英语写作中的衔接与连贯讲义

英语写作中的衔接与连贯

Cohesionand

CoherenceinEnglishWriting

是文涛概念与方法衔接:语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系1.指代referenceIn1860,LincolnwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates.He（人称指代）wasthecandidateofthenewRepublicParty.ThisParty（指示指代）opposedthecreationofnewslavestates.2.替代substitutionThisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名词性替代）“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyouknowwhatthey’relike.”“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.（分句性替代）3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.”Ididthattenhoursthefirstday,”saidTom.（分句性省略）4.连接conjunctionA.通过标点符号衔接Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogsarewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere.B.通过连接词衔接5.词汇衔接lexis(Halliday/Hasan:CohesioninEnglish1976)连贯(coherence)：是整个语篇一致性的抽象特征。词汇衔接句子衔接段落衔接1、词汇衔接：连接词、同义词、反义词、上、下义词、同一语义场等例1：连接词（conjunction)Astudentacquiresknowledgemainlyfromthetextbookandinclass.Asaresult,（结果）whenhegraduatesfromschoolhecandonothing.For（原因）everythingisdifferentfromwhatteacherstoldhim.Hemayevenbedisappointedand（并列）frustrated.Intheend,（总结）hemaybeafraidtofacetherealworld.

例2同义词(synonym)Thefarmwasownedbytwobrothers.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.Everytimeaworker

gaveuphisjob,hetoldthesamestory.Farmlaborerssaidthat…例3反义词(antonym)Failure

isthemotherofsuccess.例4上\下义词(hyponymy)Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke:hoax.Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeception.Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictim.例5同一语义场(semanticfield)Small

boatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreat

liner

asshewasenteringtheharbor.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.Hemayevenbedisappointedand（并列）frustrated.衔接:语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系What’smore,smokingisonesourceofenvironmentalpollution.Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.Itisestimatedthatmorethan80percentoflungcancervictimsaresmokers.Mancan’tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood,clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.(5)Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Smallboatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreatlinerasshewasenteringtheharbor.Financially,aheavysmokerneedsmuchmoneytbuycigarettes.Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen,asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.例6综合运用Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.Because

heworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen,asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.例3反义词(antonym)Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.替代substitution(JuliusCeaser)衔接:语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系2句子衔接使用过渡句Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething.Inthelightofthisstatement,(概括-具体）teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.…Everyonehassomethingtosell.(承上启下)Trampsseemtbetheonlyexceptiontothisgeneralrule.Beggarsalmostsellthemselvesashumanbeingstoarousethepityofpassers-by.Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.Theyhavenothingtosellandrequirenothingfromothers.Financially,aheavysmokerneedsmuchmoneytbuycigarettes.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)例1：连接词（conjunction)(Halliday/Hasan:CohesioninEnglish1976)衔接:语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Thecostthusbecomesaheavyburdentohisfamily.使用平行结构American,therichestandmostpowerfulnationintheworld,canwellleadthewayinthisrevolutionofvalues.Thisisnothingtopreventusfrompayingadequatewagestoschoolteachers,…ThereisnothingbutalackofsocialvisiontopreventusfrompayinganadequatewagetoeveryAmericancitizen…Thisisnothing,exceptatragicdeathwish,topreventusfrom…Thereisnothingtokeepusfrom…使用信息结构粘连句子(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.(3)Life,however,ismorethanjustmaterialthings.(4)People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.(5)Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.(6)Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

使用信息结构粘连句子已知信息—新信息—已知信息—新信息

Butmoneyisnoteverything.Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.However,materialthingsonlydonotmeanahappylife.Inamoreimportantsense,lifeinvolvesspiritualthings.People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

3段落衔接按时间顺序(chronologicalorder)Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwaslateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours---itmusthavebeenclosetonoon…;bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasfouro’clock…notrealizingthedarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Bysixwewerestruggling…Bynine…ithadbeenourluckyday.按空间顺序(spatialorder)Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes….Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelat…inside,thetubewasgloomy,…Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagoda…

按重要性顺序(重要性递增或递减)

Workisindispensabletoman’sexistence.Itprovidesthematerialthingsoflife,thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourancientcivilizationandmoderncivilizationaswell.Mancan’tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood,clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork.Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople.Itisthesourceofhappinessandcreativity.Amoderateamountofworkisbeneficialtoman’shealth.Factsprovethatthemoreoneuseshidbrains,themoreactiveandefficientheisthinking.Ofallworkersofalltrades,mailmenonbikehavethelongestlifeexpectancy.Aboveall,workoffersambitiouspeoplechancestorealizetheirvalues.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Inthiss