乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献

PAGE -PAGE１-乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文:RuralTourismandEconomicDevelopmentTourismisapopulareconomicdevelopmentstrategy.Theauthorreviewsthreediversebooksthatstudytourismfromvarioussocialscienceperspectives——economic,sociological,psychological,andanthropological.Ryan’sbookismultidisciplinaryinapproachandcoversallmajortopicsoftourism;touristexperience;andmarketing.MichalSmithdetailsthenegativeaffectsoftourismdevelopmentinruralareasofthesoutheasternUnitedStates.Finally,ValeneSmith’sbookpresentsinternationalcasestudiesthatdocumentculturalchangescausedbytourismdevelopment.Despitetheirdifferentfocuses,allthreebooksagreethattourismdevelopmenthasitsbenefitsandcostsandthatchangestothedestinationareasareinevitable.Carefulplanningandmarketingcanlessentheharmfuleffectsoftourismdevelopment.Tourismisanincreasinglypopularelixirtoeconomicruralandurbanunderdevelopment.Itscurrentprominenceinthearrayoflocaleconomicdevelopmentstrategiescanbetracedtoseveralfeaturesofthetourismindustry.Tourismjobsaremostlylow-skilljobs,whichareagoodfitwiththejobskillsofmanyruralresidents.Also,tourismhasapotentialforcreatinganexportbasethatbuildsonfavorablelocaladvantagessuchasapleasantclimateorsitesofhistoricornaturalinterest.Moreimportant,tourismstrategiesmeshwiththecurrentpoliticalphilosophyandbudgetrealitiesofminimizinggovernmentinvolvementandinvestment.Theaccommodations,restaurants,andentertainmentactivitiesthatnecessarilyaccompanytourismareassumedtobeprovidedbytheprivatesector.Criticsoftourismasadevelopmentstrategyciteitslow-payinganddead-endjobs,itsdegradationofthelocalnaturalenvironment,anditspotentialcorruptionoflocalcultureandcustoms.Further,noteveryjurisdictioninneedofjobsandataxbasehastourismpotential.Thestudyoftourism,likemuchoftheeconomicdevelopmentliterature,drawsfromawiderangeofdisciplines.Theforteofeconomistsisinaddressingtheaffectsoftourismonthelocaleconomy;however,economistsfailtodescribewhotouristsareorwhytheytravel.Anthropologists’majorcontributiontodefiningandstudyingtourismisinexaminingtheimpactsoftourismonlocalculture.Psychologistsaremorelikelytodwellonthemotivesfortourism,buttheyignoretheimpacts.Clearly,thecompletedefinitionoftourismincludestheeconomic,social,anthropological,andpsychologicalviewpoints.OnestrengthofRecreationalTourism:AsocialSciencePerspectivebyChrisRyanisitsmultidisciplinaryapproachtothestudyoftourism.Incontrast,thecasestudiesfromaroundtheworldfoundinHostsandGuests:TheAnthropologyofTourism,editedbyValeneSmith,dwellontourismfromtheperspectivesofhistoryandanthropology,withitsfocusonthecultureaffectsoftourismandtourism’sroleintheacculturationprocess.BehindtheGlitter:TheImpactofTourismonRuralWomenintheSoutheast,byMichalSmith,focusesontheeconomicandculturaleffectsoftourismintheruralSoutheast.BenefitsoftourismPerhapschiefamongtheadvantagesoftourismisthatitisseenasobtainable,evenforcommunitieswithminimalpublicresources.Mostcommunitiesenvisionnegligiblepublicinvestmentssuchasnewroads,historymarkers,towncleanup,storefrontrehabilitation,andmarketing.Theprivatesectorisexpectedtoprovidehotels,motels,restaurants,entertainment,andothertouristaccommodations.Second,tourismisarelativelyeasy-to-understandconceptforthelaypublicandcan,therefore,generatelocalsupport.Communityprideleadsresidentstoconcludethattheirhometownhassomethingtooffertourists.Tourismbuildsonperceivedandexistinglocaladvantagesoramenities,suchassitesofhistoricalinterest,mountainsandotherplacesofnaturalbeauty,pleasantclimates,orcleanair.Tourismdevelopmentusestheseresources,whichare“free”inthesensethatthetourismindustryhasnotpaidforthem.Insomecases,thesenaturalresourceswouldhavesmalleconomicvaluewithouttourismdevelopment.MieczkowskecitestheAlps,“dying”fishingormilltownsofNewEnglandandtheCanadianMaritimeprovinces,andCaribbeanislandsasplaceswheretourismhasgiveneconomicvaluetonaturalamenities.Thustourismcanhaveapositiveeconomiceffectinsuchareasofotherwiseloweconomicproductivity.Third,decadesofexperienceinsmokestackchasinghasbeendisappointingformanycommunities.Thecompetitionformanufacturingplantsisintenseandaslongasmanufacturingemploymentcontinuesitsdownwardtrend,competitionfortheremainingplantswillonlyincrease.Also,tourismisperceivedasacleanerindustryfortheenvironmentthanismanufacturing.Fourth,ruraltourismhavenstendtobegrowth.ThisdecadebecameknownasthepopulationturnaroundasitwasthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesthepopulationofruralareasgrewatfasterratesthanurbanareas.InBehindtheGlitter,Smithfoundthat65ofthe84ruraltourismcountiesinherstudyoftheSoutheasthadpopulationgrowthequaltoorexceedingthenationalrateofgrowthinthe1970s.,thesenonmetropolitancountiesgrew37.9%andinthe1980s,theygrewatastillimpressiverateof24.6%.Fifth,tourismisalabor-intensiveindustry,creatinglargenumbersofjobsthatemploylow-skillworkersandyouths,whomayotherwiseremainunemployed.Thelow-skillednatureoftourismjobsisidealforeconomieswithpoorlyeducatedortrainedlaborforces.Theseaddedjobshelpcutwelfarerollsandprovideasourceoftaxrevenue.Finally,tourismdevelopmentmeansmoreincomeandprofitsfortourist-relatedbusinesses.Localincomefromtouristexpendituresismostlyspentagaininthelocalarea,whichleadstomorelocalincome,andperhaps,tomorelocaljobs.Suchindirectbenefitsoftourismaremeasuredviaregionaleconomicimpactsoftourism.Ryan’sbookhasasectionthatintroducestechniquesusedtomeasuretheeconomicimpactsoftourism.Manyotherstudiesalsofocusonmeasuringeconomiceffectsoftourism.Incontrast,othersourcesofeconomicactivity,particularlyforremotecounties,createrelativelyfewdirectandindirectbenefits.Forexample,nuclearpowerplants,wastedisposalsites,andmanymanufacturingplantscreaterelativelyfewjobsandgeneratesmallamountsoflocalpurchases.Asidefromthefactthatnotallcommunitiescanbetouristhavens,tourismdevelopmenthasitscosts.Itseemsthateverybenefitoftourismdevelopmenthasacorrespondingcost.译文：乡村旅游和经济发展作者：弗雷德里克国籍：美国出处：SAGE出版社旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。作者审查三本不同的书籍，研究了旅游业的各种社会科学观点——经济，社会学，心理学，人类学。赖安的新书是综合性的，涵盖几乎所有主要议题例如旅游；旅游体验；销售。米哈乌详细的描述了美国东南部的乡村旅游发展所带来的负面影响。最后，缬草烯的书介绍了因乡村旅游发展导致乡村文化发生改变的国际研究案例。尽管他们有不同的侧重，但是三本书全部都认为，旅游开发具有的成本效益和改变目的地的环境是不可避免的，精心的策划和营销可以减轻旅游业的发展对乡村造成的影响。乡村旅游作为经济农村和城市发展的灵药越来越受到人们的欢迎。目前较为突出的地方经济发展战略中可以追溯到几个工业旅游的特点。旅游相关工作大多是低技能的工作，这是一个适合许多农村居民的较好的工作。此外，旅游业有潜力创造出一个具有有利条件的、气候宜人的，拥有古迹使人产生兴趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游业策略与当代政治哲学和减少政府预算参与投资有关。伴随旅游产生的住宿，餐饮，娱乐活动，被认为是必然由私营部门提供的。批评发展旅游业中工资低及没钱途的工作及对当地自然环境和腐败的当地文化及习俗。此外，并不是每一个管辖地区或纳税区域都具有发展旅游的潜力。旅游业的研究，正如经济方面的文献研究，借鉴了一定范围广泛的学科。福特的经济学课运用在处理旅游业对当地经济的影响；然而，经济学家无法描述谁是游客或他们为什么旅行。人类学家的最大贡献是确定和研究旅游发展开发对当地文化造成的影响。心理学家可能对于旅游动机更为关注，却忽视了旅游发展的影响。显然，完整的旅游业定义包括经济，社会，人类学，和心理的观点。一个有力的休闲旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社会科学的角度观察并以多学科的方法来研究旅游。与此相反，在对世界各地的案例研究发现，主人与客人：缬草烯编辑的旅游人类学，旅游从历史和人类学的角度，发现重点是旅游的影响文化和涵化过程。背后亮点：米歇尔认为乡村旅游对东南亚当地农村妇女产生了影响，旅游业在农村地区的影响侧重于经济和文化影响。旅游的好处：也许是旅游的优势是它被视为即使是最小的社区公共资源。大多数社区考虑的就是较细微的公共投资等例如新的道路，历史标志，镇清理，店面康复，销售。人们期望私营部门能提供酒店，汽车旅馆，餐饮，娱乐，和其他旅游住宿。其次，旅游对于公众来说是一个比