英语中常用的修辞手法

FiguresofSpeech(2)simile

metaphor

personification

metonymy

SynecdocheAntonomasiaeuphemismHyperbolelitotesAntithesisParadox12.Oxymoron13.EpigramApostrophe

rhetoricalquestion16.Irony17.Sarcasm18.Satire19.Ridicule20.Innuendo21.Parody

22.Climax23.Anti-climax24.Alliteration25.Assonance26.Onomatopoeia27.Transferredepithet28.Pun29.Parallelism30.Repetition第一页第二页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(3)1.Simile(明喻)

Afigurethatinvolvesanexpressedcomparison,almostalwaysintroducedbytheword“like”or“as”.Thetwothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.用like,as或其他词指出两个截然不同的事物之间相似之处的办法，叫明喻。(本体:tenor;喻体:vehicle)1)Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.2)Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephant’sskin.3)Hebellowedlikeabullseekingcombat.4)Thatmancan’tbetrusted.He’sasslipperyasaneel.

第二页第三页，共52页。simileMoreexamples:Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.Loveandcoughcannotbehid(hidden).Hehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.Thepen

istoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.(AistoBwhatCistoD.)Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.(WhatCistoD,AistoB.)Fig.2第三页第四页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(4)2.Metaphor(暗喻)Thesubstitutionofonethingforanother,ortheidentificationoftwothingsfromdifferentrangesofthought.Itisoftenlooselydefinedas“animpliedcomparison,”“asimilewithout‘like’or‘as’”.Metaphorisconsideredbymanythemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigureandalsothecommonestandthemostbeautiful.1)Irrigationis

thelifebloodofagriculture.2)Allhisformerjoywas

drownedintheembarrassmentandconfusionhewasfeelingatthemoment.3)Snowclothestheground.

第四页第五页，共52页。Metaphor(2)▲

Ametaphor,tobeeffective,hastohavethreeproperties,viz.,a)freshnessandoriginality,b)aptnessandc)consistency.

▲

Ametaphorisaptandappropriateifthecomparisonimpliedheightenseffectorenhancesthesubject.e.g.Herbeautifullonghairwaspitch-black.(×)Herbeautifullonghairwasjet-black.(

)Thenightwaspitch-black.(

)▲Consistencyinmetaphorsbecomesrelevantandimportantwhenweareusingtwoormoremetaphorstoillustratethesamesubject.Themetaphorsareconsistentiftheyproduceimagesrelatedtoandsupportingeachotherandarenotmixedordiscordant.第五页第六页，共52页。Metaphor(3)

e.g.Theseedsofrebellionwerekindledinsecret.

(×)(Herethemetaphorsarenotconsistent.Onemetaphorcomparestheinitialstirringsofrebelliontoseeds;theotherlikensthebirthandgrowthofthesefeelingstothekindlingofflames.Nowseedscannotbekindled.Themetaphorsaremixed.)Theflamesofrebellionwerekindledinsecret.(√)▲Mixedmetaphorscanproduceveryamusingandillogicalimagery,andaretobestrictlyavoided.Moreexamples:Iskimoverthebooktotastethetoneofit.(×)(Tonecannotbetasted.)Atlasthefeltarayofhope.(×)(Wenormallyseerays.)第六页第七页，共52页。Metaphor(4)

BelowisanexampleofhowthreesetsofmetaphorsareblendedSkillfullytogethertoillustratethedifficultyofeditingacademicwriting:

Andso,anticipatingnoliterarytreat,Iplungedintotheforestofwordsofmyfirstmanuscript.My

weapons

wereasturdyeraserandseveralbatteriesofsharpenedpencils.Myarmorwasathesaurus.AndifIshouldbecomelost,anear-bypubliclibrarywasalandmark,andtheEncyclopediaofSocialScienceonitsreferenceshelveswasanever-readyguide.Insteadofbigtrees,Ifoundunderbrush.Cuttingthroughinvolved,lumberingsentenceswasbadenough,buttherealchorewasremovaloftheburdocks(牛蒡)ofexcessverbiagewhichclungtothemanuscript.(S.T.Williamson:“HowtoWriteLikeaSocialScientist”)(1stset:plunge-getlost-landmark-guide2ndset:forest-trees-underbrush-lumber-burdocks3rdset:weapons-batteries-armor-cuttingthrough-removal)Fig.2第七页第八页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(5)3.Personification(拟人)

Afigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:1)Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.theblushingrose;thethirstyground2)Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.thekettlesings;thewavesdanced3)Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleaves第八页第九页，共52页。Personification(2)Moreexamples:a)Youthishotandbold,Ageisweak

andcold,Youthiswild,andAgeistame.—WilliamShakespeareb)Thematchwillsoonbeoveranddefeatisstaringusintheface.c)Thistimefatewassmilingtohim.d)Duskcamestealthily.e)Thestormwasragingandanangryseawascontinuouslytossing

theirboat.f)Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Fig.2第九页第十页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(6)4.Metonymy(换喻，转喻)▲Thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.Forexample:1)Thepenismightierthanthesword.2)Shesetsagoodtable.(=Sheprovidesgoodfood.)3)Heistoofondofthebottle.4)Grayhairsshouldberespected.5)IhaveneverreadLiBai.▲Metonymycanbederivedfromvarioussources—fromnamesofpersons,formanimals,professions,locationsorplacenames,etc.,asillustratedbelow:第十页第十一页，共52页。Metonymy(2)

A.Namesofpersonsa)JohnBull:England,ortheEnglishpeopleb)UncleSam:TheUnitedStatesofAmericaB.Animals

thebear:theformerSovietUnionortheSovietgovernmentC.Partsofthebodya)heart:feelingsoremotionsb)head,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasone.g.Herheartruledherhead.Useyourbrains.c)grayhair:oldage

第十一页第十二页，共52页。Metonymy(3)

D.Professionsa)

thebar:thelegalprofessionb)thepress:newspapers;newspaperreportersE.Locationsofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprisesa)DowningStreet:theBritishgovernmentorcabinetb)TheWhiteHouse:thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.governmentc)thePentagon:theU.S.militaryestablishmentd)WallStreet:U.S.financialcirclese)Hollywood:Americanfilm-makingindustryf)FoggyBottom:U.S.StateDepartmentFig.2第十二页第十三页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(7)5.Synecdoche

(提喻)

A.thenamingofaparttomeanthewhole.Forxample,1.Weareshortofhands.(“Hands”formenwhodomanuallabor.)2.afleetof50sails(for“afleetof50ships”)B.thenamingofthematerialforthethingmade.e.g.Haveyouanycoppers?(=anymoney?)C.thenamingofthegenusforthespecies.e.g.Heisapoorcreature.(=apoorman.)D.thenamingofanindividualforaclass.e.g.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.

Fig.2第十三页第十四页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(8)Antonomasia(换称):▲Thetermforsomecommonfigurativeusesofnamestheuseofanepithetortitleinplaceofaname

hismajestyforakingorthenameoftheking;

hishonorforajudgeorthenameofthejudge;

theBossforthenameoftheemployerTheuseofapropernameinsteadofacommonnounaJudasforatraitorHeisourGorky.GorkyforafamouswriterCf.synecdoche.Thereisacertaindegreeofoverlappinghere.

Fig.2第十四页第十五页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(9)7.Euphemism(委婉语)

Thesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.e.g.“truewords”the“gildedwords”

A.Death,Illness,OldAge,etc.

todietopassaway;one’shearthasstoppedbeatingoldpeopleseniorcitizensoldagegettingon;pastone’sprime;feelingone’sage;secondchildhoodmademotionallydisturbed;softinthehead;simple-mindedfatpeopleweight-watchers

(Themotivefortheeuphemismsinthiscaseseemstobetoavoidhurtingpeople’sfeelings.)

第十五页第十六页，共52页。Euphemism(2)

B.ToiletHabits,etc.

gotothetoiletvisitthenecessary;answernature’scall;

doone’sbusiness;gotothebathroom

(Themotivehere,obviously,istoavoidusingthetruewordswhichareconsideredcrudeandindecentinpoliteconversation.)

C.PovertyandUnemploymentdismiss

layoffpennilesshardup;inreducedcircumstances

indebtindifficultiesthepoor*thehave-nots;theunderpriviledged/disadvantagedslums*sub-standardhousing

(theeuphemismsusedbythepoorthemselvesareto“soften”harshreality,butthetermsmarked*oftenusedby

第十六页第十七页，共52页。Euphemism(3)

governmentpersonnelseemmoretocoverupgovernmentalinabilitytosolvesocialandeconomicproblems—“cosmetic”words,sotosay.)D.Menialjobsorprofessionsoflowsocialstanding

hairdresserbeautician;hair-stylist;hair-designerundertakermorticianmanicuristanailtechnicianmechanicautomobileengineerbootblackfootwearmaintenanceengineergarbagemansanitationengineer

(Themotivehereisplainlyto“uplift”theseprofessionsbyname,ifnotbystatus.Itreflectsasenseofinferiorityaswellasastrivingfor“betterthings”.)第十七页第十八页，共52页。Euphemism(4)

E.PoliticalandMilitaryactivitiesinvasionmilitaryactionaggressionpoliceactionrefugeedisplacedperson[D.P.]retreatadjustmentofthefront;redeploymentconcentrationcampsstrategichamletsdrivinginhabitantsawaypacificationshellingorbombingofone’sowntroops(oralliedtroops)accidentaldeliveryordeathorcasualtiescausedby“friendlyfire”

(Theeuphemismshereareusedtocoverupthetruenatureofevents,deceivingthepublicwithnice-soundingandpseudo-technicalwords.)Fig.2第十八页第十九页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(10)8.Hyperbole(夸张)

▲Aconsciousexaggerationforthesakeofemphasis,notintendedtobeunderstoodliterally.1)Thewaveranmountainhigh.2)Hisspeechbroughtthehousedown.3)AlltheperfumesofArabiawillnotsweetenthislittlehand.

Fig.2第十九页第二十页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(11)9.Litotes(曲言；含蓄渲染)<与夸张相反>▲Aformofunderstatement(轻描淡写，降调陈述)whichgainsitsparticulareffectbyphrasinginthenegativewhatitwishestosaypositively.1)Thisisnosmallaccomplishment.2)TheGermanfleetwasnotanunworthyopponent.3)Thisisnotatallunpleasant.Fig.2第二十页第二十一页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(12)10.Antithesis(对照、对仗)

▲Thesettingofcontrastingphrasesoppositeeachotherforemphasis.Intrueantithesistheoppositionbetweentheelementsismanifestedthroughparallelgrammaticalstructure.1)ThequestforrighteousnessisOriental,thequestforknowledge,

Occidental.(SirWilliamOsler)2)Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkof

ourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.(MarkTwain)3)Afriendexaggeratesaman’svirtues,anenemyhiscrimes.4)Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.第二十一页第二十二页，共52页。Antithesis(2)

5)Letbothsidesexplorewhatproblemsuniteusinsteadof

belaboringthoseproblemswhichdivideus.

6)

Andso,myfellowAmericansasknot

whatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.7)United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofco-operativeventures.Divided,thereislittlewecando,forwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder.8)aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever9)FromthemallMarkTwaingainedakeenperceptionofthehumanrace,ofthedifferencebetweenwhatpeopleclaimtobeandwhattheyreallyare.Fig.2第二十二页第二十三页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(13)11.Paradox(反论；似非而是的隽语)

▲astatementthatappearstobelogicallycontradictoryandyetmaybetrue,thepurposeofwhichistoprovokefreshthought.1)Oneman’sterroristisanotherman’sfreedomfighter.2)Mylifeclosedtwicebeforeitsclose.(EmilyDickinson)(meaningtwotrulyeventfulthingsoccurredinherlifebeforethatlifeceased)3)Infact,itappearsthattheteachersofEnglishteachEnglishsopoorlylargelybecausetheyteachgrammarsowell.4)Thechildisfatheroftheman.(Wordsworth)Fig.2第二十三页第二十四页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(14)12.Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)

▲Acompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoiningoftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruousterms.1)bitter-sweetmemories2)orderlychaos3)thewisestfoolinChristendom4)livingdeaths5)freezingfires6)gloriousdefeat7)poorrichguys8)tearfuljoy第二十四页第二十五页，共52页。Oxymoron(2)

Anunderstandingofoxymoroncanhelpustoappreciatemorefullytheimpliedcomplexityofdescriptionsandfeelings.Likeparadox,anOxymoroninitiallysurprisesonewithitsincongruityofterms,whichreallyhidesacertaintruth,orasignificentpoint.Asinparadox,theappreciationofanoxymoroncomesfromtryingtofindthehiddentruth,thesubtlesignificanceinotherwiseconflictingimagesorideas.Fig.2第二十五页第二十六页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(15)13.Epigram(警句)▲Ashort,pithystatementinverseorprose,usuallywithatouchofwit,oftenantithetical.1)Necessityisthemotherofinvention.2)Experienceisthenameeveryonegivestohismistakes.3)Conscienceistheinnervoicethatwarnsusthatsomeonemaybelooking.(H.L.Mencken)4)Thechildisfatheroftheman.(Wordsworth)(theintendedmeaningisthattheactionsofaboyindicatewhatkindofamanheislikelytobecome)Note:Theremaybesomeoverlappingofanepigramandaparadox.Fig.2第二十六页第二十七页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(16)14.Apostrophe(顿呼)▲The

turningawayfromthesubjectandtheaddressingofanabsentpersonorapersonifiedobjectorabstraction.Theshiftisbothemotionalanddignified,thereforemostappropriateinseriousandstatelycontexts.“YouHeavens,givemethatpatience,patienceIneed!”(Shakespeare,KingLear)2)“Envy,besilentandattend!”(Pope)Fig.2第二十七页第二十八页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(17)15.Rhetoricalquestion(修辞疑问句；反问句)

▲Aquestionneitherrequiringnorintendedtoproduceareplybutaskedforemphasis.Theassumptionisthatonlyoneanswerispossible.1)WasInotatthesceneofthecrime?(Lesson2,Book1)2)OWindIfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?(Shelley:OdetotheWestWind)3)…butcanyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?(Lesson5,Book1)4)But,withoutevenconsideringthatthreat,shouldn’titstartleusthatwehaveputthesecloudsintheeveningskywhichglistenwithaspectrallight?(Lesson3,Book1)Fig.2第二十八页第二十九页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(18)16.Irony(反语)▲A

figureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forexample:1)Oh,howIlovequeuingup!(Infact,thespeakhatesit.)2)Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourpermonth.3)“Generallyspeaking,”saidMissMurdstone,“Idon’tlikeboys.Howd’yedo,boy?”Undertheseencouragingcircumstances,IrepliedthatIwasverywell,andthatIhopedshewasthesame,withsuchindifferentgracethatMissMurdstonedisposedofmeintwowords,—“Wantsmanner!”(C.Dickens:DavidCopperfield)第二十九页第三十页，共52页。Irony(2)

(Herethewordencouragingisusedironically,forthecircumstanceswerenotencouragingatall—theywere,infact,discouraging,forMissMurdstonehadsaidshedidn’tlikeboys.)4)

Wearelucky.It’stheothersideonthethirteenthofDecember.Thatmakesusfeelrealgood.(DavidParks:G.I.Diary)(Thewritermeansexactlytheoppositeofwhathesays.13isanunluckynumbertomostWesterners,andthereforetheyaredefinitelynotlucky.Andsinceonthatdate(December13)theywillland“ontheotherside”ofthePacific,inVietnam,tofightintheVietnamWar,theydon’tfeelgoodatall.Infact,theyareallquitefrightenedattheprospect.)Fig.2第三十页第三十一页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(19)17.Sarcasm(尖刻讽刺)▲Acuttingremark,averbalsneer.Sarcasmpretendstodisguiseitsmeaning,butdoesnotintendtobemisunderstood.“Oh,you’rereallyagreatfriend,aren’tyou?”(addressedtoonewhowon’tlendthespeaker5Yuan)Heisverygenerousindeed.(referringtoonewhowon’tlendthespeakerhisdictionary)Where’sy’goforit,man—Jamaica?(Hopkins’scuttingremarktoMcNair,thecustodian,fornotbeingquickenoughwiththerum.JamaicaisanislandintheCaribbean,worldfamousforitsrum.)Fig.2第三十一页第三十二页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(20)18.Satire▲Itgenerallyreferstoapieceofliterarywork—prose,poetry,ordrama—andgenerallynottoasinglesentence.Itusesridiculetoexposeandtojudgebehaviourorideasthatthesatiristfindsfoolish,orwicked,orboth;Swift’s“AModestProposal”isapieceofsatire.

Fig.2第三十二页第三十三页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(21)19.Ridicule(嘲笑)▲instanceofbeingmadefunof1)Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.Fig.2第三十三页第三十四页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(22)20.Innuendo(暗讽)▲Amildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentarytothepersonorsubjectmentioned.(hintingorimplyingathingwithoutplainlysayingit)Idonotconsultphysicians;forIhopetodiewithoutthem.(meaningtheyaremoretroublethanhelp)Duringthelastfiveyearsmycookhasseveraltimesbeensober.(meaningthatheisalwaysdrunk)第三十四页第三十五页，共52页。Innuendo(2)

3)“Theweathermansaiditwouldbewarm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.”(DavidParks:G.I.Diary)(Theauthorishintingattheinaccuracyoftheweatherman’sweatherreport.Theweatheriscold,ratherthanwarm.)Fig.2第三十五页第三十六页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(23)21.Parody(滑稽模仿)▲Usingthewords,thought,orstyleofanauthor,butbyaslightchangeadaptingthemtoanewpurposeorridiculouslyinappropriatesubject;theimitationorexaggerationoftraitsofstylesoastomakethemappearludicrousBritanniaruesthewaves(Lesson13)(parodyingawell-knownline,“BritanniaRulestheWaves”,ofthefamousBritishnavysong“Rule,Britannia”)(Seenote1ofLesson13)2)…orwillthegamebeplayedaccordingtotheusualindustrialrules:fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohisinvestment(parodingaMarxistsaying:fromeachaccordingtohisability,toeachaccordingtohisneed)Fig.2第三十六页第三十七页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(24)22.Climax(层进；渐升)▲arrangementofphrasesorsentencesinascendingorderofimportanceSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested(FrancisBacon:OfStudies)Empireofferedafewmanasourceofprofit,manymenasenseofmissionand,totheanonymouseverymanofEurope’sslums,asenseofpride.Fig.2第三十七页第三十八页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(25)23.Anti-climax(突降；渐降)▲Thesuddenappearanceofanabsurdortrivialideafollowingoneormoresignificantorelevatedideas.Anticlimaxisusuallycomicineffect.突降是采用突然下降的手法使句意从严肃、深刻、重要等等的概念中急转到滑稽、平庸、琐细等等的概念上从而造成一种语义上的大的反差而获得一种鲜明的、幽默的交际效果的辞格。

需有两项或两项以上结构使语义能急转而下。Forexample:1)Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.2)Seldomhasacitygainedsuchworldrenown,andIamproudandhappytowelcomeyoutoHiroshima,atownknownthroughouttheworldforits—oysters.(Lesson2,Book1)第三十八页第三十九页，共52页。Anti-climax(2)3)Thereisnothingmoreexhilaratingtothenature-lovethananearlymorningwalkinthefoothilloftheHimalayas.Itliftshisspiritabovematerialconcernsandinspiresinhimnoblethoughts.Italsomakeshimhungry.4)WhatshallIdo?Ihavelostmybeauandlipsticktoo.(Awoman’sbeauisherboyfriendorlover.[old-fashioned])Fig.2第三十九页第四十页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(26)24.Alliteration(头韵)

▲Theuseinaphraseorsentenceofwordsbeginningwiththesameletterorsound.Alliterationshouldbeusedonlywhenthewritermakesastrongemotionalresponsetohissubject.1)Wefeltstrong,smug,secure.(Bailey:TheAmericanPageant)2)Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowed

free.3)Downthedrivedashed

dashingDan.4)Thesunsankslowly.Fig.2第四十页第四十一页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(27)25.Assonance(半谐音;押元音韵)▲Theuseofthesame,orrelated,vowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.adeepgreenstream

theraininSpainfallsontheplain(MyFairLady)IarisefromdreamoftheeInthefirstsweetsleepofnight(Shelley:TheIndianSerenade)Fig.2第四十一页第四十二页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(28)26.Onomatopoeia(拟声；象声)▲Theuseofwordsthat,whenpronounced,suggesttheirmeaning,suchas“hiss”or“buzz”.Inpoetryitinvolvessuitingsoundtosenseandtherebycreatingversesthatcarrytheirmeaningintheirsound.▲Thisdevicemakesuseofimitationofsoundsforeffect.Thesesoundsmaybethosemadebyaperson,animalorthing,orassociatedwithsomeactionormovement.▲Itisadevicemuchusedinpoetryandprosetoaddvividnessorvitalitytodescriptionornarration.▲Forexample:

Moo,mew,bow-wow,hiss,roarandbaaarerespectivelyimitativeofthecriesorcallsofcows,cats,dogs,snakes,lionsandsheep.

Inthesameway,trainstoot;doorsbang;windowsrattle;firecrackles;machinesclang;andracingcarsgovroom-vroom.Fig.2第四十二页第四十三页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(29)27.Transferredepithet(转移形容词；转移修饰)▲

Afigureofspeechwhereanadjectiveordescriptivephraseistransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodifytoanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.Generally,theadjectiveistransferredfromapersontoathingoridea.1)asleepless

night

2)throwingareassuring

armroundmyshoulder(Lesson10,Book1)3)Thesailorsswarmedintoalaughingandcheeringringaroundthetwomen.4)anicecupoftea第四十三页第四十四页，共52页。Transferredepithet(2)5)Theytalkedtotheforeignerinhesitant

English.6)Thethiefmadeatrembling

confessionofhiswrongdoings.7)Heclosedhisbusy

lifeattheageof80.8)Ihadnotemptationtotakeaflying

holidaytotheSouth.9)…butaboveallIlovetheselongpurposeless

daysinwhichIshedallthatIhaveeverbeen.Fig.2第四十四页第四十五页，共52页。FiguresofSpeech(30)28.Pun(双关)▲

Aplayonwordsbasedonsimilarityofsoundandsharpdifferenceinmeaning,forawittyorhumorouseffect.TherearemanywordsinEnglishwhichlookorsoundalike,buthavedifferentsenses,orconnotations.Forexample:1)Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak(=week).2)Ifwedon’thangtogether,weshallassuredlyhangseparately.(Lesson16,Book1)3)Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(Shakespeare:RomeoandJuliet)4)Oneshopannounced:DarwinIsRight—I