孔玮全能语法课笔记

全能语法班〔一〕建立英文思维中英思维差异1中：含蓄／好戏在后头英：直接／开门见山中英思维差异2中：主体性思维英：客体性思维WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.译文：当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.译文：人们公认这样一个事实，一个有钱的单身男子一定想要娶个妻子。中英思维差异3中：形象表达法英：抽象表达法家里已有五个孩子，全家人常年在贫困中挣扎。Astheparentshadfivechildren,lifewasaperpetualstruggleagainstpoverty.－－(Lesson45:ThePowerofthePress)简单句的五大句型1.主谓：－Youjump;Ijump.Inyouth,welearn.Inoldage,weunderstand.2.主谓宾：Ilovethreethings,thesun,themoonandyou.Thesunfortheday,themoonforthenight,andyou,forever.3.主谓＋双宾-Pleasedomeafavor.-Lovegivesusafairytale.－直接宾语指的是与谓语动词发生直接联系的名词通常是物－间接宾语指的是动作所指向的方向通常是人givesbsth(sb.是间宾sth.是直宾)=givesthtosbcooksbsth(sb.是间宾sth.是直宾)=cooksthforsb4.主+谓+宾+宾补-Ifoundthebookeasy.-Lovemakesmangrowuporsinkdown.5.主+系+表系动词：linkingverb〔连接主语和后面的成分〕-Youaremysunshine〔二〕英文思维黄金法那么1.谓语单一原那么－一个简单句只能有一个谓语。－如果要表达多个动作概念，有三种方式：a.连词b.非谓语动词C.从句2.句子分类：简单句，并列句，复杂句Lifeisfragile,andevilisreal,butcouragetriumphs.——BushWeareallinthegutter,butsomeofusarelookingatthestars.——OscarWilde复合句－复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。－主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句那么是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。－从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语局部和谓语局部。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词引导。3.如何在主从复合句中找到主句？第一步：划出所有引导词。第二步：引导词之后的第一个动词为从句谓语动词。第三步：所有从句谓语动词找到之后，最后剩下的即为主语谓语动词。4.引导词省略的情况：－宾语从句的引导词that经常省略－定语从句的先行词如果在从句里做宾语时，引导词常省略。〔三〕名词性从句把完整的句子当名词使用在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语时，就被称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句或同位语从句。1.名词性从句的引导词－that:无词义，在从句中不做任何成分，只起连接作用。－whetherif:是否有词义，不做成分，连接作用。－who/whom:谁；what:…；which:哪一个whose:谁的when:什么时候where:什么地方why:为什么有词义，充当从句中的成分2.主语从句Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.凡事只要值得做，就值得做好。主语从句的变体：Itis+形容词+that从句Itisclearthat……显然……Itisnaturalthat……很自然……Itisfortunatethat……幸运的是……Itislikelythat……很可能……Itisapitythat……可惜的是……Itisnowonderthat……难怪……Itisashamethat……遗憾的是……Itisacommonknowledgethat…是常识主语从句的写作应用：利弊作文结尾句Whether…isblessingorcursingisadifficultquestiontoanswer,yetthecomfortorconveniencethatitbringswillnotbeeliminated.宾语从句：当你身处困境的时候，就会知道谁是你真正的朋友。Whenyouareintrouble,youwillfindwhoyourrealfriendis.注意1：宾语从句要用陈述句语序。〔主谓〕注意2:形式宾语的阅读难点主＋谓＋it＋宾补＋宾语从句Hemadeitclearthatheopposedthisproject.表语从句：ThequestioniswhethertheGodreallyexists.Thatwasbecausehewasashamedofhimself.注意：whether可引导表语从句，但if不可以。because可以引导表语从句。同位语从句：一般修饰抽象名词，例如:truth,idea,news,information,hope注意：逆向思维帮助化解阅读难度。形式通常为：抽象n+that＋陈述句特殊引导词：whether,where,who,whenTheideathathetoldmewastrue.Theideathatthenumber13willbringbadluckistrue.同从和定从的区别：1.同位语从句是名词后的完整句，定语从句是名词后不完整的句子。2.同位语从句和其修饰的名词内容相等，定语从句内容不相等。同位语从句的写作应用：1.ThechangeinAlargelyresultsfromthefactthatBA:可替换为society，ideology〔意识形态〕…B：完整的陈述句。resultfrom还可替换为：dueto,derivefrom,becauseof2.Itrevealstheunquestionablefactthat…它揭示了一个毋庸置疑的事实，那就是…〔四〕语法综合应用及定语从句一、语法综合应用前三节课的语法重点：简单句的五大句型。简单句的重要结构：AofB名词性从句〔尤其是宾语从句〕两个名词是句子的天然隔断。应用一：应用文投诉信的万能句型Iamwritingtoexpressmyconcern(dissatisfaction/disappointment)abouttheserviceofyourrestaurant.WewouldliketodrawtheattentionoftheauthoritiesconcernedtosomethingtheyobviouslyfailedtonoticeIsincerelyhopethattheauthoritiesconcernedwillconsidermysuggestionandimprovethesituationasbestastheycan.Wetrustthatyouwillnowconsiderthismatterseriouslyandmakeanefforttopreventtherecurrenceofthisproblem.应用二：图画作文开头段：Itisvividlydescribedinthepicturethatalampislisteninginthedarkness/asparkissmilinginthedarkness.Thecaptionreads,“loveislikealampwhichisbrighterindarkerplaces.〞Thepicturevividlydepictthataboyismakingthefinalspurtalongtheracetrack.Weareinformedthat“thefinishinglineisalsothestartingpoint.〞3.Thedrawingsvividlyillustratethenoiseanduproarinthebigcityandthepeaceandtranquilityofthecountrylife.补充：图画作文必备四组词图=photo,〔照片〕=sketch,〔素描〕=drawing,〔画〕=cartoon,〔漫画〕=chart(图表)2.示=show,=reflect,=convey,=indicate,reveal,=illustrate,=demonstrate=represent,=symbolize,=epitomize,〔成为…缩影〕=benaturallyassociatedwith自然联系到4.意义=implication暗示=symbolicmeaning象征意义=subtleconnotation微妙的含义二、定语从句1.概述-在英语中，我们通常用一个形容词作定语修饰名词或代词。假设要表达更复杂的意思，需借助一个句子来修饰名词。-这个被修饰的名词／代词因为总在定语从句前面，所以被称为先行词。-引导定语从句的词，被称为关系词。2.定语从句的三个重要概念①先行词----被定语从句所修饰或限制的对象。②引导词----连接主句和从句，在定语从句中充当一定成分的词。③不完整的句子三.关系词关系代词-先行词指人：who,whom-先行词指物：which-先行词指人指物均可：that先行词指人或物的所有关系：whoseTheworldisfullofpeoplewhosenotionofasatisfactoryfutureis,infact,areturntotheidealizedpast.关系副词-时间状语：when-地点状语：whereThedictionaryistheonlyplacewheresuccesscomesbeforework.原因状语：when练习：Iwillneverforgettheday____wemetforthefirsttime.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.onthatIwillneverforgetthetime______Ispentoncampus.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.onthatYoushouldmakeitaruletoleavethings____youcanfindthemagain.A.whenB.whereC.thenD.there先行词通常为词〔名词或代词〕／词组Awandererwhoisdeterminedtoreachhisdestinationwillneverfeartherain.先行词也可以是一个句子〔非限制性定语从句〕－不用逗号隔开----限制性定语从句作用：用来提供必要的信息，以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。假设去掉限制性定语从句，那么主句局部含义不明确，意义不完整。e.g.Idon’tlikepeople.Idon’tlikepeoplewhoneverkeeptheirwords.－用逗号隔开----非限制性定语从句作用：用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释、补充或说明。假设去掉非限，整个主句意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。e.g.Criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,whichcanleadtoburnout.e.g.Ican’tgiveyoutheformulaforsuccess,butIcangiveyoutheformulaforfailure,whichistryingtopleaseeverybody.非限写作应用－Somepeoplearguethat…hassomemerits,whichcanbelistedasfollows.Firstandforemost,….,Additionally,….与as引导非限有关的作文精品句型Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlydepictedinthecartoonabove,Asisapparentlyillustratedbythepicturesabove,Ascanbenoticedfromthetable/graph/figure,thereisamarkedincrease/decline/favorablechangein….五.先行词和引导词的分隔现象1.先行词+其它成分+定语从句e.g.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectteenagercrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunityforyouth.练习：Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome______Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.whoB.thatC.whenD.where2.作主语的先行词+谓语局部+定语从句e.g.Hecanconquertheworldwhocanconquerhimself.Question:如何寻找定语从句真正修饰的先行词?方法一：翻译法Step1:翻译定语从句Step2:将翻译后的定语从句+“的〞，再和从句之前的名词由近及远地进行搭配，根据句义和逻辑找出真正修饰的先行词。方法二：主谓一致〔主语和谓语要在人称和数上保持一致〕练习：Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener_____interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what〔五〕定语从句难点及状语从句六.定语从句难点1.先行词＋介词＋which/whomExpertshavestudiestheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.(2001/6)2.表示所属关系或局部整体关系时用介词of在介词of前面常出现的词包括：all,each,both,either,neither,many,some,most,half,themajority,数字及最高级等。练习：e.x.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,____obtainingwaterisnottheleast.A.ofwhichB.forwhatC.asD.whose写成两句就明白了：LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblem.Ofitsproblems,obtainingwaterisnottheleast.of放在句首表范围Ofallthecountries,Chinawillbethebest.Ofallmystudents,youwilltopthebest.练习：Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,construction______hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhichEnglishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiverseculture,_________usesitdifferently.allofwhichB.eachofwhichC.allofthemD.eachofthem阅读原那么：1.将介词和先行词搭配。2.将介词和从句中的谓语搭配。练习：Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom定语从句写作应用：比照观点式作文万能第一句Thereisnodenyingthefactthat….hasbeenaprevalenttopicwithwhichuniversitystudentsareconfronted.Andthereisnoconsensusofopinionamongpeopleconcerningthecontroversialissue.定语从句翻译原那么：前置法：假设定语从句结构简短，把从句翻译成带“的〞的词组，放置于被修饰的词之前。拆分法：假设定语从句结构复杂，需拆分成两句翻译，并重复先行词。e.x.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesystematic,mannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.e.x.Anyonewhosegoalis“somethinghigher〞mustexpectsomedaytosuffervertigo,whatisvertigo?Fearoffalling?No,vertigoissomethingotherthanfearoffalling.Itisthevoiceoftheemptinessbelowuswhichtemptsandluresus.Itisthedesiretofallagainstwhichwedefendourselves.七．长难句阅读及翻译方法1〕分析和拆分结构根本原那么－拆分主从句。〔复合句〕－拆分主干和修饰。〔简单句〕－利用信号词。信号词原那么：1.连词：－and,or,but,yet,for等连接并列句的连词。－连接状语从句的连接词：when,as,since,until,before,after,where,because,since,though,although,sothat2.关系词：－who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,when,where,how,why3.介词：－on,in,with,at,of,to4.不定式符号：to5.分词：过去分词和现在分词常构成修饰语6.标点符号3〕调整翻译语序定语的语序－中文的定语一般在修饰词之前，英文简单定语在前，复杂定语〔短语或定语从句〕通常在后。前置法：简单定语译为“的〞结构拆分法：复杂定语单独译为一句，重复先行词。练习长难句分析结构：--Thefirsttimethatthequestion“Whatisatthebottomofoceans〞?hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.--Creatinga“Europeanidentity〞thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.不同的文化和传统将欧洲大陆连接在一起，创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的欧洲身份并不是一件容易的事，需要人们作出策略性的选择。状语的语序－简短状语放在修饰动词之前，复杂状语〔状语从句〕在整个句子的主干之前或之后翻译。逻辑顺序：前因后果多主动状语从句一.概述①九类状语从句---时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比拟、方式②状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间的特定的逻辑关系。1.时间状语从句〔if〕Whenyouconsciouslyundergoamajorlifetransition,bepatientwithyourself.常见其他连词：unless〔除非〕，once〔一旦〕,incase〔以免)1.Itisalwaysthebestpolicytospeakthetruth----unless,ofcourse,youareanexceptionallygoodliar.2.Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointishowtodiscoverthem.3.Takemoremoney,incase(that)someaccidenthappens.注意：如何区分where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句如何区分when引导的定语从句和时间状语从句判断原那么：假设是定语从句，那么where前面必须有被修饰的地点名词；假设where前面没有被修饰的名词，那么为地点状语从句。常见连词：if－Fearisyourbestfriendoryourworstenemy.Itislikefire.Ifyoucancontrolit,itcancookforyouorheatyourhouse.Ifyoucan’t,itwillburneverythingaroundyou,evendestroyyou.〔双刃剑的比喻写法〕－Ifyouarenotborntobeintelligent,pleasemakesurethatyouareatleastdiligent.假设非天赋异禀，但愿足够奋进。－IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?---OdetotheWestWind3.让步状语从句Althoughtheworldisfullofsuffering,itisalsofulloftheovercomingofit.----HellenKeller虽然世间多苦难，但苦难总是能战胜的。纵有苦难千种，亦存正道万般。让步状语从句的难点1)whatever/however/whenever/wherever/whichever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。2)nomatterwhat/how/when/where/which=whatever/however/whenever/wherever/whichever练习判断：Whoeverheisisn’tsoimportant.主语从句Ididn’twanttoknowwhateverhethought.宾语从句whateverheneeds,wewillsatisfyhimatonce.状语从句Nomatterwhatheneeds,wewillsatisfyhimatonce.状语从句注意：nomatter系列只引导状语从句，表示“无论…〞nomatter系列不能引导名词性从句，让步状语从句的倒装句：As引导的让步倒装句adj/adv分词+as+主语+谓语动词名词〔无冠词〕e.g.Young/Childasheis,heisknowledgeable.As引导的让步倒装句的写作应用〔引出另一种观点〕Wonderfulas…is,however,itisnotwithoutshortcomings.正常语序的让步状语从句Despite/Inspiteof/allthemerits,theybringtheirownnegativeeffects.As引导的让步倒装句在写作中的应用1.图画／图表作文：Simpleasthepictureis,thesymbolicmeaningshouldbeconsideredwithmoreinsight.2.话题性作文：IndispensableasXXis,itsunfavorablefactorsareapparenttobefoundinthefollowingaspects.〔六〕状语从句难点及应用状语从句的省略Whilevisitingthecity,theyreceivedawarmwelcome.Whenaskedwhyhewaslate,hekeptsilent.Oncebegun,itmustbedonewell.Writetomeifnecessary.注意：当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有系动词，那么将从句主语和系动词一起省略。〔注意：必须一起〕状语从句三大难点：难点1.while1〕引导时间状语从句。当…时候，后面必须是持续性动词Strikewhiletheironishot.2〕引导让步状语从句。一般位于句首，表示尽管。--WhileIdisapproveofwhatyousay,Iwoulddefendtothedeaththatyourrighttosayit.----Voltaire--Whilesomanypeopleareoutsmellingtheflowers,someoneistakingthetimetoplantsome.3)句中的whileYoucanwearoutironshoesinfruitlesssearch,whileyoumayhitonwhatyouneedwithoutevenlookingforit.Wejudgeourselvesbywhatwefeelcapableofdoing,whileothersjudgeusbywhatwehavealreadydone.阅读：Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.难点2.since1.引导时间状语从句：表自从，主句为完成时态2.引导原因状语从句：表因为——Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.(02考研阅读理解)——Opensourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.难点3:as1〕引导时间状语从句:表随着，强调两个动作的同时进行-Asself-acceptancegrows,shynessnaturallydiminishes.-Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.2)引导原因状语从句Astherewasverylittlesupport,thestrikewasnotsuccessful.3)as引导让步状语从句的倒装句〔前面讲过〕状语从句的写作应用：询问信正文第一段：写信目的第二段：正文①AsIamparticularlyinterestedin……,Iwouldliketoobtain/requestaboutsomerelevantinformationasregards…….②万能句Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldbesokindastoprovidemewithcertainessentialinformationregardingthefollowingaspect.First,…,andsecond,…③必要时增加这句Meanwhile,Iwonderifitisconvenientforyoutosendme…….,andyourinstantassistancewillcontributetomyproject/plan/paper.投诉信：第一段：①写信目的〔前面课讲过〕第二段：②事件大概经过，whichhasputmeintogreatinconvenience.③加分句Givenwell-deservedreputationofyourstore,Iamsureyouwilldoeverythingpossibletoresolvethisprobleminstantly.第三段①感谢看信IamindebtedtoyouforyourattentiontomyletterIappreciateyourattentiontomyletterIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoyouforyourattentionto②诸多不便打搅了LetmeapologizeforanyinconveniencesImayhavecaused.③期待回信+再次感谢Ilookforwardtoafavorablereplyatyourearliestconvenience.Yourpromptattentiontomyinquirywouldbehighlyappreciated.Myappreciationtoyouforyourgeneroushelpisbeyondwords.WordsfailmewhenIwanttoexpressmyheartfeltgratitude.④有疑问者请联系--Ihopetheseinformationwillbehelpful,andpleasefeelfree.--Don’thesitatetocontactformoreinformation(at82876655)落款公务信函Yourssincerely,/truly,/respectfully,私人信函Yourssincerely,/cordially,/faithfully,署名LiMing〔七〕指代专题及非谓语动词引入1〕指代的根本理解：－辨识：it;they;this;that;which－本质：逻辑完整－语言简洁－原那么：词义对应，句意通顺－功能：防止重复，增强连贯性练习：Theword“they〞in“togethertheythreaten…〞refersto________Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon’tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.practicallyandrationallyengineeringandtheliberalartsrealityandnobleidealsflexibilityandavaluesystem2〕代词指代的方法前指原那么近指原那么语法原那么：单复数一致，人称一致指代传递：指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一句的主语也是代词时，那么继续往前找。e.x.97年考研真题阅读Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding〞or“atouchonthebrakes,〞makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.so的方法用作副词的代用词Heoftenbehavedprudently,buthedidnotalwaysbehaveso.2.和do一起代替分句中的主要动词及后续局部－Shehopedthattheywouldcleanthehousecarefullybeforeherarrival,butunfortunatelytheydidn’tdoso.－Neverapologizeforshowingfeeling.Whenyoudoso,youapologizefortruth.3〕三种指代－主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语〔有时是宾语〕，表示话题的延续。－平行结构中的指代主要包括some/many/most/such/each…others;one…another;notonly…butalso,theformer…thelatter,在这种结构中，平行结构两个局部的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句的名词主语。－关系代词的指代that,which,inwhich,ofwhich等关系代词通常就近指代前面的先行词。注意：which前假设有插入语时，处理方法为去掉插入语。句子的各种成分非谓语动词根本概念：英文的句子有且只能有一个谓语，如果已经出现了一个动词充当谓语，那么其他的动词就要改变形式。可以改变成不定式形式〔todosth〕,-ing形式或形式。由于这些形式在句子中不做谓语，所以被称为非谓语动词。2.不定式形式：to+动词原形注意：－to是不定式符号－否认式为nottodo,nevertodo3.不定式除了谓语不能作，其他成分都可以作。1〕作主语：Toknowoneselfisdifficult.要点1：在较长的不定式作主语的句中，往往用it代替不定式作形式主语，而把不定式后置。要点2：两个重要结构－Itis+形容词＋〔forsb〕todosth－Itis+形容词＋〔ofsb〕todosthfor句型常用：possible,important,necessary,difficult,useless等词。of句型常用：careless,clever,good,kind,nice,stupid,silly,unwise.e.x.Itisimpossibleforyoutodefeatanignorantmeninargument.2〕作表语：Toloveistorisknotbeinglovedinreturn.Tohopeistoriskpain.Totryistoriskfailure,butriskmustbetakenbecausethegreatesthazardinlifeistorisknothing.3〕作定语要点1：不定式作定语时总是放在被修饰词之后，表示将要发生的动作。Itisthebestwaytocureaheadache.要点2：假设被不定式修饰的词作不定式动词的宾语，应注意是否要加相应的介词。-Theyhadnohousetolive_____.-Iwanttothankthestudentsforgivingmethechancetomeetwithyou,thechancetotalkalittlebitaboutmycountryandanswersomeofyourquestions.-Artisthedesireofamantoexpresshimself,torecordthereactionsofhispersonalitytotheworldhelivesin.〔八〕非谓语动词专题4)不定式作宾语只能接不定式作宾语的动词：hope,promise,expect,plan,prepare,desire,determinee.x.主＋谓＋宾＋宾补IfindtosaythethingsdifficultIfinditdifficulttosaythethings.IfinditdifficulttosaysthethingsImean.IfinditmoredifficulttosaythethingsImeanthanthethingsIcan’t要点1:不定式作宾语而后面还有宾补时，常用it来代替不定式短语，而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补语之后。常见动词：believe,consider,feel,find,make,think要点2:疑问词＋不定式结构不定式可以和how,which,what,who,when,who,whose,Where,whether连用，作表语或宾语。－Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointishowtodiscoverthem.－Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosaysorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.5〕不定式作宾补：动词＋sth/sbtodosth-ask,advise,allow,enable,encourage,inspire,instruct注意：六看三让二听一感觉的动词在接不定式作宾补，省略to六看：see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,find三让：make,let,have二听：hear,listento一感觉：feel注意：在被动语态中，上述动词后面的不定式要将省略的to复原。－Nevermakeanythingsimpleandefficientwhenawaycanbefoundtomakeitcomplexandwonderful.6〕不定式作状语－Inordertobetrulyhappy,youmustlivealongwith,andyoumuststandforsomethinglargerthanyourself.－IdecidednottoletmypastrulemyfuturesoIdecidedtochangemypresentinordertoopenupmyfuture.onlytodo〔翻译考点〕引出意想不到的或不愉快的结果e.g.我们匆忙赶到火车站，不料发现车已经开走了。不定式的写作应用forexample=acaseinpointisthat……=Examplestoprovetheviewareabundant,butthemostpersuasiveoneisthecasethat……=Numerousexamplescanbegiventodemonstratethisviewpoint，butthemostcompellingoneisthecasethat……=Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationthanthefollowingones.=Thiscaseeffectivelyclarifythefactthat…=Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist.建议措施－Therefore,itisnecessaryforustouseInternetinareasonablewayandrestrainfromoverindulgence.－Frommyperspective,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasurestoreversethedisturbingtrend(illustratedinthepicture)－Accordingly,itisvitalforustoderivepositiveimplicationsfromthesethought-provokingdrawings.分词现在分词：V+ing,和被修饰词是主动关系，动作正在进行中。(主动和进行〕过去分词：V-ed,含义为被动和完成e.g.Anelegantly-furnishedroomDepartedloversCannedfood1.分词作定语单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词后。e.g.Theplane(senttosearchforthemissingplane)alsodisappeared.2.分词做状语(可以和从句转换〕e.g.Lockedup，hehadnowaytoescape.Becausehewaslockedup,hehadnowaytoescape.e.x.Huntingconsistsofpursuingafoxacrossthecountryside,withagroupofspeciallytraineddogs,followedbymenandwomenridinghorses.(2002/1)3.分词难点：独立主格结构分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，假设不一致，那么需加上分词的逻辑主语。练习：站在车站上，一块石头砸在了他的头上。Note:独立主格中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with或without,做伴随状语或定语。没有任何人陪她，她开始了旅程。e.g.Shestartedonthejourneywithoutanyoneaccompanyingher.他一句话都没说就离开了家。e.g.Helefthome,withoutasinglewordsaid.〔九〕动名词专题及特殊句型动名词1.根本理解形式：v-ing本质：有动词和名词特征的非谓语形式。功能：在句中可做主，宾，表，定。2.作主语和表语时与不定式的区别：－表示客观性，一般性的行为多用动名词。－表示具体性、一次性的行为多用不定式。Smokingisdifficulthabittobreak.Itisn’tgoodforyoutosmokesomuchtoday.3.作表语时与现在分词的区别：动名词：主语和表语可互换位置。Myjobisteaching.现在分词：主语和表语不可互换位置。Myjobisinteresting.动名词后置做主语的固定句型Itisnogood/nousedoingsthe.g.Itisnousecryingoversplitmilk.3.作宾语时与不定式的区别：在一些动词后面接todo和v-ing形式意义不同forget/remember+-ing形式=忘记或记起先前的行为。--------------+todo=忘记或记起将要发生的行为。I’llneverforgetmeetinghim.Don’tforgettolockthedoor.regretdoing=对过去的事情感到遗憾regrettodo=宣布坏消息Weregrettoinformyouofdelaysintoday'service.4.动名词和现在分词作定语的区别asleepingchildasleepingpill检验原那么：动名词做定语可替换为beusedfor现在分词做定语可替换为定语从句。DrinkingwaterRisingsun倒装：一、英文的语序：陈述语序：主＋谓倒装语序：谓＋主－谓语动词＋主〔全部倒装〕－谓语中的助动词／情态动词＋主＋谓语动词〔局部倒装〕二、倒装的三步骤：写出正常语序的句子。提前该提前的局部。倒主谓／主助。三、全部倒装：1〕here,there,now,then,thus等副词位于句首，谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run.鸟儿飞走了。Thebirdsflyaway.Awayflythebirds.2〕表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。注意：如果主语是人称代词，那么不能倒装。AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanLevin.3)主系表倒装为表系主。Impossibleisnothing.Anythingispossible.4〕表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者，可用so/neither/nor，其倒装结构为so/neither/nor+助动词／系动词／情态动词＋主语注意1:so表肯定，neither,nor表否认。Shehasfinishedherhomework,sohasherbrother.注意2:但如果so表强调前面所说情况的真实性时，其结构为So+主语＋助动词／系动词／情态动词。这里的主语和前一句的主语是指同一人或同一物。SheknowslittleEnglish,soshedoes.四、局部倒装：1〕only在句首的倒装OnlyinthiswaycansbdosthOnlybydoingsthcansodosthOnlywhen…,cansodosth.2)否认意义的词位于句首＝not,never,hardly,seldom,notuntil,little.中国在任何时间，任何情况下都不会成为第一个使用核武器的国家。Chinawillneverbethefirstcountrytousenuclearweapons.=NeverwillChinabethefirst……=undernocircumstancewillChinabethefirst…=AtnotimeandundernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirst…3)so…that结构的倒装Herunssofastthatisfaraheadofothers.=Sofastdoesherunthatheisfaraheadofothers.倒装的阅读应用1.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyiskindofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohavegrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.使用此项新技术的是一种现代商人，他们开始逐渐重视国际商务的经济效益。2.Godshallwipeawayallthetearsfromtheireyes,andthereshallbenomoredeath.Neithershalltherebesorrowordying,neithershalltherebeanymorepain,fortheformerworldhaspassedaway.上帝擦去他们所有的眼泪，死亡不再有，也不再有悲伤和生死离别，不再有痛苦，因往事已矣。倒装的写作练习：－只有通过教育，我们才能在世界上强大。－环境问题如此地严重，以至于我们没有其他选择只能采取灵活的措施去处理它。－Onlythrough/byreceivingeducationcanweriseintheworld.－Sosevereistheenvironmentalproblemthatwehavenoalternativebuttotakesomefeasiblemeasurestodealwithit.Wheneveranyonehasoffendedme,Itrytoraisemysoulsohighthattheoffensecannotreachit.＝Wheneveranyonehasoffendedme,sohighdoesItrytoraisemysoulthattheoffensecannotreachit.强调句Itis＋被强调局部＋that.检验原那么：取掉itis和that，剩下的局部依然是个完整的局部。－Itisthefirststepthatstopsmostpeople.－Itisnottheplace,notthecondition,butthemindalonethatmakespeoplehappyormiserable.〔十〕时态语态情态及介词专题一．介词专题1.V+on1〕凭，靠，根据dependon/counton依靠，依赖liveon靠…生活，继续活着2〕穿上，戴上pullon穿上puton穿戴上／上演／增加体重3〕执行，运作，翻开turnon接通，翻开switchon用开关开启4〕继续，进行下去carryon进行交谈／继续handon把…传下去hangon/holdoninsiston2.V+out出，往外，出现breakout(战争，火灾，疾病)爆发，逃出dropout退学，辍学2〕〔知觉〕出去，处于无知觉状态knockout击倒，击昏passout昏倒3〕殆尽，完burnoutdieout灭绝，绝迹wearout用坏，磨损,耗尽4〕彻底地carryout实行，执行，5〕大声地，出声地cryout/readout/speakout/yellout3.V+acoss通过，穿过，从一边到另一边swimacross游过2〕使〔论点，想法〕由说话人传到听众一边，从而使对方理解getacross将…讲清楚putacross解释清楚，说明3〕在对面comeacross偶然遇见，碰上runacross4.V+away1)离开，carryaway使陶醉，倾倒driveaway驱逐，signaway签字放弃turnaway转身不看，不理睬2〕保存，储存putaway放好，收好，储存packaway把…装起来3〕继续不断地burnawayeataway侵蚀-Cancersateawaythehealthyfresh.wasteaway日趋衰弱workaway二、被动的专题动作发出者不明确强调动作受体3.连贯性Allflights______becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceledB.hadbeencanceledC.havingcanceledD.havingbeencanceled被动在翻译中的应用itishopedthat…人们希望itisassumedthat…假设，假定…itisclaimedthat…据说，有人主张itisbelievedthat…有人相信，大家相信itisreportedthat…据报道，itisconsideredthat…人们认为，据估计三、时态的专题一般现在时－表示客观真理。－人或事物所处状态和习惯性重复发生的动作。要点1:一般现在时在时间，条件状语从句中代替将来时。〔主将从现〕要点2:表示“出发，到达，开始〞的动词可用一般现在时替代将来时，表示即将发生的非个人方案的事。go,come,leave,arrive,start,begin.Thetrainleavesat6:30.现在进行时－表示现在正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作。要点1:瞬间动词和进行时连用表将来。come,go,leave,return,arrive,begin,startIdon’treallyworkhere.I_____untilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpout.B.havejusthelpedout.C.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout.一般过去时－表示过去时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。Thegreatestartistwasonceabeginner.注意：一般过去时强调和现在的不同。Shewassuchanicegirl.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或时间段正在进行的动作。要点：在由when,while,as引导的时间状语从句中，动作时间长的用过去进行时，动作时间段的用过去时。灯熄灭的时候我们正在吃晚餐。－Wewerehavingsupperwhenthelightwentout.当我进屋子的时候，她在看书。－ShewasreadingthebookwhenIenteredtheroom.一般将来时：--表示将来某一时刻或时间段发生的动作。betodo:事先方案安排好的将来－WearetodiscussthisreportnextSaturday.beaboutto:眼皮底下马上就要发生的事－Look!Thetrainisabouttoleave!过去将来时--立足过去，展望未来。Hesaidthathewoulddousafavor