科技论文写作-6-English-for-science-and-technology

2024/1/11第六章科技英语

科技英语吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

from:TheACSStyleGuide:AManual

forAuthorsandEditors,

1stedition(1986),2ndedition(1997)英语科技论文语法和修辞〔表达〕概要2024/1/12吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用语法是语言的组织规律，讲的是语言的结构形式；修辞是研究语言使用的规律，是和语言的使用目的和使用场合密切相关的。语法和修辞又是密切相关的，可以说，修辞知识是语法知识的延伸，后者是建筑在前者根底上的。2024/1/1吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用3

第一节几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例第二节修辞与表达英语写作表达的几个问题

第三节英语重要句型示范2024/1/14吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用2024/1/15吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用平山健三英语化学论文写作方法市原英语论文的写作方法孙娴柔实用英语科技论文写作周春晖科技英语写作冯志杰汉英科技翻译指要任胜利英语科技论文撰写与投稿英文现刊以及英文学术专著2024/1/16吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用科技英语写作语法错误举例1

Subject-VerbAgreementsRestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesDanglingModifiers〔垂悬修饰语〕4

AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs

第一节几个语法问题2024/1/17吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔1〕在主语中含并列连词“and〞时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。假设属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，假设属后者，谓语动词那么为复数形式。例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.[说明]Thesubjectis“application〞,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniqueto…isdescribed.1Subject-VerbAgreements2024/1/18吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例2Descriptionoftheexperimentalconditionsandtheresultsofthepresentinvestigationismadeindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为description,theexperimentalconditionsandtheresults是并列的，与of构成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“ismade〞。2024/1/19吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例3Theexperimentalconditionandtheresultofthepresentinvestigationaredescribedindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为theexperimentalconditionandtheresult,为并列主语，故谓语用aredescribed.2024/1/110吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Sometimes,twosingularsubjectsjoinedby“and〞causethiserror.例4GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed

→GrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed.2024/1/111吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Exception:Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例5Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例6Researchanddevelopment

isattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.R&Ddepartment2024/1/112吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用(2)However,whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby“or〞,theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject.例7Applicationoruseswerenoted.Usesorapplicationwasnoted.例8Theappropriatemetalionconcentrationortherateconstantswereused.Therateconstantsorappropriatemetalionconcentrationwasused.2024/1/113吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用当两个以上主语以

or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso

等组句时，谓语动词应与其最近的名词在人称和数上保持一致。例9Eitherethylenechlorohydrinorbromohydrin

istreatedwithstrongalkalitogiveethyleneoxide(与bromohydrin一致).

2024/1/114吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例10CoagulationofanAgClprecipitateoccursattheequivalencepoint,whereneitherchloridenorsilverions

areinexcess.(与ions一致)例11NotonlyCS2butalsoCuSO4andAgCl

werepurifiedbeforetheuse(与CuSO4andAgCl一致)2024/1/115吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用在“thereis〞，“thereare〞句型中，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致例12Therewasaprofessorandseveralstudentsinthelibrary.Therewereseveralstudentsandaprofessorinthelibrary.2024/1/116吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔3〕Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant;inthatcasetheyareoftenprecededbytheword“the〞.Collectivenounstakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant;inthatcase,theyareoftenprecededbytheword“a〞.contentsmajorityrangecouplenumberseriesdozenpairvarietygroup2024/1/117吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例13Theseries

isarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.[说明]Referstotheseriesasaunit.例14Aseriesofcompoundsweretested.[说明]Referstoeachcompound.2024/1/118吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

例15Thenumberofmetalamidessynthesizedwasthelargesttodate.(Referstothenumberasaunit.)

Anumberofmetalamideswere

synthesized.(Referstoeachamide.)

例16Theseriesofcompoundswaspreparedtotestthehypothesis.(Referstotheseriesasaunit.)

Aseriesofcompoundsweretested.(Referstoeachcompound.)2024/1/119吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例17Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn＝500-700)has

beenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.

→Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn＝500-700)hevebeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.2024/1/120吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用anaverageof+数词〔意思为平均数量有…之多〕作主语，谓语动词用复数形式

Anaverageof100kindsofreagentswereinregularsupplyfromthecompanyeachyear.2024/1/121吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用theaverageof+数词[意思为平均数〔值〕…]作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividingthesumbythenumberofvalues.〔=Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividingthesumbythemeasurementtimes.〕2024/1/122吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔4〕“Data〞canbeasingularorpluralnoun.例18Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.[说明]Referstothedataasindividualresults.例19Afterthedataaredistributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.

→Afterthedatais

distributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.[说明]Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.2024/1/123吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔5〕Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularverb.例20Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwereadded.

→Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.2024/1/124吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例21FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution.

→FivegramsofNaCL

wasaddedtothesolution.2024/1/125吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

例22Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.

→Threeweeks

isneededtocompletetheexperiment.2024/1/126吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例23Noneofthesampleswas

soluble.→Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.[说明]Referstoindividuals.例24Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.

→Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.[说明]Referstothegroupasaunit.2024/1/127吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔6〕某些特殊变化的复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词，这样的词〔如analyses,bacteria,criteria,formulae,phenomena,spectra，data等〕作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例25Extensivedataonthethermodynamicalpropertiesoftheelementsareavailable.例26TheIRabsorptionspectraprovidesignificantinformationregardingfunctionalgroups.2024/1/128吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔7〕Nounsendingin“ics〞anddenotingascientificdisciplineareusuallysingular.dynamicsmechanicskineticsphysicsmathematicsthermodynamicsMechanicsinvolvestheapplicationofNewton’sthreelawsofmotion.Thekineticsofelectrontransfertoandfromphotogeneratedradicalswasexaminedbylaserflashphotolysis.Thethermodynamicsisgovernedbythepositionsofthevalenceandconductionbands.2024/1/129吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔8〕Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“each〞,“every〞,and“everybody〞maytakesingularverbs.例27Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.2024/1/130吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.

例28Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.

2024/1/131吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔9〕Sometimes,oneofthesewordsisimplicit;suchcasestakeasingularverb.例29Eachnameandaddressisenteredintothedatabase.2024/1/132吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔10〕Indefinitepronounsthemselves(oradjectivescombinedwiththeindefinitepronoun“one〞)canbethesubjectofthesentence.•Thosethattakeasingularverbare“each〞,“either〞,“neither〞,“noone〞,“everyone〞,“anyone〞,“someone〞,“everyone〞,“anybody〞,“somebody〞,and“everybody〞.

2024/1/133吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例30Each

wasevaluatedforitseffectonmetabolism.例31Neither

disruptsthecellmembrane.例32Regardingcompounds1-10,everyonereactswiththecontrolagent.例33Someone

measuresthevolumeeveryday.2024/1/134吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用•Thosethattakeapluralverbare“several〞,“few〞,“both〞,“’and“many〞.例34

Severalwereevaluatedfortheireffectsonmetabolism.例35

Fewdisruptthecellmembrane.例36Regardingcompounds1and2,bothreactwiththecontrolagent.例37

Manywerechosentobepartofthestudy.2024/1/135吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用•Thosethattakeeitherasingularorpluralverb,dependingoncontext,are“some〞,“any〞,“none〞,“all〞,and“most〞.Thenumberoftheobjectoftheprepositiondeterminesthenumberoftheindefinitepronounrelatedtoit.例38

Someofthemoneywasstolen.例39

Someofthebookswerelost.例40

Notallthedisksarehere;somewerelost.2024/1/136吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔11〕Whenafractionisthesubjectofthesentence,thenumberoftheattendantobjectoftheprepositiondeterminesthenumberofthesubject.例41

One‐thirdoftheprecipitatewasdissolved.例42One‐fourthoftheelectronsareexcited.例43

Theremainderofthecompoundsareyettobedescribed.

2024/1/137吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔12〕Mostof〔plentyof,alotof〕+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；Mostof〔plentyof,alotof〕+不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式Mostofthebetter-knownorganicsolventsareallsuitableforthesetests.Thereisplentyofdistilledwaterinthebottle.(其中的water是不可数名词。)

2024/1/138吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

Thereare

plentyoftesttubesontesttable.Thereis

plentyoffood.Thereare

plentyofapples.Istherealotofsupportfortheidea?Thereare

alotoftouristshere.2024/1/139吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔13〕Whenasubjectanditspredicativedisagreeinnumber,theverbtakesthenumberofthesubject.例44Thepreparationandstructuredeterminationofthesethreecompoundsarethetopicofpaper.例45Thetopicofthispaperisthepreparationandstructuredeterminationofthesethreecompounds.2024/1/140吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句，那么该从句对句子的含义是必须的，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that〞〔而非“which〞〕引出限制性从句。Whenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence,thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that〞,not“which〞.

2024/1/141吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例46Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhich

wouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.→Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.2024/1/142吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Aphraseorclauseisnonrestrictiveifitaddsinformationbutisnotessential;thatis,thesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningifthephraseorclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictivephraseandclausearesetoffbycommas.如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息，但并非根本性的，那么为非限制性短语或从句，即如删去这类短语或从句，句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。2024/1/143吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例47Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.2024/1/144吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

例48

MelvinCalvin,whowontheNobelPrizein1961,elucidatedthebiochemicalpathwaysinphotosynthesis.

例49Here,theTotalsignal,

whichistheanalogofstandardDSC,makesitveryhardtofindthepolymerTg.2024/1/145吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用3

DanglingModifiers〔垂悬修饰语〕也称垂悬短语(Danglingphrases)•Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.2024/1/146吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用•Theunderstoodsubjectisusuallythesameasinthemainclause.Walkingacrossthefield,wesawaplaneflypast.(=Aswewerewalking…,wesaw…)•与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语，即动词短语的逻辑主语〔隐含主语〕与主句主语不一致。•短语的隐含主语和主句中的主语应保持一致。2024/1/147吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用悬垂修饰语或称悬垂短语〔Danglingphrases〕是指对句子中的另一词或短语关系不清晰并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所理解的这类短语的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。

2024/1/148吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔1〕Ifamodifierprecedesthesubjectofasentence,itmustmodifythatsubjectandbeseparatedfromitbyacomma.Otherwise,itisadanglingmodifier.如果一个修饰语是在句子的主语之前，它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。否那么就是悬垂修饰语

2024/1/149吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用下面列举悬垂修饰语的几种情形：例50Splittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.此句中的splittingtheatom为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成

→Splittingtheatom,Seaborgdiscoveredmanynewelements.2024/1/150吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

或将splittingtheatom考虑为动名词短语,在其前加on或upon变成介词短语：→UponSplittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.→UponSplittingtheatom,Seaborgdiscoveredmanynewelements.

2024/1/151吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例51Whenconfrontedwiththeselimitations,theexperimentswerediscontinued.→Whenconfrontedwiththeselimitations,wediscontinuedtheexperiments.→Inlightoftheselimitations,theexperimentswerediscontinued.2024/1/152吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例52Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.

→Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.2024/1/153吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例53Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.→thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated

byusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,→Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction.2024/1/154吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用这种悬垂结构〔例50、51、53〕可修改为介词短语upon…,inlightof…,byusing…但由于主句的主语并非介词短语中的行为执行者，有时仍视为悬垂结构2024/1/155吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用(2)Phrasesstartingwith“basedon〞mustmodifyanounorpronounthatusuallyimmediatelyprecedesorfollowsthephrase.Usephrasesstartingwith“onthebasisof〞tomodifyaverb.短语basedon在句中修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰的名词或代名词之后。应以“Onthebasisof〞开头的短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子可以Onthebasisof开头，而不是以Basedon开头。

2024/1/156吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例54Basedonresonanceenhancementandfrequencyshifts,changesintheinter‐ringseparationwerecalculated.

→Onthebasisofresonanceenhancementandfrequencyshifts,changesintheinter‐ringseparationwerecalculated.2024/1/157吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例55Basedonextensivestudy,thisgeneticdeficiencywasattributedtothelossofoneisozyme.(“Basedonextensivestudy〞modifiesthenoun“deficiency〞,butthisnotthemeaning.)

2024/1/158吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

→Onthebasisofextensivestudy,thisgeneticdeficiencywasattributedtothelossofoneisozyme.(“Onthebasisofextensivestudy〞modifiestheverb“wasattributed〞.)

2024/1/159吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例56Styleguidelinesbasedonauthoritativesources

areincludedinthisbook.例57Figure8showstheanalysisofadrugdeliverysystembasedonamorphous,biodegradablepolymermicrospheres.2024/1/160吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔3〕“Dueto〞means“attributableto〞;useitonlytomodifyanounorpronoundirectlyprecedingitinthesentenceorfollowingaformoftheverb“tobe〞.“Dueto〞意思是“attributableto〞〔归因于〕;用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词“tobe〞的某种形式之后。

2024/1/161吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用例58Delaysresultedduetoequipmentfailure.→Delaysdueto

equipmentfailurewereunavoidable.→Thedelayswereduetoequipmentfailure.2024/1/162吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Danglingphrases包括悬垂分词短语、悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介词短语3种a.悬垂分词短语(Danglingparticiplephrases)

Havingreviewedthetechnicalreport,severalmistakeswerefoundinit.

→Havingreviewedthetechnicalreport,wefoundseveralmistakesinit.2024/1/163吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Basedonthebiologicalandgeographicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroups.

→Onthebasisofthebiologicalandgeographicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroups.→LakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroupsaccordingtotheirbiologicalandgeographicalcharacters.2024/1/164吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

b.

悬垂不定式短语

(Danglinginfinitivephrases)Inordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,itneedstoconsidertheprotectedareaconstructionasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningand…

→Inordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,weshouldconsidertheconstructionofprotectedareaasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningand…2024/1/165吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

c.

悬垂介词短语

(Danglingprepositionphrases)

Afterremovingtheoutmostleaves,thematerialwasrubbedwith70%ethanolforsurfacesterilization.→Thematerialswerecleansedwith70%ethanolforsurfacesterilization,aftertheiroutmostleaveswereremoved.

主句和介词短语均为被动态，their是指代

materials2024/1/166吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用下面几种情形不是danglingmodifiers:(4)Absoluteconstructionsarewords,phrases,orclausesthataregrammaticallyunconnectedwiththerestofthesentenceinwhichtheyappear.Theyaresometimescalled“sentencemodifiers〞becausetheyqualifytherestofthesentence.Theymayoccuranywhereinthesentence,andtheyarealwayssetoffbycommas.Theyarenotdanglingmodifiers.

2024/1/167吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用在句中出现的与句子的其余局部在语法上无联系的词、短语和从句。由于它们是修饰句子的其余局部，有时将其称作句子修饰语“sentencemodifiers〞。这种独立结构可出现在句子的任意处，并以逗号分隔，它们不是垂悬修饰语。例59Contrarytotheexcited‐statesituation,metal–bondinginteractionsinthegroundstatesareweak.2024/1/168吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

例60Theconstructionswerepremature,consideringthelackofavailabledata.

例61judgingfromthespectralchanges,exhaustivephotolysisofcompound4hadoccurred.

例62TheconformationsabouttheRe–Rebond,inaddition,aredifferentforallthreecomplexes.2024/1/169吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Absoluteconstructionsoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords:独立结构常以以下各词之一开头：consideringprovidedgivenprovidingjudgingregardingconcerningfailing2024/1/170吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔5〕Inmathematicalpapers,absolutephrasesbeginningwiththewords“assuming〞and“taking〞areoftenusedassentencemodifiers.例63Assumingthatdistancedisinducedbythenorm,Misasymmetricalandpositivelydefinedmatrix.例64Takingthisvalueasanupperlimit,thetwoshortestdistancesaresometimestoolongforincipienthydrogenbonds.2024/1/171吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用〔6〕Asubordinateorellipticalclausemaybeusedasasentencemodifier.例65Thecompoundisstableinair,asweconcludedfromtheexperimentevidence.例66TheMo5sorbitals,asexpected,interactstronglywiththeligands.

〔7〕Anintroductoryinfinitiveorinfinitivephrasemaybeasentencemodifier.例67Topreparecompound2,themethodofGarnerwasfollowed.2024/1/172吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用4

AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.例68Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamples

collectedin10-mLincrements.

→Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamples

werecollectedin10-mLincrements.2024/1/173吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用1主谓一致以…and…连接的两个单数主语•通常，谓语动词用复数•有些主语形式上是复数，实际上是单数这时谓语动词用单数•并列主语前后均含有“each〞，“every〞，“everybody〞之类的词，用单数谓语动词小结2024/1/174吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用•两个主语以“or〞连接，谓语与最靠近的主语一致•集合名词Theseries(tobe)…视为整体，谓语用单数Aseriesof…视为分别的，谓语用复数•度量单位，单数•由分数作主语，由随之的介词宾语的数决定主语的数2024/1/175吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

2限制性和非限制性从句

…that…,which…,

3悬垂修饰语与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语。

•

由Onthebasisof…开头,

不是Basedon

•dueto后跟名词或代名词，或(tobe)dueto2024/1/176吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Sentencemodifiers•独立结构•数学论文，以assuming,taking开头的句子•从句或省略句•不定式短语4动词与助动词的不合理省略如助动词“tobe〞的省略2024/1/177吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用第二节修辞与表达科技英语写作表达的几个问题2024/1/178吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他(1)时态、语态与人称(2)非谓语动词：分词短语或不定式短语(3)使用肯定句，不用“双重否认句〞〔4)由which,that,where引出的从句

2024/1/179吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用(5)不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰(6)词序(7)利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系(8)介词1)

与描写实验过程有关的介词2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构(9)“only〞的具体含义视其在句中的位置而定(10)通常不应将诸如“differentfrom〞,“similarto〞,“identicalto〞,“identicalwith〞等惯用语拆开

2024/1/180吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用(11)由“relativeto〞,“ascomparedto〞，“ascomparedwith〞,以及单词“versus〞引出的相比较的第二成分，与第一成分在语法结构上必须是平行的。(12)科学论文，不用wasn’t之类的缩写形式(13)根据所要表达的意思，用“and〞或“or〞代替“and/or(14)正斜体缩写(15)语用模糊(16)英译应遵守的原那么和修辞的一些问题2024/1/181吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用1简明

科学论文不同于文学作品，要求必须简明、清晰、准确例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1…

→Growthisrapid(Fig.1).→Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.→Fig.1shows…2024/1/182吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/mol

bymeans

of

thethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.→Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)thethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.2024/1/183吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

下述句式可以更加简洁的形式表达

常以介词或副词代替

anumberof=several,some

atatemperatureofat

atsomefuturetimelater

atthepresenttime(moment)now

averylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith2024/1/184吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA2024/1/185吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore2024/1/186吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

inexcessofmorethan

infewcasessometimes,rarely,seldom

inmanycaseschemistsare…manychemistsare…

inordertoto

2024/1/187吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeof

between…and…℃inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause2024/1/188吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

largenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom,by,becauseontheorderofabout

2024/1/189吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore2024/1/190吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

Itisapparentthat…Apparently…,hence,thusItappearsthat…Apparently…Itisinterestingtonotethat…Interestingly…Itwasin1977that…In1977…Itisclearthat…Clearly…Itisourconclusionthat…Weconcludethat…

2024/1/191吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用

Itispossiblethat…

Itmaybesaidthat…Perhaps…,Possibly,Probably

Itisoftenthecasethat…Often…Itispossiblethatthecauseis…Thecausemaybe…2024/1/192吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词

Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide…

→Thisinvestigationisaimed

toproviding…2024/1/193吴鸣虎版权所有，仅限个人学习研究之用ACS建议以如下几种方式，使文章写得更简明：〔1〕

删去诸如下述短语AsalreadystatedIthasbeenfoundthatIthaslongbeenknownthatItisinterestingtonotethatItisworthment