南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解

目录

2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言

学真题及详解

2005年南开大学外国语学院应用语言

学真题及详解

2006年南开大学外国语学院应用语言

学真题及详解

2007年南开大学外国语学院专业英语

真题及详解

2008年南开大学外国语学院857语言学

基础真题及详解

2009年南开大学外国语学院857语言学

基础真题及详解

2010年南开大学外国语学院904语言学

基础真题及详解

2011年南开大学外国语学院866语言学

基础真题及详解

2012年南开大学外国语学院883语言学

基础真题及详解

2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解

考试科目：应用语言学

I.Illustrateeachofthefollowingtermsbriefly.(45points)

1．prescriptivelinguistics

【答案】Prescriptivelinguistics:thelinguisticsthattriestolaydownrules

for“correct”behaviors.Itseekstotellpeoplehowlanguageoughttobeused

bythosewhowishtouseit.

2．Displacement

【答案】Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertowhatispresent,

whatisabsent,whathappensatpresent,whathappenedinthepast,whatwill

happeninthefutureorwhathappensinafar-awayplace.Thispropertyof

languageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeand

place.Forexample,wecantalkaboutSapir,whoisalreadydead;wecan

eventalkaboutnextweek,whichisinthefuture.

3．IPA

【答案】IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichis

devisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888.IPAisasetof

symbolswhichcanbeusedtorepresentthephonesandphonemesofnatural

languages.

4．suprasegmental

【答案】Suprasegmental:aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansingle

soundsegments.TheprincipleSuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,

tone,andintonation.

5．blendings

【答案】Blendingisaprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoining

theinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orby

joiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Forexample,theword“smog”is

blendedfrom“smoke”and“fog”.

6．denotation

【答案】Denotation:thecoresenseofawordoraphrasethatrelatesitto

phenomenaintherealworld.Inthecaseoflinguisticsigns,thedenotative

meaningiswhatthedictionaryattemptstoprovide.Itistheliteralmeaningof

aword,thedictionarymeaning,oppositetoconnotation.

7．hyponymy

【答案】Hyponymy.Itreferstothesenserelationshipbetweenamore

general,moreinclusiveandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismore

generalinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwords

arecalleditshyponyms.Forexample,thehyponymyrelationshipcouldbe

establishedbetween“animal”and“rabbit”.

8．stem

【答案】Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhich

aninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Forexample,“friend-”infriends,and

“friendship-”infriendshipsarebothstems.Theformershowsthatastemcan

beequivalenttoaroot,whereasthelattershowsthatastemmaycontaina

rootandaderivationalaffix.

9．inflectionalmorpheme

【答案】Inflectionalmorpheme:Itisalsocalledinflectionalaffixes,which

attachestotheendofwordsInflectionalaffixesandonlyaddaminuteor

delicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem.Thepluralsuffixisatypical

exampleofthiskind.

10．back-formation

【答案】Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorter

wordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyin

thelanguage.Forexample,from“editor”theword“edit”wasgenerated.

11．c-command

【答案】C-command:Ac-commandsBifandonlyif:1)Adoesnot

dominateBandBdoesnotdominateA;2)ThefirstbranchingdominatingA

alsodominatesB.

12．Sapir-Whorfhypothesis

【答案】Sapir-Whorfhypothesisconsistsoftwoparts:linguistic

determinismandlinguisticrelativity.Linguisticdeterminismreferstothe

notionthatalanguagedeterminescertainnonlinguisticcognitiveprocesses.

Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingaround,they

thinkandspeakdifferently.Linguisticrelativityreferstotheclaimthatthe

cognitiveprocessesthataredeterminedaredifferentfordifferentlanguages.

Thus,speakersofdifferentlanguagesaresaidtothinkindifferentways.The

hypothesisisnowinterpretedmainlyintwodifferentways:astrongversion

andaweakone.Thestrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatterns

determinepeople’sthinkingandbehavior;theweakoneholdsthattheformer

influencethelater.Sofar,manyresearchesandexperimentsconducted

providesupporttotheweakversion.

13．contextofsituation

【答案】Contextofsituation:Itreferstothelinguisticandsituational

environmentinwhichaword,utteranceortextoccurs.Themeaningof

utterances,etc.,isdeterminednotonlybytheliteralmeaningofthewords

usedbutalsobythecontextorsituationinwhichtheyoccur.

14．corpuslinguistics

【答案】Corpuslinguistics:anapproachtoinvestigatinglanguagestructure

andusethroughtheanalysisoflargedatabasestoreallanguageexamples

storedoncomputer.Issuesamenabletocorpuslinguisticsincludethe

meaningsofwordsacrossregisters,thedistributionandfunctionof

grammaticalformsandcategories,theinvestigationoflexico-grammatical

associations,andissuesinlanguageacquisitionanddevelopment.

15．CALL

【答案】CALL:Itistheabbreviationofcomputer-assistedlanguage

learning,whichreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofa

secondorforeignlanguage.InthiskindofCALLprograms,thecomputer

leadsthestudentthroughalearningtaskstep-by-step,askingquestionsto

checkcomprehension.Dependingonthestudent’sresponse,thecomputer

givesthestudentfurtherpracticeorprogressestonewmaterial.

II.NameeachofthefollowingIPAsymbols.(10points)

1．[]

【答案】voicelesspostalveolarfricative

2．[j]

【答案】palatalapproximant

3．

【答案】glottalplosive

4．[w]

【答案】bilabialapproximant

5．[x]

【答案】voicelessvelarfricative

6．[υ]

【答案】highbacklaxroundedvowel

7．[æ]

【答案】lowfrontlaxunroundedvowel

8．[p]

【答案】voicelessbilabialplosive

9．

【答案】voicelessaspiratedaffricate

10．[d]

【答案】voicedpost-alveolaraffricate

III.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefullyanddecidewhetheritis

trueorfalse.(10points)

1．OdgenandRichardsarguethattherelationbetweenawordandathingit

referstoisnotdirect.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查语义三角理论。奥格登和理查兹在《意义的意义》一

书中提出了语义三角的理论。他们认为词与所指事物之间没有直接的关

系。它们是以概念为中介的。概念是抽象的，没有物质存在，只能通过

我们的思维来感知。因此该表述正确。

2．InHymes’view,thelearneracquiresknowledgeofsentencesnotonlyas

grammaticalbutalsoaslexical.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查Hymes的语言交际能力的相关知识。语言交际能力认

为语言学习者不仅学习语法知识，也学习运用语言交际的能力。因此该

表述有误。

3．Theconceptcompetenceoriginallyreferstothegrammaticalknowledge

oftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseof

languageinconcretesituation.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查语言能力的含义。乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应

用的根本区别。一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在认识称为他的

语言能力，语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。因此该表述正

确。

4．Anachievementtestassesseshowmuchalearnerhasmasteredthe

contentsofaparticularcourse.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查成就测试的目的。成就测试是为了评估一个学习者对

某一特定课程内容的掌握情况。

5．IntheClassicaltheory,Chomsky’saimistomakelinguisticsascience.

Thistheoryischaracterizedbythreefeatures;(1)emphasisonprescriptionof

language;(2)introductionoftransformationalrules;and(3)grammatical

descriptionregardlessoflanguageformation.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查乔姆斯基的经典理论。经典理论强调语言的生成能

力，引入了转换规则，强调语法描述。因此该表述有误。

6．Generativegrammarisasystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-

definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查生成语法的含义。乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来

指“一套用来给句子进行结构描写，定义明确严格的规则系统”。因此该

表述正确。

7．Blankverseconsistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查无韵诗的特点。无韵诗是由不押韵的五音步诗组成

的。因此该表述正确。

8．Theinitialconsonantsareidenticalinalliteration.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查头韵的特点。头韵作为一种修辞，指的是两个单词或

两个单词以上的首字母相同。因此该表述正确。

9．Theco-operativeprinciplewasproposedbyGrice.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查合作原则的提出者。合作原则是由格莱斯提出的，因

此该表述正确。

10．ThetermStreamofconsciousnesswritingwasoriginallycoinedbythe

philosopherWilliamJamesinhisPrincipleofPsychologytodescribethefree

associationofideasandimpressionsinthemind.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查意识流的相关知识。“意识流”是美国机能主义心理学

家先驱詹姆斯在其《心理学原理》一书中创造的用来表示意识的流动特

性：个体的经验意识是一个统一的整体，但是意识的内容是不断变化

的，从来不会静止不动。因此该表述正确。

IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(40points)

1．Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesof

humanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuch

designfeature?

【答案】

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscan

beformedoutofasmallnumberofelements—forinstance,tensofthousands

ofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,

therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichin

turncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimal

communicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehadnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwouldbelikeanimal

communicationalsystemwhichconsistsonlyanumberofbasicsounds,and

thiswouldbehighlylimited.Thenwewouldnotbeabletoproduceavery

largenumberofsoundcombinations(e.g.words),whicharedistinctin

meaning.Inotherwords,theumberofmessagesonecansendwouldbe

restrictedtothenumberofbasicsounds.

2．Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsin

termsofarticulation?

【答案】Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspasses

betweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedas

voiceless,consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway;butwhenthevocal

cordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapart

asitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthisway

aredescribedasvoiced[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.

3．Whatdoestheconceptmorphophonememean?Whatistherelationship

betweenphonemeandmorphophoneme?

【答案】

Morphophonemereferstothephoneme(orstringofphonemes)that

constitutesthevariousallomorphsofamorpheme.

Relationshipbetweenphonemeandmorphophoneme:

Generallyspeaking,theconceptofmorphophonemeaddsagrammatical

meaningtotheconceptofphoneme.Forexample,astothephoneme/s/,itis

infactaconfigurationofallomorphsofdifferentmorphemes,suchasthe

pluralmorphemeandthe3rdpersonpresentsimplemorpheme.Therefore,we

wouldregardthisphonemeasamorphophoneme,representedas|s|.

4．Howdoyouunderstandtheclaimthatthereareonlytwotensesin

English,presentandpast?

【答案】

TheEnglishverbsareinflectedfortwotenses:present(walks)andpast

(walked).Inotherwords,tenseisindicatedbymorphologicalmarking:zero/-

sforpresenttenseand-edforregularpasttense.Tenseisnotnecessarily

straightforwardlyrelatedtowhatTIMEtheeventrepresentedbytheverb

takesplace.Forinstance,thesimplepresenttensecanbeusedtoreferto

varioustimes.

OtherEnglishlanguagetenses,asmanyasthirtyofthem,aremarkedby

otherwordscalledauxiliaries.Thefuture,forinstancecanbemadeina

numberofways,byusingthemodalauxiliarywill,orthesemi-auxiliarybe

goingto.Sincetheexpressionoffuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflection

oftheverb,wedonotrefertoa"futuretense".Strictlyspeaking,thereare

onlytwotensesinEnglish:presentandpast.

5．Whatisthepurposeofstudyinglanguageandmind?

【答案】Thestudyoflanguageandmindaimstomodeltheworkingsofthe

mindinrelationtolanguage;forexample,ithelpsexplainhowthelanguage

productionandperceptionisachieved.Sincestructuresandconnectionsin

themindareinevitablyunobservable,researchersputforwardhypotheses

basedonfragmentaryclues.Thelabelmostusuallygiventothestudyof

“languageandmind”ispsycholinguistics,atermwhichisoftenperceivedas

beingtrendy.Psycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthe

psychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructures.

6．Pleaseexplaintheoriginalideainthespeechacttheory.

【答案】

Speechacttheory,originallyproposedbyAustin,isaphilosophical

explanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.

Austinmadeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled“constatives’’and

“performatives”.Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,

andwerethusverifiable;performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentences

thatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.

Lateron,foravarietyofreasons,Austingaveuphisinitialdistinction

betweenconstativesandperformatives.Hesetupanothermodeltoexplain

thewayactswereperformedbymeansoflanguage.Accordingtohisnew

model,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhen

speaking:locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,andperlocutionaryact.

7．DoyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?Supportyour

argumentwithCooperativePrinciple.

A:Whenisthebuscoming?

B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.

【答案】Onthefaceofit,Bviolatedthemaximofrelationsincehedidnot

provideadirectanswertoA’squestion.ButAwouldassumethatBis

cooperativeintheconversation,andwouldtrytoexplorethelinkbetweenthe

seeminglyirrelevantresponsetosomethingrelevant.Thus,Awouldinterpret

B’sutteranceinsuchawaythatbecausetherehadbeenasaccidentfurtherup

theroad,itwasquitepossiblethattheroadwasblocked;inaconsequence,

thebuswouldnotbeabletocome.

8．Pleaselistandexplainthe7typesofmeaningrecognizedbyG.Leech.

【答案】

TheseventypesofmeaningwerefirstpostulatedbyG.Leech.Theyare

respectivelyillustratedasfollows:

(1)Conceptualmeaning,whichreferstological,cognitive,ordenotative

content.Thistypeofmeaningis“denotative”inthatitisconcernedwiththe

relationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.

(2)Connotativemeaning,whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguage

refersto.Itreferstosomeadditional,especiallyemotive,meaning.

(3)Socialmeaning,referringtowhatiscommunicatedofthesocial

circumstancesoflanguageuse.

(4)Affectivemeaning,whichreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelings

andattitudesofthespeaker/writer.

(5)Reflectedmeaning,whichreferstowhatiscommunicatedthrough

associationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.

(6)Collocativemeaning,whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwith

wordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.

Thefivetypesofmeaningsfrom(2)to(6)arecollectivelyknownas

Associativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryof

mentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.

(7)Thematicmeaning,whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthe

messageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.Itismoreperipheral

sinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthe

differentprominencetheyeachreceive.

9．Onnoticingafriendwearinganewtie,Johnsaystohim“That’sreallya

nicetie”.PleasecommentonJohn’scomplimentinlightofBrownand

Levinson’snotionofface.

【答案】

Face,accordingtoBrownandLevinson,hastwoaspects,apositiveone,by

whichaperson’sstatusasanautonomous,independent,freeagentis

affirmed;andanegativeone,whichstressesaperson’simmunityfrom

outsideinterferenceandundueexternalpressure.Analogously,wecould

definepositivefreedomasthefreedomtoexpressoneself,tovote,totravel,

tochooseone’sowncompany;negativefreedomwouldmeanbeingfree

fromoppression,fromthreatstoone’ssafety,frompoliticalpersecution,

policeharassment,importuningsalespeople,andsoforth.

Actingcooperatively,peopletrytobuilduptheirinterlocutors’positive

faces,whiletryingtoavoidposingthreatstotheir‘negativefaces’.John’s

complimentwillobviouslymakehisfriendhappy;thisthereforewillnot

becomethreattohisfriend’sface.

10．Whatarethedifferencesbetweensimileandmetaphor?

【答案】

Simileisawayofcomparingonethingwithanother,ofexplainingwhatone

thingislikebyshowinghowitissimilartoanotherthing,anditexplicitly

signalsitselfinatext,withthewordsasorlike.Forexample,thephraseas

coldasiceisacommonsimile.

Althoughmetaphoralsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,

thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Thatis,itdiffersfromsimilein

thatthewordssuchaslikeorasdonotappear.Forexample,“Thelifeisa

stage”isametaphor.

V.Forthefollowingwords,statetheconditionsunderwhichthedifferent

formsofthepasttenseappear.Whatdetermineswhether/t/,/d/,or/id/is

used?Whatdistinctivefeaturesdefineconditioningenvironment?(15points)

【答案】/t/appearsafterthesesounds:/F,p,k,s,tF/,/id/isfoundafter/t,d/,

and/d/occursafter/g,l,b,v,T,n,au,m,N,ei/.Thegeneralfactorto

determinewhether/t/,/d/,or/id/isusedisthedistinctivefeatureofvoicing.

Therefore,/t/occursafteravoicelesssound,except/t/;/d/occursaftera

voicedsound,except/d/;and/id/occursaftereithertheconsonant/t/or/d/.

VI.UseICanalysistorevealthestructuralambiguityofthefollowing

sentences.(15points)

(1)Themotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon.

(2)ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson.

(3)Frankspottedtheoldwoman’sfriedwithatelescope.

【答案】

(1)a.(Themotherof(theboyandthegirl))

b.(Themotheroftheboy)and(thegirl)

(2)a.(Thesonof(Pharaoh’sdaughter))is((thedaughterofPharaoh)’sson).

b.((ThesonofPharaoh)’sdaughter)is((thedaughter)of(Pharaoh’sson))

(3)a.Frank((spottedtheoldwoman’sfriend)withatelescope).

b.Frank(spotted(theoldwoman’sfriendwithatelescope)).

VII.Howdoyouunderstandtheroleoflinguisticresearchinsocialand

economicdevelopment?(15points)

【答案】

Toseetherolelinguisticsplaysinsocialandeconomicdevelopment,we

couldspecificallyconsidertheintegrationoflinguisticresearchwithother

fieldsofsociallife,suchascomputationallinguistics,psycholinguistics,

appliedlinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics.

Astotheappliedlinguistics,itisundeniablethatlinguisticresearchhas

greatlyinfluencedthelanguageteachingandlearning.Forexample,various

linguisticschoolshaveshedinsightintothemethodologyoflanguage

teaching,especiallyforeignlanguageteaching.Thosedifferentmodelsof

languageteachingareallaimedatamoresuccessfulandeffectivelanguage

teaching.

Asisknown,forahumanbeinginthesociety,communicationisvery

important.Inthesocialcommunication,linguisticresearchalsomadesome

importantinterpretationsandexplanations.SuchasGrice’sCooperative

Principle,Brown&Levinson’sfaceandpolitenesstheory,etc,thosetheories

havegoodinspirationsastohowtocreateasuccessfulcommunication,and

howtoavoidanddealwithmiscommunication

Inaword,althoughwithoutlinguisticresearchsocietyandeconomicscould

stilldevelopintheirownway,yetlinguisticswithitsefforttoexplainwhatis

thenatureoftheactivitiesconcerninglanguage,andhowtheseactivities

works,hasundoubtedlymadeiteasierforthesocialandeconomic

development.

2005年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解

考试科目：应用语言学

I.Explainthefollowingterms(30points)

1．professionalcommunicator

【答案】By“professionalcommunicators”wemeananyoneforwhom

communicationisamajoraspectofhisorherwork.Thisincludesavery

boardrangeofpositionsinbusinessesandingovernment,fromexecutivesor

executivesecretariestotranslatorsandcopywriters.

2．register

【答案】Register.Itisaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,

usuallysharingthesameoccupationorthesameinterests.Aparticular

registeroftendistinguishesitselffromotherregistersbyhavinganumberof

distinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway,and

sometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions.Forexample,thereisthe

registerofmilitarylanguage,registerofpoliticallanguage,andsoon.

3．genre

【答案】Genreisatypeofdiscoursethatoccursinaparticularsetting,that

hasdistinctiveandrecognizablepatternsandnormsoforganizationand

structure,andthathasparticularanddistinctivecommunicationfunctions.

Forexample:businessreports,newsbroadcasts,speeches,letters,etc.In

constructingtexts,thewritermustemploycertainfeaturesconventionally

associatedwithtextsfromwhichthegenreinwhichheorsheiswriting.In

readingatextthereadersimilarlyanticipatescertainfeaturesofthetextbased

ongenreexpectations.

4．worldknowledge

【答案】By“worldknowledge”wemeantheknowledgeoflanguageitself,

thecontextualknowledgeoflanguageuseorprinciplesoflanguageuse.Itis

thesortof“encyclopedic”knowledgeofone’sworld.

5．C-B-Sstyle

【答案】Thepurposeofprofessionalcommunicationistoconvey

information,andthephilosophyofcommunicationisthattheinformation

shouldbeconveyedasclearly,briefly,directlyandsincerelyaspossible.

RichardLanhamhascalledthistheC-B-Sstyle,for“clarity,”“brevity”and

“sincerity”.Thisveryfocusedformofcommunicationiswidelyputforward

asthemosteffectiveandevensimplythe“normal”formofprofessional

communication.

6．key

【答案】“Key”isatermborrowedfrommusictorefertothetoneorthe

moodofacommunication.Itisthetone,manner,orspiritinwhichaspeech

actiscarriedout,forexamplewhethermockinglyorseriously.Thekey

chosenwoulddependonthesituationandtherelationshipofthespeakersto

eachother.Thesignalingofkeymaybeverbal(e.g.byintonation)ornon-

verbal-verbal(e.g.byawink,agesture,oracertainposture).

7．involvement

【答案】Therearetwoaspectsofface,amongwhichoneisthatinhuman

interactionswehaveaneedtobeinvolvedwithotherparticipantsandto

showthemourinvolvement.Theinvolvementaspectoffaceisconcerned

withtheperson’srightandneedtobeconsideredanormal,contributing,or

supportingmemberofsociety.

8．dependence

【答案】Independenceisoneaspectoffaceincommunication,which

emphasizestheindividualityoftheparticipants.Itemphasizestheirrightsnot

tobecompletelydominatedbygrouporsocialvalues,andtobefreefromthe

impositionofothers.Independenceshowsthatapersonmayactwithsome

degreeofautonomyandthatheorsherespectstherightsofotherstotheir

ownautonomyandfreedomofmovementorchoice.

9．metamessage

【答案】Metamessageisasecondmessage,encodedandsuperimposed

uponthebasicmessage,whichindicateshowwewantsomeonetotakeour

basicmessage.Theprefix“meta”isfromGreekandcarriesthemeaningof

higherormoregeneral.

10．volubility

【答案】Volubilityistheothersideoftaciturnity,meaning“talkingalot”.It

isusedbylinguiststodescribespeechintermsofquantity.Forexample,a

personwhotalksmorethantheirpeersinagivensituationmightbesaidto

be“hyper-voluble”.

II.Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions?(30points)

1．Howdoyouunderstandthestatementthat“languageisalways

ambiguous”?

【答案】

Whenwesaythatlanguageisalwaysambiguous,whatwemeanisthatwe

canneverfullycontrolthemeaningofthethingswesayandwrite.The

meaningsweexchangebyspeakingandbywritingarenotgiveninthewords

andsentencesalonebutalsoconstructedpartlyoutofwhatourlistenersand

ourreadersinterpretthemetomean.Toputthisquiteanotherway,meaning

inlanguageisjointlyconstructedbytheparticipantsincommunication.The

languageisalwaysambiguousatthewordlevel,becausewordsthemselves

donotgiveusenoughinformationtointerprettheirmeaningunequivocally.

Theambiguityoflanguagecanexistinsentencelevelinthatthemeaningof

thesentenceresidesnotinthesentencealonebutinthesituationinwhichit

isusedaswell.Atlastlanguageremainsinherentlyambiguousatthelevelof

discourse.

Ambiguityisinherentinalllanguageuse.Whatismoreimportantisto

recognizethatthisisthenatureoflanguageandtodevelopstrategiesfor

dealingwithambiguity,nottotrytopreventitfromdeveloping.

2．Whatistherelationshipbetweenspeecheventandspeechact?(Explain

withanexample).

【答案】

Speechactreferstoanutteranceasafunctionalunitincommunication.There

aremanykindsofspeechacts,suchasrequests,orders,commands,

complaints,andpromises.Aspeechactthatisperformedindirectlyis

sometimesknownasanindirectspeechact.Speecheventreferstoa

particularinstancewhenpeopleexchangespeech,e.g.anexchangeof

greetings,anenquiry,aconversation.Speecheventsaregoverne4dbythe

rulesandnormsfortheuseofspeech,whichmaybedifferentindifferent

communities.Thestructureofspeecheventsvariesconsiderablyaccordingto

thegenretheybelongto.

Bothspeechactandspeecheventareconcernedabouttheactualutteranceof

sentences.Butspeechactdealswithaparticularutterancethathas

locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Speecheventis

relatedtocertainspeechsituationsthatarecomposedmanyutterances,

thoughmaybenotspeechact.

Forexample,whenyouaskforthetimeatabusstopwiththesentence,

“whattimeisit?”yourmeaningisthatyouwanttoknowthetime.This

speechacttakesplacewithinaspeechevent,whichcouldbecalledaskingfor

thetime.Suchaneventisverybriefandusuallyhasthreespeechacts:asking

thetime,givingthetime,andthinking.

Speecheventsusuallytakeplacewithinthelargercontextofspeech

situations.Basedonthedifferencesbetweenspeechactandspeechevent,the

formerisusuallystudiedinpragmaticswhilethelatteristhefocusofsocio-

linguistics.

3．Doyouthinkthatthereisafacelesscommunication?Whyorwhynot?

【答案】Faceisaparadoxicalconceptinthatthisconcepthasbuiltitboth

aspects;involvementandindependencemustbeprojectedsimultaneouslyin

anycommunication.Involvementandindependenceareinconflictinthat

emphasizingoneofthemrisksathreattotheother.Anycommunicationisa

risktoface;itisarisktoone’sownfaceatthesametimeitisarisktothe

otherperson’s.Wehavetoprojectcarefullyprojectafaceforourselvesand

torespectthefacerightsandclaimsofotherparticipants.Weriskourown

involvementfaceifwedonotincludeotherparticipantsinourrelationship.

Thatis,ifweexcludeothers,whilethatmayincreaseourownindependence,

itatthesametimedecreasesourowninvolvement.Atthesametime,ifwe

includeothers,weriskourownindependenceface.Lookingatitfromthe

otherperson’spointofview,ifwegivetoomuchinvolvementtotheother

person,werisktheirindependenceface.Ontheotherhandifwegivethem

toomuchindependence,werisktheirinvolvement.Theresultofthedouble

risk,therisktoinvolvementfaceandtherisktoindependencefaceofboth

thespeakerandthehearer,means,therefore,thatallcommunicationhastobe

carefullyphrasedtorespectface,bo