1994年考研英语试题及答案

PAGE316 1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)1. BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we________inEuropefortwoweeks.[A]shallstay[B]havestayed[C]willhavestayed[D]havebeenstaying2. Iappreciated________theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.[A]havingbeengiven[B]havinggiven[C]tohavebeengiven[D]tohavegiven3. LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,________obtainingwaterisnottheleast.[A]ofwhich[B]forwhat[C]as[D]whose4. Theheartis________intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore5. ________thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.[A]Becauseof[B]Asto[C]Inspiteof[D]Inviewof6. JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit________inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.[A]istobeanalyzed[B]hasbeenanalyzed[C]beanalyzed[D]shouldhavebeenanalyzed7. Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,________allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.[A]couldlose[B]wouldhavelost[C]mightlose[D]oughttohavelost8. Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetas________earnedbyhisownlabour.[A]one[B]that[C]such[D]what9. Itisn’tcoldenoughforthere________afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.[A]wouldbe[B]being[C]was[D]tobe10. ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100years________ithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.[A]aslongas[B]asmuchas17. Theeq\o(weeds,\s\do14(A))andtallgrassinthatyardeq\o(makes,\s\do14(B))thehouseeq\o(look,\s\do14(C))asifiteq\o(hadbeenvacant,\s\do14(D))forquitesometime.18. eq\o(Ifonly,\s\do14(A))thenatureoftheagingprocesseq\o(is,\s\do14(B))betterunderstood,thepossibilityeq\o(ofdiscovering,\s\do14(C))amedicinethatcanblockthefundamentalprocessofagingeq\o(seems,\s\do14(D))veryremote.19. WhenIconsiderhoweq\o(talentedheis,\s\do14(A))eq\o(asapainter,\s\do14(B)),Icannothelpeq\o(butbelieving,\s\do14(C))thateq\o(thepublic,\s\do14(D))willappreciatehisgift.20. Alleneq\o(hasstated,\s\do14(A))thatheeq\o(hasalwayshad,\s\do14(B))eq\o(agreatinterest,\s\do14(C))andadmirationeq\o(for,\s\do14(D))theworkoftheBritisheconomistKeynes.PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21. Pleasedonotbe________byhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.[A]disregarded[B]distorted[C]irritated[D]intervened22. Craigassuredhisbossthathewould________allhisenergiesindoingthisnewjob.[A]callforth[B]callat[C]callon[D]calloff23. Toomuch________toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.[A]disclosure[B]exhibition[C]contact[D]exposure24. Whenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes________,andIcanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.[A]dim[B]blank[C]faint[D]vain25. Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthat________conditionforexpansionofmind.[A]incompatible[B]incredible[C]indefinite[D]indispensable26. MorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates________fromtheBritishEmpireandbecomeanindependentcountry.[A]gotoff[B]pulleddown[C]brokeaway[D]droppedoff27. Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis________loudcontinuousnoise.[A]subjectedto[B]filledwith[C]associatedwith[D]attachedto28. Someofthemostimportantconceptsinphysics________theirsuccesstothesemathematicalsystems.[A]oblige[B]owe[C]contribute[D]attribute29. Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomething________researchinginto.[A]precious[B]worth[C]worthy[D]valuable30. Asadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyplantsandanimals________asubstancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.[A]relieve[B]release[C]dismiss[D]discard31. Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewould________beabletowalk.[A]innotime[B]byallmeans[C]innoway[D]onanyaccount32. Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstopping________togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.[A]occasionally[B]simultaneously[C]eventually[D]promptly33. OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat________toeducatetheirchildren.[A]efforts[B]pains[C]attempts[D]endeavours34. Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould________hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.[A]puton[B]putout[C]putin[D]putforward35. Isupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingtobe________toit.[A]connected[B]fastened[C]bound[D]stuck36. TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n)________ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.[A]altitude[B]latitude[C]multitude[D]attitude37. Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe________oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope38. Yourimproperwordswillgive________todoubtsconcerningyourtrueintentions.[A]rise[B]reason[C]suspicion[D]impulse39. Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade________.[A]onthespot[B]onthesite[C]onthelocation[D]ontheground40. Theremarkable________oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.[A]classification[B]variety[C]density[D]diversionSectionII ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsisEQ\X\BO(大41家)theutmostimportance.ProperselectionwilleliminateonesourceofEQ\X\BO(大42家)breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwordsEQ\X\BO(大43家)ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.ThewordsusedbythespeakermayEQ\X\BO(大44家)unfavorablereactionsinthelistenerEQ\X\BO(大45家)interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.EQ\X\BO(大46家),inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymakeEQ\X\BO(大47家)difficultforthelistenertounderstandtheEQ\X\BO(大48家)whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.ThespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybeEQ\X\BO(大49家)toexplainordescribeinaEQ\X\BO(大50家)thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.41. [A]of[B]at[C]for[D]on42. [A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely[D]invalid43. [A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys[D]offers44. [A]passout[B]takeaway[C]backup[D]stirup45. [A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what46. [A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly47. [A]that[B]it[C]so[D]this48. [A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning49. [A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible[D]unable50. [A]case[B]means[C]method[D]waySectionIII ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.51. InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means________.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes52. Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat________.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices53. Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby________.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources[D]freecontractsandprices54. Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsText2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.55. Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto________.[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto56. Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore57. Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“________”.[A]makeanorderofgoods[B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock58. Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Text3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding--theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren--therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.59. InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat________.[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety[B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenare[C]exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildren60. Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat________.[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotential[D]disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration61. Thispassagemainlydealswith________.[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren62. Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren________.[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry’sfounders[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsText4“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging--13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas(胰腺).Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes(基因),areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.”63. TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto________.[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered64. Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,________.[A]therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients[B]90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving[C]thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers[D]therewon’tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients65. Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes________.[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson[B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells[D]whichnormalcellscan’tturnoff66. Theword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans________.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentialText5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal--andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.67. Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind”inthefirstparagraph?[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.68. Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.69. TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because________.[A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofview[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented70. Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare________.[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings[C]devotedtotheprogressofsociety[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietySectionIV English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinfor