2023年考研外语冲刺密卷15

考研外语冲刺密卷15

一、UseofEnglish

1>Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaaman

aloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedto

filltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleand

crematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreand

moreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation

(1)peoplestilldon'tquiteknowwhattodowith.

Whenpeopledoread,Ithinkthey'11wanttofeeltheyare

readingliterature,or(2)somethingserious.(3)

you'regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesas

no-nonsenseand(4)assumingliterarypretensionsand

beingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinary-

varietyofgenre,butwithanunderlying(5)ofsentiment

andvision.

Translatorscanonly(6)fromthisdesireforthe

presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsof

difficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignparts

enthusiastically(7)bytheoverallworshipofthe"global

village”.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful,

(8)don'texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizesto

offeryoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.

Theywillbechiefly(9)increatingcelebrity,the

greatestenemyofdiscrimination,butagoodpropforthe

(10)consumer.

Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseento

haveagreatwriter一aphenomenonthatwill(11)anewkind

ofprovincialism,morechronologicalthangeographic,

(12)onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand

(13)Universities,includingCambridge,willinclude

(14)theirliteraturesyllabusnovels,writtenonlylast

year.(15)occasionalexhumationfortheNobel,the

achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargely

forgotten.

Inshort,youcan，tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreof

thesame.Butthereisa(16)sidetothis—theinevitable

reactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketosee

happen一publishersseekinglessto(17)celebritythrough

extravagantadvertising,(18)andmagazines(19)

spacetoreflectivepieces一arerathermoreimprobablethanthe

SecondComing(耶稣复临).Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthe

wholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriters

will(20)belookingfornewdepartures.

A.when

B.that

C.which

D.where

2、⑵

A.inparticular

B.ingeneral

C.atleast

D.bycontrast

3、(3)

A.So

B.Yet

C.Once

D.Since

4、(4)

A.fewer

B.more

C.less

D.much

5、(5)

A.variety

B.mechanism

C.monotone

D.conformity

6、(6)

A.benefit

B.derive

C.differ

D.deviate

7、(7)

A.contaminated

B.contained

C.sustained

D.maintained

8、(8)

A.but

B.so

C.for

D.as

9、⑼

A.dedicated

B.concerned

C.engaged

4

D.preoccupied

10、(10)

A.devoted

B.confused

C.sensible

D.isolated

IK(11)

A.leadto

B.pointto

C.cometo

D.turnto

12、(12)

A.which

B.where

C.when

D.what

13、(13)

A.admired

B.admitted

C.abdicated

D.adhered

14、(14)

目5

A.at

B.in

C.on

D.for

15、(15)

A.Given

B.Considering

C.Barring

D.Concerning

16、(16)

A.negative

B.positive

C.paradoxical

D.controversial

17、(17)

A.prevent

B.explore

C.prohibit

D.generate

18、(18)

A.Newspapers

B.Books

6

C.Media

D.Periodicals

19、(19)

A.gives

B.giving

C.togive

D.give

20、(20)

A.always

B.never

C.seldom

D.hardly

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfornuclearreactorshada

spillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonthslastyear

andbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2022seriousenough

fortheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannual

reporttoCongress.Afteraninvestigation,thecommission

changedthetermsofthefactory，slicenseandsaidthepublic

had20daystorequestahearingonthechanges.

Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infact,nomemberofthe

publiccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocument

describingthem,includingthenoticeofhearingrightsfor

anyonewhofeltadverselyaffected,wasstamped“officialuse

only”,meaningthatitwasnotpubliclyaccessible.

TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhichfactorywas

involvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczko,one

ofthefivecommissioners.Mr.Jaczkoidentifiedthecompany,

NuclearFuelServicesofErwin,Tenn,inamemorandumthat

becamepartofthepublicrecord.Hismemorandumsaidother

publicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeducethat

thefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.

SuchsecrecybytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcoming

underattackbyinfluentialmembersofCongress.These

lawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholdingnumerous

documentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnational

security,butthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.

Thelawmakerssaytheagencymustrebalanceitspenchantfor

secrecywiththepublic'srighttoparticipateinthelicensing

processanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.The

agency,thecongressmensaid,“hasremovedhundredsofin

nocuousdocumentsrelatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublic

view”.

Witharesurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedafter

a30-yearhiatus,agencyofficialssayfrequentlythattheyare

tryingtostrikeabalancebetweenwinningpublicconfidence

byregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitiveinformation.A

commissionspokesman,ScottBurnell,saidthe"officialuse

only"designationwasunderreview.

Aslaidoutbythecommission，sreporttoCongressandother

sources,theeventattheNuclearFuelServicefactorywas

discoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribbling

underadoorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviously

describedayellowliquidina“glovebox”,asealedcontainer

withglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowatechnicianto

manipulateobjectsinside,butmanagershaddecideditwas

ordinaryuranium.Infact,itwashighlyenricheduraniumthat

hadbeendeclaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryofthe

EnergyDepartmentandsenttotheplanttobedilutedtoa

strengthappropriateforacivilianreactor.Ifthematerial

hadgonecritical,“itislikelythatatleastoneworkerwould

havereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealth

effectsordeath”,thecommissionsaid.

Generally,theNuclearRegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribe

nuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses.Butin2022,

accordingtothecommittee'sletter,theOfficeofNaval

Reactors,partoftheEnergyDepartment,reachedanagreement

withthecommissionthatanycorrespondencewithNuclearFuel

Serviceswouldbemarked"officialuseonly”.

Whydidnomemberofthepublicrequestanyhearing?

A.Becausethegeneralpublicoftenshownointerestinsuch

matters.

B.Becausethehearingrightsofthepublicareadversely

affected.

C.Becausethepublichasstampedthedocuments"officialuse

only”.

D.Becausethepublicarenotawareofthechangesinthefirst

place.

2、

Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat

A.thepublichaveaccesstoMr.Jaczko'smemorandum.

B.theagencynevertoldCongresswhichfactorywasinvolved.

C.theNuclearFuelServicesisanon-profitablegovernment

company.

D.documentsmarked"OfficialUseOnly"axeaccessibletothe

informed.

3、

NRCiscriticizedbyCongressmemberschieflybecause

A.lawmakersdrawtheconclusionthatNRChasillegal

documents.

B.theythinkNRCishidingmoreinformationthanitshould

be.

C.thepublichavetherightstoknowanypotentialhazards.

D.theythinknuclearfacilitiesarenotamatterofnational

security.

4、

Theword“innocuous”(lastsentence,paragraph4)isclosest

inmeaningto

A.insensitive.

B.confidential.

C.innocent.

D.harmful

5、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A.The2022incidenceoccurredbecauseofthecarelessnessof

asupervisor.

B.Yellowliquidsinagloveboxshouldalwaysbehandledwith

heed.

C.Highlyenricheduraniumcanbedilutedforcivilianuses.

D.Atleastoneworkerhasbeenseriouslyaffectedinthe2022

incidence.

6、Thehistoryofmodernpollutionproblemsshowsthatmost

haveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehavean

appallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthe

possibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.

Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstances,synthetic

chemicalsandmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefully

comprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducation

isdangerouslyincomplete.

Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveinto

unknownterritory,toexplore,andtodiscover.Itcanbesaid

thatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbefore,andthattheserisks

arenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.

Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepast,

riskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestricted

toasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsofthe

processeswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednor

brief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutants

havebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.

Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestand

farmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesandyearstocome.

Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiospherefor

generations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshave

grownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.

Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodernpollutantsare

smal1comparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhuman

activity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmog,fallout,

orchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksare

beingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.

Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofscience

topredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonatural

processes.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythe

hazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnology

withoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytoenvironment.

Whichofthefollowingadjectivesmaybestdescribethetone

ofthistext?

A.Unconcerned.

B.Humorous.

C.Serious.

D.Exaggerated.

Thetextismainlyabout.

A.thenatureofscientificprogress.

B.therelationshipbetweentheprogressofscienceand

pollution.

C.certainfactorsthatharmthecircumstance.

D.theawarenessofourresponsibilitytoenvironment.

8、

Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethattheoriginof

environmentalpollutionliesin

A.theindifferencetotheconditionoftheenvironment.

B.thelackoftheabilitytocontroltheprogressofscience.

C.theinabilityofsciencetodealwithcertainhuman

endeavors.

D.theignoranceofthedisposalofpollutants.

9、

Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraph,the

phrase“indepth“means

A.fullyandthoroughly.

B.distantlyandremotely.

C.seriouslyandextent.

D.stronglyandunpleasantly.

10、

Whatthepeoplereallyignoreinthedebateisthat

A.theeffectsofthemodernpollutantsontheliving

organisms.

B.thepresentsituationisremarkedlydifferentfromthepast.

C.thestressofprogressofsciencetotheneglectof

environmentalprotection.

D.theseriousconsequencefollowedbythedevelopmentof

science.

11>Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmost

gloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsand

generalsandsoldiers,whereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelped

civilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedo

notknowwhofirstsetabrokenleg,orlaunchedaseaworthy

boat,orcalculatedthelengthoftheyear,ormanuredafield;

butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethink

agreatdealofthem,somuchsothatonallthehighestpillars

inthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureof

aconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeople

believethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeaten

inbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledover

themasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyare,buttheyare

notthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;henceto

begoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimal

orasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeing

goodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthem

howtodoitmostefficiently一this,afterall,iswhat

conquerorsandgeneralshavedone—isnotbeingcivilized.

Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskilling,and

civilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettling

theirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthe

greaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthatside

whichhaskilledmosthaswornAndnotonlyhaswon,but,because

ithaswon,hasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingto

warmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.

Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.

Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistory,

inwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhile

todayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachother

inthestreets—while,thatistosay,wehavegottothestage

ofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherin

dailylife一nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothis

yet,andstillbehavelikesavages.

Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afterall,theraceofmenhas

onlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolution,human

beingsareveryyoungchildrenindeed,babies,infact,ofa

fewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeof

somesortontheearthintheform,ofjellyfishandthatkind

ofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;butthere

havebeenmenforonlyonemillionyears,andtherehavebeen

civilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.

Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.

Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreatureson

theearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworks

outataboutonemonth,andduringthatmonththerehavebeen

civilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyousee

therehasbeenlittletimetolearnin,buttherewillbeoceans

oftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman，scivilizedpast

ataboutsevenoreighthours,wemayestimatehisfuture,that

istosay,thewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrows

toocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearth,ataboutone

hundredthousandyears.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginning

ofitscivilizedlife,andasIsay,wemustnotexpecttoomuch.

Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusiness,

abusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbing

andhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnotto

havedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywill

sometimeshavedonesomethingelse.

Thefirstsentenceoftheopeningparagraphindicatesthat

A.mosthistorybookswerewrittenbyconquerors,generalsand

soldiers.

B.noonewhoreallyhelpedcivilisationforwardismentioned

inanyhistorybook.

C.historybooksneglecttherealheroesbehindcivilisation.

D.conquerors,generalsandsoldiersshouldnotbementioned

inhistorybooks.

12、

Onallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworld,

wefind

A.thefigureofthesameconquerororgeneralorsoldier.

B.thefigureofsomeconquerororgeneralorsoldier.

C.afigurereprsentingthenumberofconquerors,generalsor

soldiersinthatcountry.

D.thefigureofapersonwhohelpedcivilizationforward.

13、

Intheauthor,sopinion,thecountriesthatruledoveralarge

numberofothercountriesare

A.certainlynotthegreatestinanyway.

B.neitherthegreatestnorthemostcivilized.

C.possiblythemostcivilizedbutnotthegreatest.

D.possiblythegreatestinsomesensebutnotthemost

civilized.

14、

Bysaying"fromthepointofviewofevolution,humanbeings

areveryyoungchildrenindeed'7(paragraph3),theauthormeans

A.veryyoungchildrenarenotcivilised.

B.evolutiondoesnothelpcivilizationforward.

C.humanbeingsarestillatthebeginningoftheirlifeon

earth.

D.humanbeingshavelearntverylittleinaverylongtime.

15、

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastthreesentencesthat

A.thosewhohavefoughtandbulliedcannotbeconsidered

civilized.

B.thereisnothingwrongifcivilizedpeopledosomefighting

andbullying.

C.evencivilizedpeoplehavedonesomefightingandbullying.

D.civilizedpeoplehaveneverdoneanyfightingandbullying.

16、Platoasked"Whatisman?”andStAugustineasked"Who

amI?”Anewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:"Iamyou!”

Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforages,thegrowingfrequency

andcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericans

arevictimsannually,anditistheleadingconsumer-fraud

complaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswas

almost$50billion,andtoconsumers$5billion,in2022,the

mostrecentyearthatAmerica，sFederalTradeCommission

collectedfigures.

Aftertworecent,bigprivacydisasters,peopleandpoliticians

arecallingforaction.InFebruary,ChoicePoint,alarge

data-collectionagency,begansendingoutletterswarning

145,000Americansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswith

theirpersonaldetails,includingSocialSecuritynumbers.

Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.And

onFebruary25th,BankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdata

tapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonoverImgovernment

employees,includingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnot

illegalityissuspected,allmusttakeprecautionsagainst

identitytheft.

Facedwithsuchincidents,stateandnationallawmakersare

callingfornewregulations,includingovercompaniesthat

collectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustry,the

firms一suchasChoicePoint,Acxiom,LexisNexisand

Westlaw一arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrown

enormous.Forexample,ChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhas

acquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billion

recordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirms,landlordsand

evenpoliceagencies.

Californiaistheonlystate,withalawrequiringcompanies

tonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeen

compromised一whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraud(albeit

fivemonthsafteritwasnoticed,andafteritstoptwobosses

exercisedstockoptions).Legislationtomaketherequirement

afederallawisunderconsideration.Moreover,lawmakerssay

theywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausand

medicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.And

alongsidelegislation,thereisalwayslitigation.Already,

ChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals'

data.

YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEurope,

whereidentitytheftisalsoamenace,thoughlessfrequentand

costly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirective,implementedin

1998,givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformation,

changeinaccuracies,anddenypermissionforittobeshared.

Moreover,itplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthat

collectthedata,notonindividuals.Whenthelawwasputin

force,Americanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadfor

business.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit.

PlatoandSt.Augustinearementionedinthetextto

A.raisephilosophicalquestions.

B.showanobviouscontrast.

C.introducethecriminals,

D.pavethewayforthemaintopic.

17、

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrue?

A.ChoicePointisanagencythatisresponsibleforthe

informationleakage.

B.ChoicePointisanagencywhereSocialSecuritynumbersare

kept.

C.PersonalinformationismostunsafewithBankofAmerica.

D.ThelossofdatatapesinBankofAmericaisacaseof

identitytheft.

18、

TherealreasonforChoicePoint，sfastexpansionisthat

A.itcollectsandsellspersonalinformation.

B.ithasacquirednearly60firmssince1997.

C.theindustryislargelyunregulatedbythegovernment.

D.theinformationitprovidesisusefultomany.

19、

ChoicePointrevealedthefraudbecause

A.itstoptwobosseswantedtoexercisestockoptions,

B.itwasrequiredbylocallegislation.

C.itwassuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuaTsdata.

D.medicalcompaniesarealsoallowedtocollectdata.

20、

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

A.identitytheftisevenmoreseriousinEuropethanin

America.

B.AmericanpolicymakersmightlearnfromthelawsinEurope.

C.Americanpolicymakersaremoreconcernedwithindividual

interests.

D.thecostofidentitytheftisusuallycoveredbycompanies

intheUS.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementinboth

speakingandwriting,followedbyalistofexamplesand

explanations.Choosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthe

listforeachnumberedsubheading.Thereisoneextraexample

whichyoudonotneedtouse.

Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenand

spokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingis

facetofaceandpersonal,itismuchmoredirectthanwriting..

Handandbodygestures,facialexpressions,andvocalvariety

helpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalso

reinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheform,of

smiles,frowns,applause,catcalls,clenchedfists,andsoon.

Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears”

andadapttochangingcircumstances.

(41)Thedifferencesbetweentalkingandwriting

Writing,however,dependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationto

deliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoice,and

ifthereisanyfeedback,ittakestimetoreachthewriter.

(42)Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting?

Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople'smindsandheartsthrough

theirears,andearsprefershort,direct,conversational

sentences.

Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingand

writing一clarity,accuracy,andappropriateness.

(43)Clarity.

Iftheaudiencedoesn，tunderstandthemessageinstantly,then

thespeakerhas,tosomeextent,failed.Thus,everypossible

measuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughts

areperfectlycleartotheaudience.

(44)Accuracy.

Asaconscientiousspeaker,youmustseetoitthatyour

informationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmake

it.

(45)Appropriateness.

Inadditiontobeingprecise,yourlanguageshouldalsobe

suitabletothesubject,audience,andoccasion.

A.Forinstance,aspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortoneto

changethemeaningexpressed.Awriter,ontheotherhand,has

torelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanations

inbracestoachievethat.

B.Goodtalkingiswordy,repetitive,andfarlessstructured

thanefficientwriting.Agoodspeech,reproducedwordforword

onpaper,usuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesand

repeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedand

organizedasgoodwriting.

C.Throughoutyourtalk,wordsareyourprimemeansforhelping

youraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnessthe

profoundpowerofwords,youshoulddevelopalifelonghabit

ofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploit

theseresources,youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotential

asaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwill

helpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalk

consistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpoints,litthose

pointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatonce

whatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepth,summarize

themattheendofyourtalk,andemphasizeanyconclusionshat

theyleadto.

D.Forexample,aspeakerwho'saddressingaParent-T