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UnitSix
I.Objective
令Tolearnhowtoorganizeanargumentativepieceofwritinganddevelopideas;
令Tolistentoandreadsomematerialsaboutreadingsoastolearnsomeusefulwordsand
expressionsrelated.
II.TeachingEmphasis:
1.ThecomprehensionandappreciationofTextI;
2.Newwordsandexpressions:
shelter,endupwith,engross,browsing,retire,indulgent,beckon,telloff,tuck,discreet,
poverty-stricken,anosefor,persevere,flick
III.TeachingProcedures:(7hours)
Lead-in
1.MovieClip
2.Quotes
1.MovieClip
Watchthemovieclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.
1.Whataresomanygirlsqueuingupfor?
Theyarequeuingtogelintothebrandsaleforbargains.
2.WhydidthegirlstrugglewhenshefoundthePucciboots?
Becausesheknewshedidn'tneedit,butshecouldn'tresistthetemptationofitslowprice.
Discussion:
Somepeoplehavethesameshoppingexperienceasthegirlinthemovieclip.Whatsuggestions
willyougivethemtogetridoftheirimpulsivebuyingbehaviour?Thisisanopenquestion.
Script
(TheyhaveGuccihalfoff,CalvinKleinhalfoff!You'llgetyourturn,justbepatient.)
-AteverypointIwillask,“DoIneedthis?”
-There'sanotherentrancethisway!
-Well,thesecashmereglovesIneedasitiswinterandIhave...hands.Sothat'sall.THbuythese
andthesealone.
-Nowwalkaway,strongandfrugal.Oh,myGod!Pucciboots.Fifty-percentoff?DoIneedthese?
DoIneedthese?DoIneedthese?No.
-Jeannie,Pucciboots!
-Uh,oh,I'msosorry.Ihad'emfirst.
-Butyouputthemdown.
-No,IknowIdid,butIsaw'emfirst,soI'mgonnatake'em.
-Thenyoutookyourhandsoffthem.
-Givemetheboots,andnoonegetshurt!
-Givemetheboots.
-Givemetheboots!Look!There'sasaleonBurberry!
-That'stheoldesttrickinthebook!
-Give'em!
-Don'tyoutellme...
-Givemetheboots!
-1waitedinlineallmorningforthis!
-Yourstorecardislikea50percent-offcashmerecoat.Thefirsttimeyoumeet,itpromisestobe
yourbestfriend.Untilyoulookcloselyandrealizeifsnotrealcashmere.
2.Quotes
Readthefollowingquotesandtellyourclassmateswhichoneisyourfavorite.Stateyour
reasons.
Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.
—FrancisBacon
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.
—FrancisBacon
Booksaretomankindwhatmemoryistotheindividual.
—JohnLubbock
Peopledie,butbooksneverdie.Nomanandnoforcecanabolishmemory.
——FranklinRoosevelt
Booksarethequietestandmostconstantoffriends;theyarethemostaccessibleandwisestof
counselors;andthemostpatientofteachers.
—C.W.Eliot
Ifwellused,booksarethebestofallthings;ifabused,amongtheworst.
—R.W.Emerson
Thereadingofallgoodbooksislikeaconversationwiththefinestmenofpastcenturies.
——ReneDescartes
Readingisnotmerelysympathizingandunderstanding;itisalsocriticizingandjudging.
—VirginiaWoolf
ListeningInandSpeakingOut
1.Notes
2.Listening
3.SpeakingPractice
1.Notes
1.Internetmarketing—alsoknownasdigitalmarketing,webmarketing,onlinemarketing,or
e-marketing,isthemarketingofproductsorservicesovertheInternet.Itisconsideredtobe
broadinscopebecauseitnotonlyreferstomarketingontheInternet,butalsoincludes
marketingdoneviae-mailandwirelessmedia.
2.comics—agraphicmediuminwhichimagesconveyasequentialnaiTative
3.dissertation-atreatiseadvancinganewpointofviewresultingfromresearch,usuallya
requirementforanadvancedacademicdegree
4.caterto—provideallthethingsthatareneededorwanted
5.collectible-worthcollecting
6.ISBN-TheInternationalStandardBookNumber(ISBN)isauniquenumericcommercial
bookidentifierdevelopedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO).Since1
January,2007,ISBNshavecontained13digits.
7.auction—Anauctionisaprocessofbuyingandsellinggoodsorservicesbyofferingthem
upforbid,takingbids,andthensellingtheitemtothehighestbidder.
2.Listening
Listentotherecordingandanswerthefollowingquestions.
1.Whydopeopleregardbooksasoneofthebestthingsthattheycanpossessorgifttotheir
lovedones?
Becauseeveryperson,fromasmallchildtoanoldadult,findsafriendinbooks.
2.Dopeoplegetmuchopportunitytospendtimeinbookstoreslately?Whyorwhynot?
No,becausepeopletodayhavebusyschedulelifestyles.
3.Whattypesofbookscanpeoplebuyfromonlinebookstores?
Peoplecanbuyalltypesofbooksfromonlinebookstores,fromfictiontonon-fiction,fromcomics
toaward-winningworks.
4.Howistheexperienceofbuyingbooksonline?Why?
Buyingbooksonlineisafunandchallengingexperiencebecausetherearetoomanyonline
bookstorestochoosefromwithtoomanybooks.
5.Doalltheonlinebookstoressharethesamecharacters?Ifnot,whataretheirdifferences?
No.Theysellbooksofdifferentcategoriesandcatertodifferentpeoplewithdifferentneedsand
interests.
6.Whataretheadvantagesofonlinebookstoresthattraditionalbookstoresdonotpossess?
Onlinebookstoresmakebuyingbooksconvenientandhelptheircustomerstosavemoneyand
time.
Script
TheBenefitsofBuyingBooksOnline
Booksareoneofthebestthingsthatyoucanpossessorgifttoyourlovedones.Fromasmall
childtoanoldadult,everypersonfindsafriendinbooks.Butlately,duetobusyschedule
lifestyles,weoftendonotgetmuchopportunitytospendtimeinbookstores.However,withthe
trendtowardsInternetmarketing,thingshavebecomesimple.Now,justbyloggingontothe
Internet,youcancomeacrossamultitudeofonlinebookstoreswhichofferagoodcollectionof
books.Fromfictiontonon-fiction,fromcomicstoaward-winningworks,thereareplentyof
choicestobeseenwhenmakingavisittotheonlinebookshop.
Buyingbooksonlineisafunandchallengingexperience.Therearehundredsifnot
thousandsofonlinebookstorestochoosefromwithhundredstohundredsofthousandsoftitles,
andwiththeadventofsearchengines,anykindofused,neworrarebookscanbefound.
Ifoneonlinebookstoredoesnothavewhatyouwant,thenyouwillbesuretofindanother
onlinebookstorethatdoes.Forexample,ifyouareinterestedinbuyingtextbooksorreference
booksforyourdissertationonline,youwillfindwebsitesthatarecollegestudentoriented,
sponsoredbyuniversitiesandcollegesacrosstheUnitedStates.Ifyou'reinterestedinusedbooks,
youwillalsofindonlinebookstoresthatspecializeinusedanddiscountedbooks.Online
bookstorescatertotheneedsofindividualswhoneeditemsshippedtothemforconvenience.
Carryingsuchvastnumbersoftitles,onlinebookstoreslisttheirbooksconvenientlyby
category.Sosomeofthebookcategoriesyoumayfindare:Biography,Comics/GraphicNovels,
Children'sBooks,Horror,Crime/Thriller/Mystery,Fiction,andalotmore.Youmayalsofind
collectible,antique,andrarebooks,CDsandaudiocassettes,photography,artandmanyother
categoriesaswell.Onlinebookstoresmakesearchingforspecificauthors,titlesorISBNnumbers
easybyallowingyoutotypeinthatauthor,titleorISBNnumberinasearchbartofindwhat
you'relookingfor.Onlinebookstoresalsohavecustomerservicebyphonelineoronlineformif
youhavetroublefindingwhatyou'relookingfor.
Buyingbooksonlinealsogivesyoutheoptiontopurchasebooksthroughauctionwebsites,
whichcandiscountthecostsdramatically.Mostbooksellersbelieveinsatisfactionguaranteesin
ordertocoveranyaccidentallydamagedbooks.Theymayalsohavetheirowncompanypolicies
onexchangesandreturns.Manytimesyoucanfindthattheircustomerserviceisonlyamouse
clickaway.Thisjustenhancesthefactthatbuyingyourbooksonlinewillnotonlysaveyou
moneybutalsotime.
3.SpeakingPractice
1.Giveanoralpresentationonthesummaryofthemainpointsofthelisteningpassage.
Foryourreference
Thekeypoints:
-theappearanceofonlinebookstores
-theexperienceofbuyingbooksonline
-differenceamongonlinebookstores
-advantagesofbuyingbooksonline
2.Discussandcommentontheeffectivenessofeachother'soralpresentation.
3.Workinpairsandtaketurnstoaskandgiveanswersaboutthefollowingtopics:
a.Doyoulikebuyingbooksonline?Whyorwhynot?
b.Whichdoyouprefer,tobuybooksonlineortobuybooksinarealbookstore?Why?
c.Pleaserecommendanonlinebookshoptoyourclassmates.Stateasmanyreasonsas
possibleforyourrecommendation.
Text
1.TextI
(1)Pre-ReadingQuestions
(2)GeneralReading
(3)Background
(4)Text
(5)CommentsontheText
(6)Exercises
2.TextII
TextI
1.Pre-ReadingQuestions
Beforeyoureadthetext,thinkaboutthetitleandtickoffthestatementswhichyouthinkare
likelytotellthecontentofthetext.
1.Doyoulikevisitingbookshops?
2.Whatisusuallyyourpurposeinvisitingabookshop,tobuybooksorjusttobrowseamong
them?
3.Whichdoyouprefertovisit,abookshopwithopenshelvesoronewithclosedshelves?
4.Canyoubrowsethroughbooksifthebookshophasclosedshelves?
5.Whathelpdoyouwanttogetfromabookshopassistant?
2.GeneralReading
Gooverthetextrapidlyandpickoutthewordsorthesentenceineachparagraphwhich
bestsumsupthemainideaoftheparagraph.
Para.1—thefirstsentence
Para.2-thefirstsentence
Para.3—thefirstsentence
Para.4-thefirstsentence
3.Background
1.dust-jacket
Thedust-jacket(sometimesbookjacket,dustwrapperordustcover)ofabookisthedetachable
outercover,usuallymadeofpaperandprintedwithtextandillustrations.Thisoutercoverhas
foldedflapsthatholdittothefrontandbackbookcovers.
2.brass-rubbing
BrassrubbingwasoriginallyalargelyBritishenthusiasmforreproducingontopapermonumental
brasses—commemorativebrassplaquesfoundinchurches,usuallyoriginallyonthefloor,from
betweenthe13thand16thcenturies.Brassrubbingsarecreatedbylayingasheetofpaperontop
ofabrassandrubbingthepaperwithgraphite,wax,orchalk,aprocesssimilartorubbingapencil
overapieceofpaperplacedontopofacoin.
4.Text
OnBuyingBooks
Timespentinabookshopcanbemostenjoyable,whetheryouareabook-loverormerely
theretobuyabookasapresent.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfroma
suddenshower.Whateverthereason,youcansoonbecometotallyunawareofyoursurroundings.
Thedesiretopickupabookwithanattractivedust-jacketisirresistible,althoughthismethodof
selectionoughtnottobefollowed,asyoumightendupwitharatherdullbook.Yousoonbecome
engrossedinsomebookorother,andusuallyitisonlymuchlaterthatyourealizeyouhavespent
fartoomuchlimethereandmustdashofftokeepsomeforgottenappointment—withoutbuying
abook,ofcourse.
Thisopportunitytoescapetherealitiesofeverydaylifeis,Ithink,themainattractionofa
bookshop.Therearenotmanyplaceswhereitispossibletodothis.Amusicshopisverymuch
likeabookshop.Youcanwanderroundsuchplacestoyourheart'scontent.Ifitisagoodshop,no
assistantwillapproachyouwiththeinevitablegreeting:"CanIhelpyou,sir?”Youneedn'tbuy
anythingyoudon'twant.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyou
havefinishedbrowsing.Then,andonlythen,arehisservicesnecessary.Ofcourse,youmaywant
tofindoutwhereaparticularsectionis,butwhenhehasledyouthere,theassistantshouldretire
discreetlyandlookasifheisnotinterestedinsellingasinglebook.
Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop.Itisvery
easytoentertheshoplookingforabookon,say,ancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyof
thelatestbest-sellingnovelandperhapsabookaboutbrass-rubbing—somethingwhichhadonly
vaguelyinterestedyouuptillthen.Thisvolumeonthesubject,however,happenedtobesowell
illustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointeresting,thatyoujusthadtobuyit.This
sortofthingcanbeverydangerous.Apartfromrunningupahugeaccount,youcanwasteagreat
dealoftimewanderingfromsectiontosection.
Book-sellersmustbebothlong-sufferingandindulgent.Thereisastorywhichwell
illustratesthis.Amedicalstudenthadtoreadatext-bookwhichwasfartooexpensiveforhimto
buy.Hecouldn'tobtainitfromthelibraryandtheonlycopyhecouldfindwasinhisbookshop.
Everyafternoon,therefore,hewouldgoalongtotheshopandreadalittleofthebookatatime.
Oneday,however,hewasdismayedtofindthebookmissingfromitsusualplaceandwasabout
toleavewhenhenoticedtheowneroftheshopbeckoningtohim.Expectingtobetoldoff,he
wenttowardshim.Tohissurprise,theownerpointedtothebook,whichwastuckedawayina
comer,“Iputitthereincaseanyonewastemptedtobuyit,“hesaid,andleftthedelightedstudent
tocontinuehisreading.
ByRobertBest(slightlyaltered)
Wordsandphrases:
(1)shelter:n.[uncountable]protectionfromdangerorfromwind,rain,hotsun,etc.
e.g.Theystoodundertheshelterofahugetreewhenitpouredwithrainlastnight.
Provisionofshelterwastheirmainconcernforthedisastervictims.
(2)unaware:a.notnoticingorrealizingwhatishappening
e.g.Shewascompletelyunawareoftherebeinganythingextraordinary.
Mikeseemsunawareofthetroublehe'scausing.
(3)surroundings:n.[plural]theobjects,buildings,naturalthings,etc.thatarearoundapersonor
thingataparticulartime
e.g.Thepolicemanswitchedonthelightandexaminedhissurroundings.
Theprotectivecolorofsomeplantsandanimalschangeswiththeirsurroundings.
(4)irresistible:a.soattractiveanddesirablethatonecannotpreventhimselffromwantingit;too
strongorpowerfultobestoppedorprevented
e.g.Thestrivingforpeaceandcooperation,andthepromotionofdevelopmenthavebecome
irresistiblehistoricaltrends.
Boththepresentationandvarietyofgoodsforsalemakeshoppingirresistible.
(5)endupwith:finishwiththepossessionofsomeoneorsomethingorinthecompanyof
someoneorsomething
e.g.Weendupwithnothingafteralltheseyears,andthafsyourfault.
IthoughtmydatewaswithSally,butIendedupwithhertwinsister.
(6)engrossed:a.givingormarkedbycompleteattentionto
e.g.Myfatherwasdeeplyengrossedinthebookforthewholenight.
Studentstendtoneglectschoolworkoncetheygetengrossedinactivitiesasonline
gaming.
(7)dash:ugoorrunsomewhereveryquickly
e.g.Imustdashupstairsandrunacombthroughmyhairsincethepartyistobeginvery
soon.
Thesecretarydashedintoheroffice,grabbedherbag,andranoutagain.
(8)wander:v.walkslowlyacrossoraroundanarea,usuallywithoutacleardirectionorpurpose
e.g.Thosewhodonothaverelativestoreturntoarelefttowanderthestreetsandsleep
rough.
Hetoldusthatwecouldwanderaroundatwill.
(9)toone'sheart'scontent:asmuchasonelikesorwants,toone'sentiresatisfactionandwithout
limitation
e.g.Shetookrefugeinthelibrary,whereshecouldreadtoherhearfscontent.
Sincewedidn'thavetoputonafalsefront,wecouldlaughabouttheincidenttoour
heart'scontent.
(10)approach:v.movetowardsornearerto,getcloserto
e.g.Youmustapproachthebirdveryquietlyoritwillflyaway.
Aspeopleapproacholdage,theirenergiesmaydiminish.
(11)inevitable:a.certaintohappenandimpossibletoavoid
e.g.Borrowingwordisaninevitablelinguisticphenomenonincommunicationbetween
differentcultures.
Stressisinevitableandnoonecaneverbestress-free.
(12)remain:v.stayinthesameplacewithoutmovingaway
e.g.Toeveryone'sgreatsurprise,suchahealthypersonshouldremaininthehospitalfora
solidmonth.
Thesoldierswereinstructedtoremainwheretheywere.
(13)browse:v.lookthroughthepagesofabook,magazine,etc.withoutaparticularpurpose,just
lookingatthemostinterestingparts
e.g.Whydon'tyousitdownatthattableandbrowsethroughthepaper?
Peoplecanbrowsetheclassifiedadvertisementsinthenewspaperforsome
information.
(14)section:n.oneofthepartsthatsomethingsuchasanobjectorplaceisdividedinto
e.g.Thissectionofthemarkethasslowlydeclinedinimportance.
Youwillfindthatbookinthehistoricalsectionofthelibrary.
(15)retire:v.goawaytoaquietplace
e.g.EisenhowerlefttheWhiteHouseandretiredtohisfarminGettysburg.
Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleretiretothecountry,wheretheycanenjoypeaceand
freshair.
(16)discreetly:ad.doingorsayinginapoliteandcarefulwaytoavoidembarrassingoroffending
someone
e.g.Itookthephone,andshewentdiscreetlyintothelivingroom.
Theywereallproudstudents,sotheteacherdiditdiscreetly.
(17)variety:n.thingsofthesametypethataredifferentfromeachotherinsomeway
e.g.Theguestsfromtheneighbourhoodareamazedbythevarietyofplantsintheregion.
Manhadachievedaremarkableunderstandingofawidevarietyofnaturalphenomena.
(18)vaguely:ad.notclearlyorexactly
e.g.Thenamesoundedvaguelyfamiliartoher.
Hewondereduneasilywhatitmeant,andbegantofeelvaguelyapprehensive.
(19)illustrate:v.makethemeaningofsomethingclearerbygivingexamples
e.g.Letmegiveanexampletoillustratethepoint.
Icancitequiteafewinstancestoillustrate.
(20)apartfrom:exceptfor
e.g.Apartfromafewwords,heknowsnothingaboutChinese.
Apartfromthelittleinfectionhehadcaughtinhishometown,hishealthwassound.
(21)indulgent:a.willingtoallowsomeone,especiallyachild,todoorhavewhatevertheywant,
evenifthisisnotgoodforthem
e.g.Weallthinkheistooindulgentwithhischildren.
Mr.GreenisindulgentofothersJshortcomings.
(22)obtain:v.getorachievewhatonewants,especiallythroughhisowneffort,skill,orwork
e.g.Youwillneedtoobtainpermissionfromtheprincipal.
Theperfectbodyhasalwaysbeendifficulttoobtain.
(23)dismayed:a.worried,disappointed,andupsetwhensomethingunpleasanthappens
e.g.Theyweredismayedthatthedemonstrationhadbeenallowedtotakeplace.
Hewasastonished,butbynomeansdismayed.
(24)beckon:v.makeasignaltosomeonewithyourhand,toshowthatyouwantthemtocome
towardsyouortofollowyou
e.g.Shebeckonedtohimandhewentintoheroffice.
Icouldseemyhusbandbeckoningme.
(25)tuck:uputsomethingintoasmallspace,especiallyinordertoprotect,hide,carry,orholdit
e.g.Hetooktheglassesoffandtuckedtheminhispocket.
Tuckabagofraisinsinyourpurseorbagforaneasysnack.
(26)tempt:v.attractandmakesb.wantsomething,eventhoughitmaybewrongorharmful
e.g.No由ingcantemptmetodosucha由ing.
Ishouldn'thaveletyoutemptmeintotalkingoftheolddays.
(27)delighted:a.verypleasedandhappy
e.g.Iamverydelightedtohearthenewsofyoursuccess.
Helookedatthehonestparents,withtheirdelightedchildrenlaughingandclapping
theirhands.
Notes
1.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfromasuddenshower.
youmightendupwitharatherdullbook.
...youmaywanttofindoutwhereaparticularsectionis...
Mayisusedtoexpresspossibility
e.g.Theymaybesittinginapublichouse.
Buttheymaybeontheirwaytothetheatre.
Theymayneverhaveintendedtoturnupattheparly.
Theymightnothave,buttheysoundedsokeen.
Theymaynotcome.
Theymightnotcome,butIthinktheywill.
Endupwithorinsomething
getsomethingorgetintosomestateeventhoughonedidnotoriginallyintendtoget/getintoit
e.g.Hemeanttopaintaportraitforher,butheendedupwithonlyasketch.
Don'tloafawayyourtime,oryou'llendupinfailure.
2.Whateverthereason,youcansoonbecometotallyunawareofyoursurroundings.
Whatever—Itdoesn'tmatterwhat(ornomatterwhat);Idon'tcarewhat
Whateverthereason—Whateverthereasonitmaybe
e.g.Dowhatyouthinkisright,whatevertheymaysay.
Whateverthetime,1amtoowideawaketogotobedyet.
3....mustdashofftokeepsomeforgottenappointment...
Book-sellersmustbebothlong-stifferingandindulgent.
1)Mustintheabovesentencesexpressesobligation.
e.g.Theseticketsareusedones.Youmustpaythefullfare.
Ifyoudon'tpaythefine,Imustwritedownyournameandaddress.
2)Mustcanalsobeusedtoexpresslogicalprobability.
e.g.Peoplewhotravelfirstclasseverydaymusthecomfortablyoff.
Heisbothcompetentandwell-read.Hemustbeadmiredbyhisstudents.
3)Thepastformofmustinthismeaningismusthave+-edparticiple.
e.g.Thegroundiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.
Shemusthaveworkedveryhard.Nowsheisoneofthetopstudentsinourclass.
4)Thenegativeformofmustinthismeaningisexpressedbycani.
e.g.Shemustbemistaken.Thatcan7betrue.
Hemustbeherbrother.Hecan'tbetheonlychild.
5)Thenegativeformofmusthave+-edparticipleisexpressedbycan'thave+-ed
participle.
e.g.Shecan?havelostherwaybecauseshehasamap.
Ican'thavesentthelettertothewrongaddress.Irememberwritingthecorrect
address.
Anappointmentisanarrangementforameetingatanagreedtimeand/orplace.Youmaymakean
appoint/neni(与人约会),keepanappointmentorbreakanappointment
long-suffering:patientinspiteofdifficulty有耐
indulgent:treatingpeoplewithspecialkindness宽容
4.andmustdashofftokeepsomeforgottenappointment...
...andleftthedelightedstudenttocontinuehisreading.
Throughcommonusage,some-ingand-edparticipleshavecometobeusedasregular
adjectives.Theyhaveallthecharacteristicsofadjectives,thustheycanbeusedattributivelyor
predicatively;theycanbemodifiedbyadverbslikevery,too,quite;theircomparativeisformed
byaddingmoreandtheirsuperlativebyaddingmost.
e.g.Hetoldusaveryamusingstory.
Henryisthemostpromisingstudentinourclass.
Heistootiredtofallasleepeasily.
Forestfiresareusuallycausedbysomebrokenglassandcigaretteends.
5.escapetherealitiesofeverydaylife
getawayfromwhathappenseveryday,bothpleasantandunpleasantexperiences
,,
Escape,whosebasicmeaningis“getfree5"keepfreemaybeusedinvarious
contexts.
e.g.Let'sgotoaquietcomertoescapethecrowd.
Thecanaryhasescapedfromitscage.
Jack'stelephonenumberescapesmeforthemoment(i.e.,Ican'trecallit).
6.Youneedn7buyanythingyoudon'twant.
1)needn?=don'thaveto,don'tneedto.Needn'Iexpressesabsenceofobligation.
e.g.Youneedn'tdothewholeexercisenow.Youcanfinishitathome.
Sheneednftwritetohimbecausehehasalreadyheardthenews.
2)Thepastformofneedn'tisdidn'tneedto.
e.g.TherewereplentyofemptyseatsonthebussoIdidn'tneedtostandalltheway.
Sinceshehelpedwiththeheavybag,Ididn'tneedtotakeataxi.
3)Thealternativepastformofdidn'tneedto=needn'thave+-edparticiple.Itisusedwhen
anactionhasbeenunnecessarilydone.
e.g.Youneedn\havedonethewashing-upalone.Iwouldhavehelpedyougladlyifyou
hadaskedmeto.
Theyneedn?havewaitedforusintherain.
7.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyouhavefinished
browsing.
Apartfromrunningupahugeaccount,youcanwasteagreatdealoftime...
Thewordsandphrasesinitalicsare-ingparticiplesusedasnounsornounphraseswith
whichyouarefamiliar.
Hereisasummaryoftheprincipalusesofthe-ingparticiplesusedasnounsandnoun
modifiers.
1)Asthesubjectofasentence
e.g.Hersingingdelightedtheaudience.
Smokingisnotallowedinthereading-room.
2)Asthecomplementofasentence
e.g.Theonlythingthatinterestsmeissinging.
Hisjobatthattimewassellingnewspapers.
3)Astheobjectofaverb
e.g.Irememberseeinghimsomewhere.
Haveyoufinishedbrowsing?
4)Astheobjectofapreposition
e.g.Hedashedofftokeepsomeforgottenappointmentwithoutbuyingabook.
Abook-sellershouldlookasifheisnotinterestedinsellingasinglehook.
5)Asanounmodifier
e.g.Theoldmanwithawalking-stickismyuncle.
Hestartedoffthenextmorningwithatravelling-baginonehandandapencil-thin
rolledblackumbrellaintheother.
Note
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