《国际贸易实务l》

InternationalTradepractice

授课教师：欧阳章文适用专业：2021英语专业开课时间：2021-2021第二学期编辑ppt

LessonOne

IntroductiontoInternationalBusiness&InternationalTrade编辑pptTeachingObjectives1.Tounderstandinternationalbusiness2.Tolearninternationaltrade3.Tolearndifferenttypesofinternationaltrade4.Toappreciatetheimportanceofinternationaltrade5Toanalyzesomeinternationaltrade

theories编辑pptInternationalbusiness

1.Whatisinternationalbusiness?Allcommercialtransactionsbetweentwoormorecountriesorthetransactionsthattakeplaceacrossnationalborders.thecirculationofgoods,capital,services,employeesandtechnology;importingandexportingcross-bordertransactioninIPRbymeansoflicensingandfranchising:investmentinphysicalandfinancialassetsinforeigncountriescontractmanufacturerorassemblyofgoodsabroadforlocalsaleorforexportstoothercountriestheestablishmentofforeignwarehousinganddistributionsystemtheimporttoonecountryofgoodsfromasecondforeigncountryforsubsequentlocalsale编辑ppt2.ModesofIB(1).Merchandiseandservice:importingandexporting(2).Directinvestmentandportfolioinvestment(3).licensingandfranchising(4).Turnkeyoperation.(5).Managementcontracts编辑ppt3.TheneedforIB

a.tocountries:b.tocompanies:c.toconsumers:d.toindividuals:e.tolearners:编辑ppt4.InternationalbusinessandtradeFigureA:FigureB:

编辑pptInternationalTrade1.Whatisinternationaltrade?

Definition:Itreferstotheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweennations,alsoknownasinternationaltradeoroverseastrade.

Keys:AllbusinesstransactionsinvolvingatleasttwocountriesAnytypeoftradeactivitiesthatcrossnationalbordersIssues:Howwillidea,goodorservicefitintointernationalmarket?Shouldweenterthemarketthroughtrade/investment?Whatproductadjustmentstoberesponsivetolocalconditions?Whatthreatsfromglobalcompetitionshouldbeexpected?Howcanthesethreatsbecounteracted?编辑ppt2.Mainaspectsofinternationaltrade1.Theclassificationoftheinternationaltrade2.Someimportanttheoriesofinternationaltrade3.Instrumentsoftradepolicy4.Economicintegration,specialtypes5.InternationalcapitalmovementsFDI6.Internationalinstitution,7.Internationaltradeterms.8.Transportationinsurance9.Internationaltradepayment10.Inspection,claim,forcemajeureandarbitration11.Tradenegotiationandformationofthecontract12.Implementationofthecontract13.Internationalfinancialmarket14.Internationalcargoshipment编辑ppt3.ReasonsforInternationalTrade1)

Resourcesreasons:A.favorableclimaticconditionsandterrainB.naturalresourcesC.skilledworkersD.capitalresourcesE.favorablegeographiclocationandtransportcostsF.

insufficientproduction

Inshort,theunevendistributionofresourcesaroundtheworldisoneofthemostbasicreasonswhynationstradewitheachother.

2)Economicreasons:gainingeconomicbenefits.

3)Otherreasons:politicalobjectives;marketneeds编辑ppt4.InternationalTradeVSDomesticTradea.Numerousculturedifferences-culturalproblemsb.Controlandcommunicationsystemsmorecomplexc.Riskslevelshigher:politicalrisks;commercialrisks;financialrisks;transportationrisks.d.BroaderrangeofmanagementskillsthanDBconcernedwith编辑ppt5.ClassificationofInternationaltrade1).bythedirectionofthemovementofgoodsAexporttrade;Bimporttrade;Cinterprettrade;Dtransittrade;Ere-exporttrade;Fre-importtrade.2)bytradepolicyA.freetrade;B.protecttrade;C.controltrade.

3)bythenatureoftradinggoodsA.tangible/visiblegoodstrade;B.intangiblegoodstrade.4)byterritoryandcustoms

A.generaltrade;B.specialtrade.

编辑ppt5).bytraderelationA.directtradeB.indirecttrade6).bythenumberofcountriesinvolvedA.bilateraltradeB.triangulartradeC.multilateraltrade7).bytheliquidationwayA.spotexchangetradeB.clearingaccounttradeC.bartertrade

8).bythewayoftransactionA.goodstradeB.processtradeC.compensationtradeD.rentingtrade

编辑ppt6.TradeTheory:

1).Mercantilism:alsoreferredtotheoryofpoliticaleconomyofstatebuilding—superstructure;schoolofeconomicthoughtsinEuropeduring1500-1750.A:coreidea:nationalwealthreflectedbytheholdingofpreciousmetal;staticviewofworldresources.B:2stages:monetarybalance(W.Staffor)andtradebalance(T.Mun).C:economicpolicies:governmentscontrolledtheuseandexchangeofpreciousmetals;prohibitionoftheexportofpreciousmetalsofindividuals;exportssubsidizedandquotasandhightariffsplacedonimportsD:discussion:编辑ppt2).AbsoluteAdvantage:AdamSmith,“ThewealthofNations〞in1776.2mainareasofcontribution:absoluteadvantageandthedivisionoflabor.A):Keyfeatures#Challengingmercantilism#Marketforces#Specialization#Benefitsfromspecializationandtradepositive-sumgameB):Example1#Assume:perfectcompetitionnotransportationcost#Suppose:*theUSandJapanareinvolved*Eachnationtwoinputunitstoproduce*usesoneunitofinputtoproduceeachoftheproducts.编辑ppta).ifneithercountryimportsnorexportsb):Useresourcestoproducetheproductatwhichitismoreefficient--exchange

编辑pptC.Example2Assume:alabortheoryofvalue:goodsexchangeforeachotherathomeinproportiontotherelativelabortimeembodiedinthem.

England:1barrelofwine—4yardsofcloth;Portugal:1W—11/2C编辑pptD.Discussion:a).crucialfortheearlydevelopmentofclassicalthoughtandforalteringtheviewofthepotentialgainsfrominternationaltrade;b).extendedhisdivisionoflaborintheproductionprocesstoadivisionoflaborandspecializedproductacrosscountries;

c).reliedonacountrypossessingADinproduction,butdidn’texplainwhatcausedtheproductionadvantages编辑ppt3).ComparativeAdvantage:

DavidRicardo1819“onthePrincipleofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation〞.Eventhoughanationheldanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofbothgoods,thetwocountriesstilltradewithadvantagesforeachotheraslongaslessefficientcountrywasnotequallylessefficientinproductionofbothgoods.A:Keyfeatures#Developmentfromtheabsoluteadvantage#Whathappenswhenacountrycanproducebothorallproductsatanabsoluteadvantage?#Specializinginproducingthosethatacountryhasmoreabsoluteadvantageordisadvantage#Stillbenefitsfromsuchspecializationandtrade编辑pptB:Example1

#Assume:*perfectcompetition*notransportationcost#Suppose:*USA:absoluteadvantage*Japan:absolutedisadvantage*ThesamesuppositionsinthefirstexampleIfeachcountryspecializesinwhatitdoesbest,itsoutputwillbe:

编辑pptC.Example2:

laborrequirementsperunitofproduction

Note:Twowaystoillustratethegains:laborsaved;moregoodsproduced.D.Discussion:a.theoreticalbasisofinternationaltrade;b.tookthelogicofabsoluteadvantage;c.anextensionofabsoluted.arguedthatnationscouldimprovethewelfarethroughIT.编辑ppt4).FactorProportiontradetheory.

---Hecksher-Ohintheory:Internationalandinterregionaldifferencesinproductioncostsoccurbecauseofthedifferencesinthesupplyofproductionfactors.

---2factorsofproduction:laborandcapital.Technologydeterminesthewayofproduction.编辑pptAContributorsSwedisheconomistsEliHeckscher(赫克歇尔)(1879-1952)BertilOhlin(俄林)(1899-1979)Teacher—student/furtherextensionReferredtoasHechscher-OhlinTheoryBAssumptions

#twocountries,twoproducts,andtwofactorsofproduction,theso-called2×2×2assumption#Marketfortheinputsandtheoutputsperfectlycompetitive.#Increasingproductionofaproductexperiencesdiminishingreturns.#identicaltechnologies.CKeyfeatures#Analysisofproductionfactors#Abundanceorscarcityinproductionfactors

编辑pptDExample#India:relativelywellendowedwithlaborcomparedtotheUK(abundanceincapital)EDiscussiona.Oneofthemostinfluentialtheoreticalideasininternationaleconomics.b.Nodifferenceintechorproductivityoffactors.C.Labor-intensiveproductsforcapital-intensiveproducts.

编辑ppt5).BusinessCycle:boomandbustA.Acycleintimeduringwhichbusinessmovesfromastateofboomthroughrecessiontotrough,thenupwardagainwhenbusinessimprovesuntilthereisareturntohighactivityoncemore,thewholecyclethenbeginsagain.B.2mainphases:recessionandexpansionC.Charactersofrecession:consumerpurchasesdecline;inventoriesincrease;demandoflaborfalls;outputfalls,inflationslows;businessprofitfallsinterestratefalls.编辑pptD:Externalvs.InternalMechanisms:causesaggregatedemandtoshiftsuddenly

Theexternaltheories:therootinthefluctuationsofoutsidefactors

TheInternaltheories:mechanismstoself-generateBC.E:Demand-inducedcycles.

F:

BehindtheASandADcurvesA)Monetarytheories

B)Themultiplier-acceleratormodel.C)

Politicaltheories

编辑ppt6).ProductLifeCycle

A:Introduction----Growth----Maturity----Decline.B:explainingwhyaproductthatbeginsasanation’sexporteventuallybecomesitsimport.C:Maincontributor:RaymondVernon1966D:Keyfeatures#Theproductionlocationforproductsdependingonthestageintheproducts’lifecycle.#Roleoftechnology&researchdeterminingtradepatterns..编辑ppt