建筑工程基础设施建设中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑工程基础设施建设中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑工程基础设施建设中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)ImprovedDesignReviewThroughWebCollaborationAbstract:Anin-depthanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationhasshownthatitisaveryeffectivemediumforconductingdesignreviewsandoffersmanybenefitsovertraditionalmanualmethodsofcommentcollectionandresolution.Findingsfromtwofederalagencieshaveshownasignalcantreductioninboththetimerequiredtoconductadesignreviewandthenumberofrequiredparticipatingparties.AneconomicanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationonthedesignreviewprocessdoneforU.S.CorpsofEngineersprojectsindicatesthatusingtheWebfordesignreviewcollaborationprovidesa73%savingsinmeetingtimeandtravelcost.CEDatabasesubjectheadings:Internet;Economicanalysis;Design;Reviews;U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.IntroductionThefacility-acquisitionprocessencompassesundersteps:planning,design,procurement,construction,andstart-up.Decisionsmadeduringtheplanninganddesignphaseshaveagreaterimpactontheoverallacquisitioncostofthefacilitythandecisionsmadeduringtheconstructionandstart-upphases.TheBuildingandEconomicDevelopmentCommitteereportsthat50%oftheproblemsencounteredduringtheconstructionandstart-upphasesarerelatedtomanagementofinformationexchangeduringthedesignphase.Changesinthedesignofafacilityduringtheconstructionphaseresultincostandtimeoverruns.TheFederalFacilityreportsthatconductingaformalreviewofthedesignmayconsiderablyreducethetotalcostofafacility.Thisisbecauseawell-andthoroughlydesignedfacilityrequiresfewerchangesandcorrectionsduringitsconstruction.Moreover,theFFCreportedthatbetween30and50%ofallchangesrequiredduringtheconstructionphaseresultedfromerrorsinthedesigndocumentsrelatedtomiscommunicationbetweendesigndisciplines.Hence,aformaldesignreviewprocessshouldbeincorporatedinanyqualitymanagementplangoverningthedeliveryofprofessionaldesignservices.DesignReviewObjectivesModernfacilitiesandinfrastructuresystemsarequitecomplexsystems,andthedesignprocessoftenrequiresagroupofgeographicallydistributedexperts.Comprehensivedesignreviewsaretypicallyperformedbyteamsofexperiencedengineers,architects,facilitymanagers,andenduserswhotypicallyarenotgeographicallycollocated.Inaddition,adesignreviewshouldbeconductedbyateamthatisindependentfromthedesignteamtoavoidanycontactofinterest.Thedesignreviewprocessisanexchangeofinformationaboutcompetinginterests,goals,andobjectivesthatmustberesolvedinatimelymanner.Agooddesignreviewshouldbecontainthefollowingpoints：Detectproblemsrelatedtoerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciescausedbydesignprocess;Identifyinappropriateconstructionmethodsandmaterialsthatwouldincreaseconstructioncosts;Certifycompliancewithstandards,codes,andregulations;Identifycomponentsandbuildingsystemsthatwouldresultinmakingfacilitiesdifficulttomaintainandoperate;Increaseprojectquality,integration,constructability,andmaintainability;Reduceconstructionchangeorderswithconsequentdeclineinconstructiondelaysassociatedwiththem;Decreasenumberofrequestsforinformationduringconstruction;Acquireknowledgethatcanbeappliedinotherphasesofprojectlifecycle,whichcanimprovereturnsgainedfromthisknowledge;Improveclientsatisfactionandusefulnessofthefacility.DesignReviewBenefitsThedesignreviewprocessisanintegralpartofthequalitymanagementplanforimprovingtheengineeringanddesignfunctions.Severalbenefitsareachievedbyusingthedesignreviewprocessthatdifferentinnaturefromoneanother.Thedesignreviewprocessproducesthreeimmediatebenefits.First,theprocessavoidsfuturecontingenciesbydetectingdesignerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciesbeforetheprojectgoesoutforbid.Asaconsequence,futureclaimsareavoidedand/orfuturedelaysareavoided.Second,thedesignreviewprocessconsiderablyimprovesthequalityofthefacilityand/orcivilworksproject.Thoseimprovementstranslateintofacilitiesthataremorefunctional,haveareducedenvironmentalimpact,andaresaferfortheoccupants.Third,adesignreviewsystemthatincreasesproductivitywillnotonlyreducethecostofaccomplishingthedesignreviewbyreducingthenumberofparticipantsandthetimenecessarytocompletethereviewphases,butwillalsoshortenthefacilitydeliverycycle.Thereduceddeliverydurationwillprovidethecustomerwithbeneficialoccupancyearlier.Earlieroccupancytranslatesintosignificanttotalprojectsavingstothecustomer.DesignReviewProcessSeveraldesignreviewsareoftenconductedduringthedesignphaseofaproject.Thenumberofdesignreviewsforeachprojectdependsuponthesizeoftheproject,thecomplexityandnatureofit,andtheprocurementmethodusedtobuythefacility.Forinstance,reviewmanagersattheCorpsofEngineersestimatethat,onaverage,eachnewdesign/bid/buildconstructionprojecthasthreedesignreviews:conceptdesign,95%design,anddesignsubmit.Fordesign/buildprojects,thenumberofdesignreviewsperprojectisfourorfive:tworeviewsbeforetherequestforproposalandtwoorthreemoreduringdesign.Forsmallprojectsprocuredthroughtraditionalmeans,thenumberofreviewsmaybetwo:the35%designreview,andthe95%designreview.Inatypicalhistoricalapproachfordesignreview,theprocessstartswhenthedesignersubmitsthepreviouslyagreedorpartialdesigntotheprojectmanager,whothendistributescopiesofthesubmittaltoallthemembersofthereviewteam.Participantsinthereviewprocessthensubmitcommentstotheprojectmanagerinvariousformsandformats,whichincludehard-copywrittencomments,faxedcomments,ande-mailcomments.Theprojectmanagerthenreviewsandifnecessarythecommentsandsubmitsthemtothedesignerforaction.Whenthedesignerhascompletedtheresponsetothesecomments,theprojectmanagercallsareviewconferencebetweenallthemembersofthereviewteamandthearchitect/engineer.Priortotheconference,theprojectmanagersendscopiesofthedesigncommentsandthedesignerresponsetoallmembersofthereviewteam.Underthismethodthedesigneranswersthereviewercommentsatthereviewconference.Asaconsequence,allreviewershavetoattendtheconference.Moreover,sincereviewcommentsaresubmittedunformattedandunsorted,thereviewconferencemustbeconductedinaninterdisciplinaryformandthereforemustinvolveallparticipantsfortheentiredurationofthemeeting.DesignReviewAutomationTheCorpsofEngineersrecognizedtheneedtodevelopanautomatedreviewmanagementsystemcapableofsupportingthedesignreviewprocessasearlyasthemid-1980s.Thefocusoftheeffortwastodevelopamainframesystemtosupportthecollection,collation,andexchangeofinformationrequiredtoaccomplishthereviewprocess.Theinitialexperience,althoughpartiallysuccessful,waslimitedbyremoteconnectivitytothemainframeapplication.TherapidgrowthoftheWorldWideWebasaback-bonefore-businesssolutionspromptedareviewandupdateoftheconceptsofremotecollaborationondesignreview。Aseriesoffocusgroupswasheldintheearly1990stoidentifyspecialautomationgoals.Theendingsfromtheseenterprise-widesurveysrevealedtheneedtoimprovefourfunctions:executionofthedesignreview,qualityofthedesign,managementofthereviewprocess,andabilitytocaptureandreusecorporateknowledge.Theinitiallydevelopedmainframe-basedsystemin1986wasreplacedin1998withamuchimprovedWeb-basedsystem,theDesignReviewandCheckingSystem.Thethreekeydesignconsiderationsforthedevelopmentareshownhere:1、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingexecutionofdesignreview:Thesystemmustbereadilyavailable,fullysupported,andwelldocumented;Thesystemmustsupportelectronicsubmissionofcommentstoprojectmanagers;Reviewersmustbeabletoreadotherreviewers'commentsandfollowdiscussions;Commentsmustbeabletobesortedbydisciplines;Designersmustbeabletoanswercommentsdirectlytoreviewersandresolveissuesbeforethereviewconference;Supervisorsmusthavetheabilitytoscreen/scrubreviewercommentsbeforetheyaresubmittedtodesigners.2、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingmanagementofreviewprocess:Thesystemmustsupportreal-timereviewstatusreporting;Thesystemmustfostertheabilitytocommunicatebetweenparticipants.3、Characteristicsnecessaryforsupportofcaptureandreuseofcorporateknowledge:Priorreviewcommentsmustbeeasilyretrievedandreused;Thesystemmustallowcapture,validation,andreuseofapprovedlessonslearnedwhiletheapplicationisbeingused.WebCollaborationasSolutionManyofthedesignrequirementslistedaboveforthedevelopmentofDrCheckswerecenteredontheneedtoeasilyfostercommunicationsbetweendesignreviewparticipants.Theseprocessesarefullydocumented.AtthetimeofinitialdevelopmentofDrChecks,e-businessapplicationswerejustbecomingrecognizedasaviablealternative.Sincethelate1990sthismediumhasshownitsabilitytohostawidevarietyofenterprise-wideapplications.TheWebfosterscollaborationonenterprise-wideapplicationsforavarietyofreasons:1、Centrallyhostedapplicationeasessoftware-maintenanceandeliminatessoftwaredistributionandversioncontrolrequirements;2、Browser-basedaccesssignificantlyreducesneedforend-userapplicationtraining;3、Initialandmaintenanceexpensesforapplicationuser'sinformationtechnologyaresignificantlyreducedwithbrowseraccessedsystems;4、Sincealmost100%ofenterpriseusersalreadyhavee-mail,thiscanbeusedasauniversalconnectivitymedium.ConclusionsAcasestudyreviewoftheactualresultsofusingaWebcollaborationapplicationforthedesignreviewprocesshasshownthisapproachtobeaneffectivewayofimprovingtheprocess.Improvementshavebeenobservedintheareasofdesignreviewmanagement,commentmanagement,anddesignreviewmeetings.Asignificantcostsavings72.5%ofthereviewconferencecosthasbeenfoundtobepossiblewitheachCorpsofEngineersdesignreview.Incombinationwiththeirtightlymanagedreviewprocess,Webcollaborationhasbeenabletoreducetheirdesignreviewissuesidentificationfrom28to17days,andtheactualresolutionofdesignissueshasbeenreducedto28daysfrommanymonths.Inaddition,StateDepartmentusersofWeb-basedcollaborationondesignreviewestimatetheoverallimpactontotalprojectcostisareductionof1/2%.Follow-oneffortstobuilduponthisinitialcollaborativeefforthaveproducedWebapplicationsforrelateddesignactivities,suchasanintegratedlessons-learnedcapture,evaluation,andreuseability,requestforinformation,bidderinquiry,criteriamanagement,andsecuretransfer.通过Web协作改进设计审查摘要:深入分析了网络协作的影响表明,它是一种非常有效的媒介进行设计审查和提供了许多超过传统的用手工方法去评论收集和解决问题的方法。结果从两个联邦机构显示的信号来看并不能减少参政党要求的进行设计评审和数量所需的时间。通过对美国工程兵项目使用web协作来设计审查的的过程进行经济分析的结果表明，使用web设计审查协作可以节约73%的会议时间和旅行成本。CE数据库主题词:互联网;经济分析;设计;评论。 概述一个基础设施建设的过程包含以下几步：规划、设计、采购、建设和使用。决定在规划和设计阶段比在决定在构建和使用阶段对整个设备的购置成本有着更大的影响。建设和经济发展委员会报告指出，50%的在建设过程和启动阶段遇到的问题与在设计阶段的信息交换管理有关。在构建阶段设计机构的改变将导致成本和时间超支。联邦机构报告，通过正式审查的设计可以大大降低这种设施的总成本。这是因为，在设施建造的过程中原本的设计需要更少的变化和修正。此外，FFC报道，30%-50%的在结构构件阶段由于错误而做出的改变都与对设计文件的误解有关。因此，一个正式的设计审查的过程应该包含很多的质量管理计划以及提供专业的设计管理服务。设计审查的目标现代设施和基础设施系统是一种相当复杂的系统，在这种设施的设计过程中通常需要一组来自不同地方的专家。对这种全面设计的评价通常都是由团队经验丰富的工程师、建筑师、项目经理以及来自不同地方的最终用户来进行。此外，设计审查应该由一个独立的团队来进行，以避免任何利益上的联系。设计审查是一个关于相互竞争的利益、目标，以及必须及时解决的问题的信息交流的过程。一个好的设计审查过程应该包含以下几点：检测在设计过程中出现的错误、遗漏和不一致等问题；识别导致建设成本增加的不适当的施工方法和材料；证明符合标准、规范和规定；识别会导致设备难以维护和操作的组件和构建系统；提高工程质量,集成、施工能力和可维护性；减少建设过程中订单的改变，那么建设过程中延期的现象会随之下降；减少在施工工程中对信息数量的要求；在项目周期的其他阶段获取知识，可以从这些知识中获得回报；提高客户满意度和建设有用性的设施。设计审查的好处设计审查的过程是实现质量管理计划和改善设计功能的一个重要组成部分。在不同的项目中进行设计审查的过程会取得不同的好处。设计审查过程有三个直接的好处：首先，这个过程可以避免在项目投标之前由于检测设计错误、遗漏或者不一致的问题导致的未来不可意料的事件发生。因此，也可以避免索赔和工程延期。其次，设计审查的过程可以大大提高设备或者土建工程的质量。这些改进可以转变为更多多功能的设施，减少环境的影响，使居住者更安全。第三，设计审查系统不仅仅能通过提高效率来降低设计审查的成本、参与者的数量以及完成设计审查的必要时间，而且也可以缩短交付周期。减少交付时间将为客户提供更早的入住机会。更早的入住就给客户节约了更多的时间。设计审查过程一个项目在设计阶段的时候往往会进行几个设计评估。为每个项目进行设计审查的数量取决于项目的规模大小、复杂性、本质性和用于购买设备的采购方法。例如，审查经理对工程兵项目的评估，平均而言，没一个新的设计、报价、建设项目有三个设计评审过程：概念设计、95%设计、设计提交。设计或者建造项目，每个项目需要四个或五个设计评审：在两个评论之前需要提案和两个或三个设计方案。对于通过传统手段获取的小型项目，评论的数量可能有两个：35%的设计评审和5%的设计评审。一个通过典型的历史方法进行的设计审查过程，这个过程开始于设计师提交设计或者部分设计之前，然后项目经理将审查文件提交给审查小组的