第四章 货物运输保险

ChapterFour

CargoTransportationInsurance12/27/20231Section1

BriefIntroductionofCargoTransportationInsurance12/27/202321.FunctionsofCargoTransportationInsurance(1)RisksTransferInsuranceisarisktransfermechanisms,wherebytheindividualorthebusinessenterprisescanshiftsomeoftheuncertaintyoflifeontotheshouldersofothers.(2)RiskSpreadingBaseontheprinciplethatthefortunatehelpstheunfortunate,theindustryofinsurancehasbeendevelopedtoovercomethesefinanciallosses.(3)IndemnityThisconceptisconcernedwiththevalueofcompensation.12/27/202332.TheBasicFactorsofCargoTransportationInsurance(1)Insured(2)Insurer(Underwriter)(3)SubjectofInsurance(4)InsurancePolicy(5)Conditions(6)InsuredAmount(7)InsurancePremium(8)InsuranceClaim12/27/20234Section2

TheContentofCargoTransportationInsurance12/27/202351.TheClassificationofRisksRisksNaturalCalanitiesFortuitousAccidentsSpecialExtraneousRisksCommonExtraneousRisksPerilsofSeaExtraneousRisks12/27/20236(1)PerilsoftheSeaPerilsoftheseaarethosecausedbynaturalcalamitiesandfortuitous.i.Naturalcalamitiesii.FortuitousAccidents(2)ExtraneousRisks—Generalextraneousrisksinclude:theftorpilferage,rain,shortage,contamination,leakage,breakage,taintofodor,dampness,heating,rusting,hooking,etc.—Specialextraneousrisksinclude:warrisks,strikes,non-deliveryofcargo,refusaltoreceivecargo,etc.12/27/202372.LossesLossesActualTotallossConstructiveTotalLossGeneralAverageParticularAverageTotalLossPartialLoss12/27/20238(1)TotalLossTotallossreferstothelossoftheentireshipmentcausedbytheoccurrenceofoneoftheperilsofthesea,fire,orsomeotherreasons.i.Actualtotallossii.Constructivetotalloss(2)PartialLossPartiallossmeansthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargo.i.GeneralAverageii.ParticularAverage12/27/202393.ExpensesTransportationinsurancenotonlyinsuresthelossescausedbyrisksbutalsothelossesofexpenses.Themainexpensesinclude:i.Sueandlaborexpensesii.Salvagecharges12/27/202310Section3

MarineInsuranceCoverageandClauses12/27/2023111.BasicCoverage(1)FPA(FreefromParticularAverage)TheFPApolicyprovidescoveragefortotallossesandgeneralaverageemergingfromactual“marineperils〞.(2)WPA(WithParticularAverage)ThisinsurancecoverswiderthanFPA.(3)AllRisksBesidestheriskscoveredbyFPAandWPA,AllRisksalsoprovidescoveragainstsomeextraneousrisksoflossordamage.12/27/2023122.AdditionalRisks(1)GeneralAdditionalRisksi.Theft,pilferageand/ornon-deliveryclauseii.Freshwaterand/orraindamageclauseiii.Shortageclauseiv.Intermixtureandcontaminationclausev.Leakageclausevi.Clashandbreakageclausevii.Taintofodorclauseviii.Sweatandheatingclauseix.Hooksdamageclausex.Breakageofpackingclausexi.Rustclause(2)SpecialAdditionalRisks12/27/2023133.SpecialCoverage(1)OceanMarineInsuranceClauseonFrozenProductsItisclassifiedintotwokinds,thatareFrozenRiskandFrozenAllRisk.(2)OceanMarineInsuranceClauseonWoodOilBulkItisestablishedespeciallyforthewoodoilbulk,sothatitcouldbecoveredindependently.12/27/2023144.TheDurationofOceanMarineInsurance(1)TheDurationofBasicCoverage(2)TheDurationofWarRisk(3)TheDurationofStrikeRisk(4)MarineCargoExtensionClause(5)TheDurationofSpecialCoverage12/27/202315Section4

LondonInsuranceInstituteClause12/27/2023161.TheClassificationofInstituteCargoClause(ICC)—InstituteCargoCauseA.—InstituteCargoCauseB.—InstituteCargoCauseC.—InstituteWarClause-Cargo.—InstituteStrikeClause-Cargo.—MaliciousDamageClause.12/27/2023172.InstituteCargoClauseandExclusions(1)ICC(A)i.Exclusionsii.ExclusionsofUnseaworthinessandunfitnessofthecarryingvesselorlighter,includingthecontainersiii.ExclusionsofWariv.ExclusionsofStrike(2)ICC(B)(3)ICC(C)12/27/202318Section5

InsuranceofLand,AirandPostalTransportation12/27/2023191.InsuranceofLandAhighvolumeofbusinessisnowconveyedbyrailandroad.Itisessentialthatadequatecoverbeobtainedforthelandcarriage.Again,theinsurancebrokerortradeassociationcangivevaluableadvice.Insurancecoverageforlandtransportationcanbedividedintotwocategories:LandTransportationRisk,almostequivalenttoWPA,andAllRisksforlandtransportation,almostequivalenttoMarineAllRisks.12/27/2023202.InsuranceofAirBythenatureofairmovements,shorttransittimes,lighterpackingrequired,quickclearanceatdestinationpointsand,inmostplaces,strictertheft-pilferagecontrol,asignificantnumberofexportdispatchesaresentbyairthesedays.Whileanairdisasterisspectacularandconcentratesthepublicattentionexceptionally,itistruethatairtrafficisoneofthesafestmethodsofmovinggoods.Therearealsotwotypesofcoverage:AirtransportationriskandairtransportationAllRisks.12/27/2023213.InsuranceofPostalTransportationParcelpostinsurancecoversthelossesofordamagetotheparcelscausedbynaturalcalamities,fortuitousaccidentsorexternalrisks.ItincludesParcelPostRiskandparcelpostAllRisks.Onthebasisofthesetwobasiccoverages,someadditionalrisksmaybeaddedifcircumstancesrequire.12/27/202322Section6

InsuranceClausesinSalesContract12/27/2023231.ExamplesofInsuranceClausesinSalesContractInFOB,CFRorFCA,CPTcontract,theinsuranceclausemaysimplybestipulatedas:“Insurance:Tobecoveredbythebuyer.〞InCIForCIPcontract,theclauseshouldmakeitclearastowhoisresponsibleforeffectinginsurance,theriskscovered,themethodsofascertainingtheinsuranceamount,andtheinsuranceclausesadopted.12/27/2023242.PointsforAttentioni.Makeclearbywhichwaytocoverthecargo,ICCClauseorCICClauseii.Makecleartheinsuredcoverage,WPA,FPAorAllRisks,aswellastheAdditionalRiskiii.Makeclearwhoistheinsurediv.Makecleartheinsuranceamountv.Makeclearthevalidityofinsuranceclausevi.ThedateofpolicycannotbelaterthanthedateofBillofLadingvii.Keepthecurrencyofpolicysameasthatofinvoiceinordertoavoidtheriskofforeignexchangeviii.Payattentiontotradetermsinsalescontractaswellastheship-age12/27/202325Section7

PracticeonMarineCargoInsurance12/27/2023261.ChoosingtheRightCoverageThecleardistinctionamongtheclausesFPA,WPAandAllRisksisofgreatpracticalsignificance.Productsshouldbeinsuredintheappropriatecategory.Agoodruleofthumbisthatanexportershouldinsureforthecoverageacceptedinhisparticulartrade.12/27/2023272.InsurancePremium(1)InsuranceAmountIftheCIFortheCIPvaluecannotbedetermined,theminimumamountofinsurancecoveragewouldbe110%oftheamountrequestedundertheL/Cforpayment,acceptanceornegotiation,or110%oftheamountoftheinvoice,whicheveristhegreater.(2)InsurancePremiumInsuranceamount＝CIF(CIP)price×(1＋percentageofaddition)Premium＝insuranceamount×premiumrate12/27/2023283.InsurancePoli