._20_,children

learnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild'slanguage

skillsbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.

1.A.generatedB.evolvedC.born□.originated

2.A.valuableB.appropriateC.convenientD.favorite

3.A.attainmentsB.feasibilityC.entertainments0.evolution

4.A.essentialB.availableC.reliable0.responsible

5.A.confirmB.informC.claim0.convince

6.A.forB.fromC.ofD.with

7.A.organizationsB.organismsC.humans0.children

8.A.potentialB.performanceC.preferenceD.passion

9.A.asB.justasC.likeD.unlike

10.A.ideologicalB.biologicalC.social0.psychological

11.A.reviewsB.referenceC.reaction0.recommendation

12.A.InawordB.lnasenseC.IndeedD.lnotherwords

13.A.variousB.differentC.thehigherD.thelower

14.A.revealedB.exposedC.engaged.0.involved

15.A.regulationsB.formationsC.rules0.constitutions

16.A.AlthoughB.WhetherC.SinceD.When

17.A.distinguished.B.differentC.protectedD.isolated

18.A.expositionB.comparisonC.contrast0.interaction

19.A.acquisitionB.appreciationC.requirement0.alternative

20.A.AsaresultB.AfterallC.lnotherwordsD.Aboveall

PartIIReadingComprehension

SectionA(40points)

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshould

decideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

I'vebeenattemptingtolearnFrenchforawhilenow,andit'saslowprocess.Itsallmuchharder

thistimearoundthanitwastolearnEnglish,myfirstlanguage.Allthiseffortmademewonderif

thereweresometrickstolearningaforeignlanguagethatI'dbeenmissing.Itturnsoutthatit'sjusta

trickythingtodoonceyou'reanadult.

Learninglanguageissomethingwe'reborntodo.It'saninstinctwehave,whichisproven,asone

researchpapersays.Tobelievethatspecialbiologicaladaptationsarearequirement,itisenoughto

noticethatallthechildrenbutnoneofthedogsandcatsinthehouseacquirelanguage.Aschildren,

welearntothink,learntocommunicateandintuitivelypickupanunderstandingofgrammarrulesin

ourmothertongue,ornativelanguage.Fromthenon,welearnallnewlanguagesinrelationtothe

onewefirstknew——theonethatweusedtounderstandtheworldaroundusforthefirsttimeever.

Whenitcomestolearningasecondlanguage,adultsareatadisadvantage.Onetheoryofwhy

learningaforeignlanguageissohardforadultsfocusesontheprocesswegothroughtodoso.

RobertBley-VromanexplainsinLinguisticPerspectivesonSecondLanguageAcquisitionthatadults

approachlearninganewlanguagewithanadultproblem-solvingprocess,ratherthaninthesame

wayachilddevelopslanguageforthefirsttime.

Althoughthismeansadultsgenerallyprogressthroughtheearlystagesoflearningalanguage

fasterthanchildren,peoplewhoareexposedtoaforeignlanguagefirstduringchildhoodusually

achieveahigherproficiencythanthosewhostartoutasadults.

There'sstillhope,though.Astudyofsecondarylanguagepronunciationfoundthatsome

learnerswhostartedasadultsscoredaswellasnativespeakers.It'salsobeenshownthatmotivation

tolearncanimproveproficiency,soifyoureallywanttolearnalanguage,itsnotnecessarilytoo

late.

21.WhatdidtheauthorrealizefromhisexperienceoflearningFrench?

A.LearningFrenchisdifficultforanadult.

B.FrenchisasdifficultasEnglishforhim.

C.HehasmissedthetipsonlearningFrench.

D.Itdemandsgreateffortstolearnalanguage.

22.Howareweinfluencedbythewaywelearnedourmothertongue?

A.Weprefertolearnbyunderstandingthegrammarrulesfirst.

B.Wetendtoattachmoreimportancetolisteningandspeaking.

C.Weareinclinedtolearnallothernewlanguagesinrelationtoit.

D.Wemayunconsciouslythinkitisthebestwaytolearnlanguages.

23.AccordingtoRobertBley-Vroman,howdoadultsapproachanewlanguage?

A.Theytendtochooseaproblem-solvingprocess.

B.Theytrytobeexposedtoaforeignenvironment.

C.Theyfollowthewayachildlearnsalanguage.

D.Theystartbytakinglanguageproficiencypractices.

24.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthegoodnewsforadultlearners?

A.Theycanachieveahigherproficiencythanmostchildren.

B.Theycanspeakthelanguageasgoodasthenativespeakers.

C.Theycanmasteraforeignlanguageoncetheyaremotivated.

D.Theycanimproveproficiencybyimitatingthewaykidslearn.

25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Thedifferencesbetweenchildlearnersandadultlearners.

B.Thepossibledifficultieslanguagelearnersmaycomeacross.

C.Thecommonwayspeoplechoosetolearnaforeignlanguage.

D.Thedisadvantagesofandhopesforanadultlanguagelearner.

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayin

thenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,

howevecthinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurban

travelintheforeseeablefuture.

Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecome

smaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarof

thefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.

Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantraffic

congestion.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.

Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable（可伸缩的）armwilldropfromtheauto

andmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.Once

attachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthe

vehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar'smovements.

Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.The

computerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexit

fromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer（蜂鸣器）thatwill

warnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000

vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-day

highway.

26.Onesignificantimprovementinthefuturecarwillprobablybe.

A.itsdrivingsystem

B.itspowersource

C.itsmonitoringsystem

D.itsseatingcapacity

27.Whatistheauthor'smainconcern?

A.Howtorenderautomobilespollution-free.

B.Howtomakesmallerandsaferautomobiles.

C.Howtodevelopanautomatedsubwaysystem.

D.Howtosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.

28.Whatprovidesautoswithelectricpowerinanautomatedhighwaysystem?

A.Arail.

B.Anengine.

C.Aretractablearm.

D.Acomputercontroller.

29.Inanautomatedhighwaysystem,allthedriverneedstodois.

A.keepintherightlane

B.waittoarriveathisdestination

C.keepinconstanttouchwiththecomputercenter

D.informthesystemofhisdestinationbyphone

30.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?

A.Enthusiastic.

B.Optimistic.

C.Pessimistic.

D.Cautious.

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

WeallknowthatDNAhastheabilitytoidentifyindividualsbut,becauseitisinherited,there

arealsoregionsoftheDNAstrandwhichcanrelateanindividualtohisorherfamily（immediateand

extended）,tribalgroupandevenanentirepopulation.MolecularGenealogy（宗谱学）canusethis

uniqueidentificationprovidedbythegeneticmarkerstolinkpeopletogetherintofamilytrees.

Pedigrees（家谱）basedonsuchgeneticmarkerscanmeanabreakthroughforfamilytreeswhere

informationisincompleteormissingduetoadoption,illegitimacyorlackofrecords.Therearemany

communitiesandpopulationswhichhavelostpreciousrecordsduetotragiceventssuchasthefire

intheIrishcourtsduringCivilWarin1921orAmericanslavesforwhommanyrecordswerenever

keptinthefirstplace.

ThemainobjectiveoftheMolecularGenealogyResearchGroupistobuildadatabasecontaining

over100,000DNAsamplesfromindividualsallovertheword.Theseindividualswillhaveprovideda

pedigreechartofatleastfourgenerationsandasmallbloodsample.Oncethedatabasehasenough

samplestorepresenttheworldgeneticmake-up,itwilleventuallyhelpinsolvingmayissues

regardinggenealogiesthatcouldnotbedonebyrelyingonlyontraditionalwrittenrecords.

Theoretically,anyindividualwillsomedaybeabletotracehisorherfamilyoriginsthroughthis

database.

Inthemeantime,asthedatabaseisbeingcreated,moleculargenealogycanalreadyverify

possibleorsuspectedrelationshipsbetweenindividuals.Z/Forexample,iftwomensharingthesame

lastnamebelievethattheyarerelated,butnowrittenrecordprovesthisrelationship,wecanverify

thispossibilitybycollectingasampleofDNAfrombothandlookingforcommonmarkers（inthis

casewecanlookprimarilyattheYchromosome（染色体）,〃explainsUgoPerego,amemberofthe

BYUMolecularGenealogyresearchteam.

31.Iftwomensuspectedforsomereasontheyhaveacommonancestor,.

A.wecandecideaccordingtotheirfamilytree

B.wecanfindthetruthfromtheirgeneticmarkers

C.wecancomparethedifferencesintheirYchromosome

D.wecanlookforwrittenrecordstoprovetheirrelationship

32.PeopleinalargeareamaypossessthesameDNAthreadbecause.

A.DNAischaracteristicofaregion

B.theyarebeyonddoubtofcommonancestry

C.DNAstrandhastheabilitytoidentifyindividuals

D.theiruniqueidentificationcanbeprovidedviaDNA

33.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Weareawalking,living,breathingrecordofourancestors.

B.ManyAmericanslavesdidnotknowwhotheirancestorswere.

C.Anadoptedchildgenerallylacksenoughinformationtoprovehisidentity.

D.MolecularGenealogycanbeusedtoprovearelationshipbetweenindividuals.

34.TheMolecularGenealogyResearchGroupisbuildingadatabaseforthepurposeof.

A.offeringassistanceinworkingoutgenealogy-relatedproblems

B.solvingmanyissueswithoutrelyingontraditionalwrittenrecords

C.providingapedigreechartofatleastfourgenerationsintheworld

D.confirmingtheassumptionthatallindividualsareofthesameorigin

35.Thepossibleresearchoffamilytreesisbasedonthefactthat.

A.geneticshasachievedabreakthrough

B.geneticinformationcontainedinDNAcanberevealednow

C.eachindividualcarriesauniquerecordofwhoheisandhowheisrelatedtoothers

D.wecanuseDNAtoprovehowdistantanindividualistoafamily,agrouporapopulation

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Stonetools,animalbonesandanincisedmammothtuskfoundinRussia'sfrigidfarnorthhave

providedwhatarchaeologistssayisthefirstevidencethatmodernhumansorNeanderthalslivedin

theArcticmorethan30,000yearsago,atleast15,000yearsearlierthanpreviouslythought.

AteamofRussianandNorwegianarchaeologists,describingthediscoveryintoday'sissueof

thejournalNature,saidthecampsite,atMamontovayaKurya,ontheUraRiverattheArcticCircle,

wasthe"oldestdocumentedevidenceforhumanresenceatthishighlatitude/'Digginginthebedof

anoldriverchannelclosetotheUralMountains,theteamuncovered123mammalbones,including

horse,reindeerandwolf,"Themostimportantfind,“theysaid,wasafour-footmammothtuskwith

groovesmadebychoppingwithasharpstoneedge,"'unequivocallytheworkofhumans/'Thetusk

wascarbon-datedatabout36,600yearsold.Plantremainsfoundamongtheartifactsweredatedat

30,000to31,000years.

Otherarchaeologistssaidtheanalysisappearedtobesound.Buttheycautionedthatitwas

difficult,whendealingwithriverbeddeposits,tobesurethatartifactshadnotbecomejumbledout

oftheirtrueplace,andthustime,inthegeologiclayers.Theyquestionedwhetherthediscoverers

couldreliablyconcludethatthestonetoolswereinfactcontemporarywiththebones.Butina

commentaryaccompanyingthearticle,Dr.JohnA.J.GowlettoftheUniversityofLiverpoolin

Englandwrote,''Althoughtherearequestionstobeanswered,theartifactsillustrateboththe

capacityofearlyhumanstodotheunexpected,andthevalueofarchaeologists*researchingin

unlikelyareas.”

Thediscovererssaidtheycouldnotdeterminefromthefewstoneartifactswhetherthesitewas

occupiedbyNeanderthals,hominidswhobythenhadalonghistoryashuntersinEuropeand

westernAsia,orsomeofthefirstanatomicallymodernhumanstoreachEurope.Inanycase,other

archaeologistssaid,thefindingscouldbesignificant.IfthesetoolmakerswereNeanderthals,the

findingssuggestedthatthesehumanrelatives,whobecameextinctafter30,000yearsago,were

morecapableandadaptablethantheyaregenerallygivencreditfor.LivingintheArcticclimate

presumablyrequiredhigherlevelsoftechnologyandsocialorganization.

Iftheyweremodernhumans,thenthesurpriseisthattheyhadpenetratedsofarnorthinsuch

ashorttime.TherehasbeennofirmevidenceformodernhumansinEuropebeforeabout35,000

yearsago.IthadgenerallybeenthoughtthatthenorthernmostpartofEurasiawasnotoccupiedby

humansuntilthefinalstageofthelasticeage,some13,000to14,000yearsago,whentheworld's

climatebegantomoderate.Dr.GowlettsaidthenewfindingsindicatedthattheArcticregionof

EuropeanRussiawasextremelycoldbutrelativelydryandice-freemorethan30,000yearsago.

36.Whatisthesignificanceofthediscovery?

A.ItshowsthatmodernhumanslivedintheArcticmorethan3,000yearsago.

B.ItshowsthatNeanderthalslivedintheArcticmorethan3,000yearsago.

C.Itshowstheoldestdocumentedevidenceforhumanpresenceatsuchhighlatitude.

D.Itshowshumancouldusetools30,000yearsago.

37.Whytheteambelievedthatthefour-footmammothtuskwasthemostimportantfind?

A.Becauseitwasthelongesttuskeverfound.

B.Becausethereweresignsleftbyhuman'stoolsonit.

C.Becausethereweregroovesonit.

D.Becausetherearenotanymammothtuskallovertheworld.

38.WhendidtheNeanderthalsextinct?

A.Morethan30,000yearsago.

B.After30,000yearsago.

C.Beforeabout35,000yearsago.

D.Some13,000to14,000yearsago.

39.Whowerethosetoolmakers

A.Neanderthals.

B.Modernhumans.

C.Archaeologists.

D.Notdetermined.

40.What'stheweatherlikeintheArcticregionofEuropeanRussiamorethan30,000yearsago?

A.Moderatetemperature,relativelydryandice-free.

B.Extremelycold,relativelydryandice-free.

C.Extremelycold,plentyofrainingandice-free.

D.Extremelycold,relativelydryandicefrosted.

SectionB(20points)

Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.

WhetheryouliveinCambodiaorScotland,LithuaniaorAmerica,youhaveprobablyheardof

dragons.TheEasterndragon,calledlonginChina,mayseemlikeacompletelydifferentcreature

fromtheWesterndragon.Theirbehavior,theirsymbolism,andwhattheymeantosocietyarequite

different.(41)TheEastseemstovaluedragonsfortheirmagicardbeautyandholdstheminhigh

respect.However,itisaquitedifferentcaseintheWestwheredragonsarehistoricallyviewedas

monsters.

InChineseculture,thedragonisasymbolofvirtue.(42)UnlikeWesterndragons,oriental

dragonsareusuallyseenaskindandbenevolent.DragonshaveIODRbeenasymbolinChinese

folkloreandart.Templesandshrineshavebeenbuilttohonorthem.Infact,theChineseare

sometimesreferredtoas"thedescendantsofthedragon”.

Throughthesymbolofthedragon,manyChineseseequalitieswhichtheydesireandvaluesuch

asheroism,wisdomandpower.Thedragonisaprotector.Legendhasitthatthedragoncontrolsthe

rain,rivers,lakesandtheseas;theycanprotecttheinnocentandgivethemsafety.Inreallife,the

ChinesehavetheYearoftheDragon.Itissaidthatanyoneborninthisyearwillbehealthy,wealthy

andwise.(43)Historically,thedragonwasassociatedwiththeemperorofChinaandusedasa

symboltorepresentimperialpower.Inordertoemphasizetheassociation,emperorsworerobes

withadragondesign,satonathronewithcarveddragons,andhadhispalacedecoratedwithdragon

ofvariouspatterns.

DragonidiomsarecommoninChina.ChineseidiomsareusuallymadeupoffourChinese

characters,calledchengyu.(44)ManyWesternersarefamiliarwiththemovieCrouchinqTiqer,

HiddenDrag。/,butdonotknowthatthismovietitleisanidiommeaning“talentsinhiding'.

Likewise,theChinesemayincludethecharacterfordragon(〃龙”)whennamingachild.The

characterappearsinthenamesoftwofamousmoviestarsthatallWesternersknow,JackieChan

(Chenglong,meaning"/becomingadragon")andBruceLee(LiXiaolong,implyinga“smalldragon").

(45)Atspecialfestivals,especiallytheDragonBoatFestival,alsocalledDuanwuFestival,dragov

boatracesplayanimportantpart.Typically,theseareboatspaddledbyateamofupto20paddlers

withadrummerandasteersman.Theboatsaregenerallywithdecorativedragonheadsandtails.

DragonboatracingisalsoanimportantpartofcelebrationsbyethnicChineseoutsideChina.For

example,thedragonboatracesheldannuallyatEchoParkLakeinLosAngeles,California,arevery

popular.

PartIIIWriting

SectionA(10points)

Directions:

Forthispart,youwillwr/tealettertoyourfriendgivingyourviewsonwhetherhe/sheneedsto

pursueagraduatedegreeabroad.Writeanemailforabout100wordstoyourfriendtoexplainyour

opinion.

SectionB(20points)

Directions:Writeanessayof160to200wordsaboutthetitle"TheTwo-dayWeekend：Youshould

baseyourcompositionontheoutlinegivenbelow:

1.Thebenefitsof"TheTwo-dayWeekend".

2.Thedrawbacksof"TheTwo-dayWeekend".

3.Howshouldwespendourweekends?

暨南大得

JINANUNIVERSITY

2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）

*****************************************************************************：

学科、专业名称：日语语言文学

研究方向：

考试科目名称：241基础英语

考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

PartICloze(10points)

Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.Thenmarkthe

correspondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Youhearitallalongtheriver.Youhearit,loudandstrong,fromtherowerastheyurgethejunk

1itshighstem,themastlashedalongside,downthe2runningstream.Youhear

itfromthetrackers,amorebreathlesschant,astheypull3againstthecurrent,halfa

dozenofthemperhapsiftheyare4aboat,acoupleofhundred5theyare

haulingasplendidjunk,itssquaresailset,overarapid.Onthejunkamanstandsamidshipsbeating

adrum6toguidetheirefforts,and7pullwithalltheirstrength,likemen

possessed,bentdouble;andsometimesinthe8oftheirtravailtheycrawl9,on

allfours,likethebeastsofthefield.Theystrain,strainfiercely,10thepitilessmightofthe

stream.Theleadergoes11thelineandwhenheseesonewhoisnotputtingallhis

12intothetaskhebringsdownhissplitbamboo13thenakedback.Eachone

must14orthelaborofallis15.Andstilltheysingavehement,eagerchant,the

chantofthe16waters.Idonotknowhowwordscandescribewhatthereisinitofeffort.

It17toexpressthestrainingheart,thebreakingmuscles,and18theindomitable

spiritofmanwhichovercomesthe19forceofnature.Thoughtheropemaypartandthe

greatjunkswingback,20therapidwillbepassed;andatthecloseofthewearydaythere

istheheartymeal...

1.A.onB.inC.withD.by

2.A.slowB.shiftingC.swiftD.strengthen

3.A.hardlyB.desperatelyC.exactlyD.quickly

4.A.takingupB.makingC.sittinginD.shouldering

5.A.whenB.ifC.asD.although

6.A.incessantlyB.increasinglyC.indefinitelyD.inwardly

7.A.everyoneB.theyC.heD.themselves

8.A.extremeB.extremesC.extremityD.extremely

9.A.onthegroundB.alloverthefieldC.inthefrontD.bytheside

10.A.atB.inC.towardsD.against

11.A.againstB.toC.nearandfarD.upanddown

12.A.capacityB.willC.abilityD.courage

13.A.inB.atC.onD.up

14.A.dohispartB.dohisshareC.dohisutmostD.tryhard

15.A.vainB.necessaryC.excitingD.disappointing

16.A.disturbedB.quietC.turbulentD.quick

17.A.deservesB.servesC.worksD.does

18.A.ontheotherhandB.atthesametimeC.aswellasD.afterall

19.A.pitilessB.pitifulC.generousD.mean

20.A.theendsB.onendC.intheendD.attheend

PartIIReadingComprehension

SectionA(40points)

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshould

decideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies-andothercreatures-learntodo

thingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards”,andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butit

usedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectly

relatedtosuchbasicphysiological//cl^ves,,asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnif

hegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnot

so.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthe

successfuloutcome.

Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward“thebabiesandso

taughtthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.

Thenheno