《国际贸易实务pa》

Internationaltradepractices编辑pptContentsPart5.WTO&GlobalizationofTradePart4.TradeFormsPart3.InternationalTradeProcedurePart2.TermsofInternationalTradePart1.Overview编辑pptPart4.TradeFormsChapter16Agency,DistributionandConsignmentChapter17TrendersChapter18FuturesTradingChapter19CounterTrade编辑pptChapter16Agency,DistributionandConsignmentAgencyInforeigntradepractice,thereisagreatvarietyindifferenttypesofdealersandagentsandtherearenorigidrulesabouttheuseofnames.Thefollowingaresomecommonlyusedforms:brokers,soleagent,generalagentandcommissionagent.BrokersSoleAgentGeneralAgentCommissionAgent编辑pptChapter16Agency,DistributionandConsignmentDistributionDistributorWholesalerRetailerDistributionisachannelofallocationofgoodstoconsumersfromthemanufacturers,whichconsistsofdistributors,wholesalersandretailersbesidesmanufacturers.SoleorexclusivedistributorNon-exclusivedistributor编辑pptChapter16Agency,DistributionandConsignmentConsignmentConsignmentisthedeliveryofmerchandisefromanexportertoanagentunderagreementthattheagentsellsthemerchandisefortheaccountoftheexporter.Theconsignorretainstitletothegoodsuntilsold.Theconsigneesellsthegoodsforcommissionandremitsthenetproceedstotheconsignor.Theessenceofconsignmenttradingisthatgoodsexportedontheconsignmentremainthepropertytotheexporter.Theagent,whousuallyworksforacommission,doesnotnormallypayforthegoodsuntiltheyaresoldanddoesnotownthem,althoughusuallyhavingpossessionofthem.Thefinalsettlement,oftencalledaconsignmentaccount,detailsthecostofthegood,theexpenseincurred,theagent’scommission,anttheproceedsofthesale.编辑pptChapter17TendersInvitationforBidsGenerallyspeaking,bigorcomplicatedtechnicalitems,financedbyinternationalbankingfacilitiesorassistedbytheUnitedNationsandinternationalorganizationsareoftencontractedoutbyinvitationforbids.Tocallforbids,thepromoterwillhavetoorganizeaspecialcommitteeoninvitationofbiddingtobeinchargeoftheinvitationtobid,atthesametimeasupervisoryorganisalsosetuptosupervisethework.BidDocumentsTermsofContractBasePriceLimitonBidsTechnicalSpecifications编辑pptChapter17TendersSubmissionofTendersIfthetenderofferingisopentothepublic,theorgansinchargeofinvitationofbiddingshouldmakeuseofeverypossiblemeanstopublishthenoticeinvitingforbiddingsoastoattractcontractorstobid.Afterthecontractorshavegottheinformation,theymustmakeapplicationforbiddingiftheyareinterestedintheplant-engineeringcontract.Butonlythosewhohavepassedthroughpre-qualificationmaybuybiddocuments,preparetenderdocumentsandcompetewithothercontractorsforwinningthebid.编辑pptChapter17TendersBidopeningAftersubmissionoftendershasbeenended,theemployershouldholdaceremonyforbidopeningwithinthestipulatedtimelimitatthenamedplace.Theemployerusuallyentruststheinstitutiononinvitationofbiddingoranadvisorycompanywiththeresponsibilityforbidopeningwithin90daysaftertheclosingdateoftender.

Inaccordancewiththespecificconditionsthreemodesmaybeadopted:BidopeninginpublicBidopeninginprivateBidopeningsecretly编辑pptChapter17TendersEvaluationofTenderAfterbidopening,theemployer,theadvisoryengineerandthecommitteeoninvitationofbiddingmustmakeanalysis,comparisonandevaluationofallthetenderdocumentsthoroughlyandsecretly.Evaluationoftenderisoneofthepartofthemostimportantandcomplicatedstagesininternationalbidding.Itwilltakemostpartofthetimefromtheconclusionofbidopeningtodecision.ComparisonofTenderPricesEvaluationofContractsAndAdministrationsTechnologicalEvaluationOfTendersCommercialEvaluationOfTendersAnalysisofEngineeringRisks编辑pptChapter17TendersTenderDiscussionsandTenderDecisionTheseactivitiesarecarriedoutbetweentheemployerandthebidderschosenaftertheevaluationoftenders,includingthetechnicalreplyandpricenegotiations.Tenderdecisionshallnormallybemadewithintheperiodofthreetosixmonths.Thenthepromotershouldsendanoticeofawardtothewinningbidder.Thelastworkforthebothpartiestodoisconcludeanagreementofcontracttodeterminethetermsandconditionsofcontractandthetightsanddutiesofthepromotorandthecontractor.Atthesametime,thecontractorshallestablishwithhisbankeraletterofperformanceguaranteeandsubmitittotheemployerasaneconomicguarantee.编辑pptChapter17TendersEstablishmentofContractGenerallyspeaking,therearethreepartiestothecontractoragreement.Itisthecontractor’smaindutytofulfilltheconstructiontaskoftheplant-engineeringinaccordancewiththerequirementsofquality,quantityandtimelimitationathisownexpensesandrisks,andhismainrightistogetthepricevalueandreward.Theclientoremployerismainlyresponsibleforprovidingnecessaryworkingconditionsandpayingthepricevalueandrewardfortheprojectconstructioninlinewiththeagreedtermsinthecontract,andhehastherighttoobtaintheownershipoftheplant-engineering.编辑pptChapter18FuturesTradingIntroductionofFuturesTradingFuturestradinghelpstoenlargethevolumeofthetradeandtoencouragemoretradingbybusinessmenwhodealinthephysicalcommoditiesandalsotheentryofspeculatorswhoarenotinterestedinthecommodityitselfbutinthefavorablemovementofitspriceinordertomakeprofits.Thefuturesmarketprovidesamechanismorinsuranceopportunitytotradersagainsttheriskofpricefluctuation.编辑pptChapter18FuturesTradingFuturesMarketDistributorWholesalerRetailerDistributorBasicelementsoffuturesmarketAfuturemarketisbasicallyanorganizedforumforthetradingoffuturescontractsunderhighlystandardizedterms.Inotherwords,futuresmarketsarecentralized,regulatedmarketswhereanactualcommodityisnotphysicallytraded;instead,futurescontractsareboughtandsold.编辑pptChapter18FuturesTradingFuturesContractHedgingFuturescontractisanagreementtobuyorsellafixedquantityofaparticularcommodity,currency,orsecurityfordeliveryatafixeddateinthefutureatafixedprice.Itinvolvesadefinitepurchaseorsale;thereforeitmayentailapotentiallyunlimitedloss.However,futuresprovideanopportunityforthosewhomustpurchasegoodsregularlytohedgeagainstchangesinprice.Hedgingisatypeofeconomicinsuranceusedbydealersincommodities,foreignexchangeandsecurities,manufacturers,andotherproducerstopreventlossduetopricefluctuations.Hedgingconsistsofcounterbalancingapresentsaleorpurchasebyapurchaseorsaleofasimilarcommodityorofadifferentcommodity,usuallyfordeliveryatsomefuturedate.Thedesiredresultisthattheprofitorlossonacurrentsaleorpurchasebeoffsetbythelossorprofitonthefuturepurchaseorsale.编辑pptChapter19CounterTradeBarterExporterInCountryAImporterInCountryBBarteredGoodsforExportBarteredGoodsforImportBarteristheoldestformoftrade,whichisadirectexchangeofonegoodsforanotherdeemedtobeofapproximatelyequivalentvaluewithoutanyflowofmoneytakingplace.Itisaprimitivewayofexchanging.编辑pptChapter19CounterTradeCounterpurchaseExporterInCountryAImporterInCountryBExportGoodsImportGoodsForeignExchangeForeignExchangeCounterpurchaseisoneofthemostcommonformsofcountertrade,whereanexporteragreestopurchaseaquantityofunrelatedgoodsorservicesfromacountryinexchangeforandinapproximatevaluetothegoodshehassold.编辑pptChapter19CounterTradeDirectCompensationTradeCompensationorbuybackmeansexportersofheavyequipment,technology,orevenentirefacilitiesagreetopurchaseacertainpercentageoftheoutputofthenewfacilityonceitisinproduction.Generally,therearetwoways.CompensationTradeDirectCompensationTrade编辑pptChapter19CounterTradeSwitchTradeSwitchisexportingandimportingthroughathirdnation,wherethecurrencypayingforthegoodscanbeeasilyexchangedintooneacceptabletotheseller.Switchtradeisamorecomplicatedformofbarter,whichinvolvesachainofbuyersandsellersindifferentmarkets.Aswitcharrangementpermitsthesaleofunpaidbalancesinaclearingaccounttobesoldtoathirdparty,usuallyatadiscount,whichmaybeusedforproducinggoodsinthecountryholdingthebalance.So,switchmayinvolveatleastthreeparties,ofevenfouroffiveparties.Itiscloselylinkedwiththebilateralclearingagreements,akindofbasisforbartertransactionsbetweengovernments.编辑pptChap