机械加工钻床中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：DrillingandMillingMachinesUprightdrillingmachinesordrillpressesareavailableinavarietyofsizesandtypes,andareequippedwithasufficientrangeofapindlespeedsandautomaticfeedstofitthenedsofmostindustries.Speedrangesonatypicalmachinearefrom76to2025rpm.,withdrillfeedfrom0.002to0.020in.perrevolutionofthespindle.Radialdrillingmachinesareusedtodrillworkpiecesthataretoolargeorcumbersometoconvenientlymove.Thespindlewiththespeedandfeedchangingmechanismismountedontheradialarm;bycombiningthemovementoftheradialarmaroundcolumnandthemovementofthespindleassemblyalongthearm,itispossibletoalignthespindleandthedrilltoanypositionwithinreachofthemachine.Forworkthatistoolargetoconvenientlysupportonthebase,thespindleassemblycanbeswungoutoverthefloorandtheworkpiecesetonthebesidethemachine.Plainradialdrillingmachinesprovideonlyforverticalmovementofthespindle;universalmachinesallowthespindletoswivelaboutanaxisnormaltotheradialarmandtheradialarmtorotateaboutahorizontalaxis,thuspermittingdrillingatanyangle.Amultispindledrillingmachinehasoneormoreheadsthatdrivethespindlesthroughuniversaljointsandtelescopingsplinedshafts.Allspindlesareusuallydrivenbythesamemotorandfedsimultaneouslytodrillthedesirednumberofholes.Inmostmachineseachspindleisheldinanadjustableplatesothatitcanbemovedrelativetotheothers.Theareacoveredbyadjacentspindlesoverlapsothatthemachinecanbesettodrillholesatanylocationwithinitsrange.Themillingoperationinvolvesmetalremovalwitharotatingcutter.Itincludesremovalofmetalfromthesurfaceofaworkspiece,enlargingholes,andformcutting,suchasthreadsandgearteeth.Withinankneeandcolumntypeofmillingmachinethecolumnisthemainsupportingmemberfortheothercomponents,andincludesthebasecontainingthedrivemotor,thespindle,andthecutters.Thecutterismountedonanarborheldinthespindle,andsupportedonitsouterextremitybyabearingintheoverarm.Thekneeisheldonthecolumnindovetailslots,thesaddleisfastenedtothekneeindovetailslots,andthetableisattachedtothesaddle.Thus,thebuild-upthekneeandcolumnmachineprovidesthreemotionsrelativetothecutter.Afourmotionmaybeprovidedbyswivelingthetablearoundaverticalaxisprovidedonthesaddle.Fixed-bedmillingmachinesaredesignedtoprovidemorerigiditythanthekneeandcolumntype.Thetableismounteddirectlyonthemachinebase,whichprovidestherigiditynecessaryforabsorbingheavycuttingload,andallowsonlylongitudinalmotiontothetable.Verticalmotionisobtainedbymovingtheentirecuttinghead.Tracermillingischaracterizedbycoordinatedorsynchronizedmovementsofeitherthepathsofthecutterandtracingelements,orthepathsoftheworkpieceandmodel.Inatypicaltracermillthetracingfingerfollowtheshapeofthemasterpattern,andthecutterheadsduplicatethetracermotion.Thefollowingaregeneraldesignconsiderationsformilling:1.Whereverpossible,thepartshouldbedesignedsothatamaximumnumberofsurfacescanbemilledfromonesetting.2.Designfortheuseofmultiplecutterstomillseveralsurfacessimultaneously.3.Thelargestflatsurfacewillbemilledfirst,sothatalldimensionsarebestreferredtosuchsurface.4.Squareinsidecornersarenotpossible,sincethecutterrotates.GrindingMachinesandSpecialMetal-removalProcessRandompoint-cuttingtoolsincludeabrasivesintheshapeofawheel,bondedtoabelt,astick,orsimplysuspendedinliquid.Thegrindingprocessisofextremeimportanceinproductionworkforseveralreasons.1.Itismostcommonmethodforcuttinghardenedtoolsteelorotherheat-treatedsteel.Partsarefirstmachinedintheun-heat-treatedcondition,andthengroundtothedesireddimensionsandsurfacefinish.2.Itcanprovidesurfacefinishto0.5µmwithoutextremecost.3.Thegrindingoperationcanassureaccuratedimensionsinarelativelyshorttime,sincemachinesarebuilttoprovidemotionsinincrementsoften-thousandthsofaninch,insteadofthousandthsasiscommoninothermachines.4.Extremelysmallandthinpartscanbefinishedbythismethod,sincelightpressureisusedandthetendencyfortheparttodeflectawayfromthecutterisminimized.Onacylindricalgrindingmachinethegrindingwheelrotatesbetween5500and6500rpm.,whiletheworkrotatesbetween60and125rpm...Thedepthofcutiscontrolledbymovingthewheelhead,whichincludesboththewheelanditsdrivemotor.Coolantsareprovidedtoreduceheatdistortionandtoremovechipsandabrasivedust.Materialremovalfromductilematerialscanbeaccomplishedbyusingatoolwhichisharderthantheworkpiece.HoweverduringWordWarⅡthewidespreaduseofmaterialswhichwereashardorharderthancuttingtoolscreatedademandfornewmaterial-removalmethods.Sincethenanumberofprocesseshavebeendevelopedwhich,althoughrelativelyslowandcostly,caneffectivelyremoveexcessmaterialinapreciseandrepeatablefashion.Therearetwotypesofprocesses.Thefirsttypeisbasedonelectricalphenomenaandisusedprimarilyforhardmaterials;theseconddependsuponchemicaldissolution.Chemicalmillingiscontrolledetchingprocessusingstrongalkalineoracidetchants.Aluminum,titanium,magnesium,andsteelaretheprincipalmetalsprocessedbythismethod.Theareatoremainuntouchedbytheetchantaremaskedwithaprotectivecoating.Forexample,theentirepartmaybedippedinthemaskingmaterialandthemaskremovedfromthoseareastobeetched,orachemicallyresistantprescribedtime,afterwhichthepartisrinsedincoldwater,themaskingremoved,thepartinspected,andthoroughlycleaned.Therearecertaindisadvantagestoconsider.Metalwillerodeequallyinalldirections,sothatwallsoftheetchedsectionwillhavearadiusequaltothedepthofetch.Aseconddisadvantageisthatabetterfinishisobtainedonsurfacesparalleltothedirectionofrollingofasheetthanonsurfaceperpendiculartothedirectionofrolling.Thiscanbecomparedtothesurfaceobtainedwhenworkingwoodparallelto,oracrossthegrain.Athirddisadvantage,notuniquewiththisprocess,isthewarpagethatwilloccurinthin,previouslystressedsectionsetchedonjustoneside.Chemicalmilling,however,hasmanyadvantagesoverconventionalmetal-removalmethods.Thereisnowarpageofheavysectionssuchasforgingsorextrusionswhentheetchantisappliedsimultaneouslytoallsidesforreductionofsectionthickness.Inconventionalmillingonlyonesidecanbeworkedatatime,andfrequentturningofapartisnecessarytopreventwarpage.Chemicalmillingcanbeappliedtopartsofirregularshapewhereconventionalmillingmaybeverydifficult.Light-weightconstructioncanbeobtainedwithchemicalmillingbytheeliminationofwelding,riveting,andstiffeners;partscanbecontouredtodistributetheloadinthemostsuitablemanner.Asanexampleofthepotentialsavingsofthisprocess,ascomparedtomachinemilling,onecompanyreportsthatthecostofremovingaluminumbychem.-millingis$0.27perpoundascomparedto$1.00perpoundbyconventionalmilling.Therateofmetalremovalforchem.-millingis0.001in.foraluminum.Electric-dischargemachiningisaprocessinwhichanelectricalpotentialisimpressedbetweentheworkpieceandthetool,andthecurrent,emanatingfromapointsourceontheworkpoiece,flowstothetoolintheformofaspark.Theforcesthataccomplishthemetalremovalarewithintheworkpieceproperand,asaresult,itisnotnecessarytoconstructtheunittowithstandtheheavypressuresandloadsprevalentwithconventionalmachiningmethods.Thefrequencyoftheelectricaldischargerangesfrom20,00cps(cyclespersecond)forroughmachining,to50,000cpsforfinishingsuchitemsashardenedtoolsanddies.Thecurrentmayvaryfrom50amp,duringroughmachining,toaslowas0.5amp,duringfinishing.Theprocessiscurrentlyappliedtothemachiningofsingle-pointtools,formtools,millingcutters,broaches,anddiecavities.Itisalsoapplicabletotheremovalofbrokendrills,taps,andstudswithoutdamagingtheworkpieceinwhichthebrokentoolisimbedded.Otherusesarethemachiningofoilholesinahardenedpart,andthemachiningofsmallsafety-wireholesintheheadsofspecialalloybolts,suchastitanium.Theultrasonicmachiningprocessisappliedtobothconductingandnon-conductingmaterial,andreliesentirelyuponabrasiveactionformetalremoval.Theworkpieceissubmergedinslurryoffinelyfividedabrasiveparticlesinavehiclesuchaswater.Thetooliscoupledtoanoscillatorandvibratesatfrequenciesbetween15,000and30,000cps.Thevibratingtoolcavitatestheliquid,andtheforcedrivestheabrasiveintothesurfaceoftheworkpiecetoremovemetalchipswhicharecarriedawaybytheliquid.Theaccelerationgiventheabrasivegrainsisasmuchas100,000timestheaccelerationofgravity,providingasmoothandrapidcuttingforce.IntroductionofMachiningMachiningasashape-producingmethodisthemostuniversallyusedandthemostimportantofallmanufacturingprocesses.Machiningisashape-producingprocessinwhichapower-drivendevicecausesmaterialtoberemovedinchipform.Mostmachiningisdonewithequipmentthatsupportsboththeworkpieceandcuttingtoolalthoughinsomecasesportableequipmentisusedwithunsupportedworkpiece.Lowsetupcostforsmallquantities.Machininghastowapplicationsinmanufacturing.Forcasting,forging,andpressworking,eachspecificshapetobep5roduced,evenonepart,nearlyalwayshasahightoolingcost.Theshapesthatmaybeproduced,evenonepart,nearlyalwayshasahightoolingcost.Theshapesthatmaybeproducedbyweldingdependtoalargedegreeontheshapesofrawmaterialthatareavailable.Bymakinguseofgenerallyhighcostequipmentbutwithoutspecialtooling,itispossible,bumachining,tostartwithnearlyanyformofanymaterial,solongastheexteriordimensionsaregreatenough,andproduceanydesiredshapefromanymaterial.Therefore,machiningisusuallythepreferredmethodforproducingoneorafewparts,evenwhenthedesignofthepartwouldlogicallyleadtocasting,forgingorpressworkingifahighquantityweretobeproduced.Closeaccuracies,goodfinishes.Thesecondapplicationformachiningisbasedonthehighaccuraciesandsurfacefinishespossible.Manyofthepartsmachinedinlowquantitieswouldbeproducedwithlowerbutacceptabletolerancesifproducedinhighquantitiesbysomeotherprocess.Ontheotherhand,manyparsaregivenshapesbysomehighquantitydeformationprocessandmachinedonlyonselectedsurfaceswherehighaccuraciesareneeded.Internalthreads,forexample,areseldomproducedbyanymeansotherthanmachiningandsmallholesinpressworkedpartsmaybemachinedfollowingthepressworkingoperations.

钻床和铣削直式钻床或钻孔式印刷机可用于各种尺寸和种类，它能安装轴速度的足够范围和自动运转以适应大多工业的要求。一个典型机器的速度范围是70至2025rmp，以及钻孔的运转速度是0.002到0.020英尺。旋转钻床用来钻那些太大或太笨重的而不能够移动的工件。通过将转臂绕立柱的转动和主轴组件沿转臂的移动组合，可使主轴钻头对准机床可达范围内的任何位置，由于运转太大而不方便建立在此基础上，主轴能够在垂直的地上方摇摆以及工件能固定在机器旁边的地上。普通的旋臂钻床只提供轴的垂直运动和径向转臂，通过平行轴来运转。因此允许钻头处于任何一个角度。一个多轴通过万能连接和可伸缩的花键轴来驱动的钻床有一个或多个头。通常所有的轴都是通过相同的发动机来驱动和同时运转，目的是钻出理想中洞的数量。很多钻床的每个轴容纳在一个可调整的盘里，以便与其他相关的部件移动。相邻的轴重叠部分的覆盖区域目的促使机器能够在它的范围的任何地方开始钻孔。铣床操作与转动的切削金属和移动相关。它包括了一个工件的表面金属移动，洞的扩大和成型切削，比如线和齿轮。铣销机床的升降台式柱是其他部件的主要支持部分。包括了容量驱动机的基础，心轴切割工具。切割工具固定在容纳在主轴的刀杆上能过一个悬臂的轴承支撑在它的外部的末端。升降台通过燕尾槽滑动支撑立柱和立柱机器，提供一——三种与切割工具相关的意向。另一种意向可能是工作台由提供的滑板围绕着轴旋转而得到的。固定的铣销机床的设计目的是比升降台或立柱提供更大的刚度。工作台直接固定在机窗的根部，它能为强大切割负荷提供强度的需要。而且允许对工作台径度的方向。垂直运动是通过移动整个切割工具才能达到。仿型铣床的特点是刀具和跟踪元件的轨道运动的协调或同步，或者是工件或模型的轨迹运动的协调或同步典型的仿型铣床的仿型号像是遵照模型的形式，而且切割机头部分与仿行部分相同。下面是铣削的总体的设计目录：如果可能的话，零件将被设计以便在一个工位上最大的平面能被铣削。对选择性的切割工具的设计目的是同时铣削几个平面。应当首先铣最大的平面，这样所有的尺寸都能很好的参照这个表面。因为切割工具的转动，仿形里的各个角落是不可能的。刺耳的机器和特殊的金属移动程序随机点切削刀具包括构成轮子形状的，或粘结到带子或棍子上或直接悬浮在液体中的研磨材料。因为几个原因研磨进程在工件的生产中很重要。对切削硬化的刀具钢材料或其他的热处理钢材来讲它是最普通的方法。零件在没有热处理条件下第一次机器切割，然后得到理想的尺度和表面光洁度。它能在没有极限范畴时提供表面光洁度达0.5微米。研磨操作在相对较短的时间内能确保精确的尺度，因为机器在作为其它机器的一般精度构造时提供的动态是每英尺增加了百分之一的精度，而不是千分之一。尤其是小而细的零件能用这个方法完成，由于轻压力被使用和零件的柔韧性所折射出的切削值是最小的。研磨轮子在圆柱形的研磨机器上在5500和6500rmp之间转动，当工件在60和125rmp之间转动时，切削的深度运动由木头控制，它包括了轮子和它的驱动发动机。冷却液用来降低热扭曲和移动切削以及研磨材料时的灰尘。有韧性的材料的运动通过那些材质硬的刀具来完成，但是在二战期间材料的广泛传播使用，它比新材料运动方法的切削刀具的要求更高。因为大量的过程被改进，尽管相当慢且花费高，它能用精确接受的方式来移动过量的材料，这里有两种进程模式：第一种类型是建立在电子现象的基础上，它用于基本的原材料；第二种取决于化学溶解。化学物质的铣削用于控制那些用了很浓的碱性或酸性的腐蚀剂腐蚀进程。铝、钛、镁和钢是通过这种方式的主要原料进程。化学铣削开始于一个零件的传统的光洁，包括脱脂、脱酸和烘干，这个领域用以维持不与那些笼罩在制服外面的腐蚀剂接触。可以将整个零件侵入遮盖材料，然后将遮盖层从将要被侵蚀的区域去除；也可以使用抗化学侵蚀的粘接带遮盖要保护的区域，