静压桩施工外文翻译文献

静压桩施工外文翻译文献静压桩概述静压桩法施工是通过静力压桩机的压桩机构以压桩机自重和机架上的配重提供反力而将桩压入土中的沉桩工艺，这种压桩方法完全避免了锤击打桩所产生的振动、噪音和污染，因此施工时具有无噪音、无振动、无冲击力、无污染等优点。

液压静压桩属于挤土桩。桩在压入过程中对周围土体进行排挤，使地基的侧向应力增加，从而导致土的密度的增加。它的挤土效应取决于桩截面的几何形状和压桩力。一般来说，采用静压桩工艺的地基土含水量较高，孔隙比较大，在桩受垂直静压过程中，桩尖直接使土产生冲剪破坏，伴随或先发生沿桩身土体的直接剪切破坏，从而也产生了超孔隙水压力，扰动了土体结构，使桩周约一倍桩径土体的抗剪强度降低，发生严重软化(粘性土)或稠化(粉土、砂土)，出现土的重塑现象，从而可连续地将静压桩送入很深的地基土层中。静力压桩施工法早在20世纪60年代在上海开始研究应用，到20世纪80年代，随着压桩机械的发展和环保意识的增强进一步得到推广，到到20世纪90年代，压桩机实现了系列化，既可施压预制方桩，也可施压预应力管桩，目前在全国许多城市得到了广泛应用。1、静压桩的简介全名锚杆静压桩:桩基础的一种，采用的方法是采用静力压桩机压桩，工作原理与锤击截然相反，主要优点是没有噪声。2、静压桩的施工特点静压力桩法施工时无噪声、无振动、无冲击力、施工应力小。可以减小打桩振动对地基和临近建筑物的影响，桩顶不易损害，不易产生偏心，节约制桩材料和降低工程成本，且能在沉桩施工中测定沉桩阻力，为设计、施工提供参数，预估和验证桩的承载力。静压力桩机有机械式和液压式两种。（1）机械静压力桩机械静压力桩机是利用钢桩架及附属设备重量、配置，通过卷扬机的牵引，由钢丝绳滑轮及压梁将整个压桩机重量传至桩顶，将桩段逐节压入土中，压桩架一般高16~20m，静压力400~800KN。接头采用焊接法或硫磺胶泥锚接法。压桩时，由卷扬机牵引，使压桩架就位，吊首节桩至压桩位置，桩顶由桩架固定，下端由滑轮夹持，开动卷扬机，将桩压入土中至露出地面2m左右，再将第二节桩接上，要求接桩的弯曲度不大于1%，然后继续压入，如此反复操作至全部桩段压入土中。（2）液压静压力桩液压式静压力桩机由压桩机构、行走机构及起吊机构三部分组成。压桩时，先用起吊机构将桩吊入到压桩机主机部位后，用液压夹桩器将桩头夹紧，开动压桩油缸将桩压入土中，接着回程再吊上第二节桩，用硫磺胶泥接桩后，继续压入，反复操作至全部桩段压入土中。然后开动行走机构，移至下一个桩位继续压桩。液压式静压力压桩机的静压力为800~1600KN。3、静压桩施工方法（1）机械设备进场1.设备选择：根据所施工桩型和设计要求承载力选择相应吨位静压桩桩机。本工程选择600T静压桩机。2.设备进场：静压桩机从异地拆散后用运营车运到施工现场，在现场进行安装调试。进场日期根据甲方要求确定。3.设备调试：静压桩机进场安装后，对油路、线路进行调试。调试后检查抱桩器，施工前必须先吊起一根桩测试抱桩器对桩身是否有损坏。4.设备调试完毕后，挪移到施工区域附近等待施工。（2）材料进场1.材料的摆放：预制桩进场后摆放在枕木或其它物体上，不能直接摆放在地面。注意摆放平整性，保持桩身的完整。预制桩应摆放在便于施工运输的区域内。2.材料的检查：预制桩摆放平整后，对桩身的完整性进行检查，用钢尺测量长度，观察桩的外观。3.材料的吊放：起吊预制桩时注意吊点，防止起吊过程中对桩身的损害。（3）桩位放线1.桩位放线依据：建设单位提供的放线依据和设计图纸要求。2.桩位放线：依据放线依据采用经纬仪、钢尺，以通视测量法放出轴线、桩位，确保轴线、桩位的位置准确。3.桩位检测：放出桩位后，填写放线记录与技术复核，报请总包、监理验收，验收通过后，准备开始施工。4．桩位复测：施工期间对桩位定期复测，如发现问题会同有关人员及时处理解决。（4）压施过程1.预制桩的起吊：在吊放预制桩前进行垂直校正。预制桩在起吊、运输和安装中应采取措施防止变形，起吊点应设在合理部位。2.预制桩的对位：吊放时应对准桩位轻放、慢放、严禁高起猛落，强行下放，防止倾斜、弯折或碰撞。对位时下面指挥人员要与操作人员及时沟通，对位要准确无误。对位后经总包、监理验收后开始压桩。3．预制桩水准的控制：利用水准仪根据建设方提供水准点在送桩器上作好标志，每挪动一次水准仪必须重新做标志。压施过程中有专人盯水准仪，控制送桩深度。4．预制桩垂直度的控制：压施过程中有专人利用经纬仪或线坠控制预制桩的垂直度，随时注意调整。5.压桩时，应始终保持桩轴心受压，若有偏移应立即纠正。6.接桩应保证上下节桩轴线一致。7.施工中，若压阻力超过压桩能力使桩架上抬或倾斜时，应立即停压，查明原因，有可能桩尖遇到厚砂层等使阻力增大。发生这种情况时，可以用最大压桩力作用于桩顶，采用忽停忽开的办法，使桩缓慢下沉，穿过砂层。8．静压桩机的挪位：压施后静压机挪位时防止桩位变形，及时对桩位进行复测。4、静压桩的沉桩机理：静压桩沉桩机理沉桩施工时，桩尖“刺入”土体中时原状土的初应力状态受到破坏，造成桩尖下土体的压缩变形，土体对桩尖产生相应阻力，随着桩贯入压力的增大，当桩尖处土体所受应力超过其抗剪强度时，土体发生急剧变形而达到极限破坏，土体产生塑性流动（粘性土）或挤密侧移和下拖（砂土），在地表处，粘性土体会向上隆起，砂性土则会被拖带下沉。在地面深处由于上覆土层的压力,土体主要向桩周水平方向挤开，使贴近桩周处土体结构完全破坏。由于较大的辐射向压力的作用也使邻近桩周处土体受到较大扰动影响，此时，桩身必然会受到土体的强大法向抗力所引起的桩周摩阻力和桩尖阻力的抵抗，当桩顶的静压力大于沉桩时的这些抵抗阻力，桩将继续“刺入”下沉。反之，则停止下沉。5、静压桩注意事项近几年来，预应力管桩由于其具有施工工期短、单位承载力及造价较低等优点，在粤东地区得到了迅猛发展及推广应用。同时由于锤击法施工在环保等方面的缺点日益突出，故而静压法施工越来越普遍，由此而引发的许多关于静压管桩的质量安全技术问题也倍受人们的关注。（1）静压管桩的优缺点静压法施工是通过静力压桩机的压桩机构自重和桩架上的配重作反力将预制桩压人土中的一种成桩工艺。下面简要谈谈预应力管桩中静压法施工有哪些优缺点。1．主要优点(1)低噪声、无振动、无污染，可以24小时连续施工，缩短建设工期，创造时间效益，从而降低工程造价；(2)施工速度很快，同时场地整洁、施工文明程度高；(3)由于送桩器与工程桩桩头的接触面吻合较好，送桩器在送桩过程中不会左右晃动和上下跳动，因而可以送桩较深，基础开挖后的截去量少；(4)施工中由于压桩引起的应力较小，且桩身在施工过程中不会出现拉应力，桩头一般都完好无损，复压较为容易。2．主要缺点(1)仍然具有挤土效应，对周围建筑环境及地下管线有一定的影响，要求边桩中心到相邻建筑物的间距较大；(2)施工场地的地耐力要求较高，在新填土、淤泥土及积水浸泡过的场地施工易陷机；(3)过大的压桩力(夹持力)易将管桩桩身夹破夹碎，或使管桩出现纵向裂缝；(4)不宜在地下障碍物或孤石较多的场地施工。6、结语虽然目前静压管桩工程实践经验尚不够丰富，但随着静压管桩技术的广泛应用和发展，以及人们对静压管桩的理论研究和工程实践经验的不断积累，相信静压管桩技术应用水平将会不断地得到提高。原文：StaticpressurepileOverviewConstructionmethodofstaticpressurepileisthepilepressingmechanismthroughthestaticpilepressingmachinewithpressurebalancepilemachineweightandtheframewithforceandpiletechnologyofpilesoil,thepilepressingmethodcompletelyavoidsthevibration,noiseandpollutioncausedbypiledrivinghammer,soconstructionhastheadvantagesofnonoise,novibration,noimpact,nopollutionetc..Hydraulicstaticpiletosoilcompactionpile.Pileispressedintothecrowdingoutofthesurroundingsoilprocess,makethefoundationofthelateralstressincrease,resultinginincreasedsoildensity.Thesqueezingeffectdependsonthecrosssectionofthepilegeometryandpressureofpile.Ingeneral,thefoundationsoilbystaticpressurepiletechnologywithhighwatercontent,poreisrelativelylarge,thepileunderverticalstaticloadofpiletipsoil,directlytoproducepunchingshearfailure,accompaniedbyorfirstdirectshearalongthepileofsoildamage,thusalsoproducesexcessporewaterpressure,disturbancetothesoilstructure,makethepileshearstrengthdecreasedbyaboutonetimesthediameterofpilesoil,serioussoftening(clay)orthickening(silt,sand),appearremodelingsoil,whichcancontinuouslybefoundationsoilpileintothedeep.StaticpressurepilemethodintheearlynineteensixtiesinShanghaibegantoresearchandapplication,tothenineteeneighties,alongwiththefurtherpromotionandenhancethedevelopmentofpilingmachineryandenvironmentalprotectionconsciousness,tonineteenninties,pilingmachineseries,whichcanbepressedprecastpile,alsocanbepressureprestressedpipepile,getwidelyusedinmanycityinthecountryatpresent.1,Thestaticpressurepile.Thefullnameofanchorstaticpressurepile:apilefoundation,themethodistheuseofhydraulicstaticpiledriver,principleandhammerhittheopposite,themainadvantageisthatthereisnonoise.2,TheconstructioncharacteristicsofstaticpressurepileStaticpressurepilemethodconstructionofnonoise,novibration,noimpactforce,theconstructionstress.Canreducetheinfluenceofpilingvibrationonthegroundandtheadjacentbuildings,thepiletopisnoteasytodamage,noteasytogenerateeccentric,pilematerialsavingandreducetheengineeringcost,andcaninthepilingconstructionindeterminationofsinkingpileresistance,providingthedesignparameters,construction,bearingcapacitypredictionandverificationofpile.Staticpressurepilemachinehastwokindsofmechanicalandhydraulic.(1)MechanicalstaticpressurepileMechanicalstaticpressurepilemachineistheuseofsteelpileframeandtheweightoftheauxiliaryequipment,configuration,throughthetractionwinch,consistsofawireropepulleyandbeamthepilepressingmachineweighttothepiletop,thepilesectionbysectionarepressedintosoil,pileframegenerallyhigh16~20m,staticpressure400~800KN.Jointbyweldingorsulfurmortaranchorconnection.Pile,towedbyawinch,thepilepressingframeinthefirstquarter,hangingpiletopileposition,pilebypileframeisfixed,thelowerendofthepulleyclamping,startthewinch,thepilesoiltostickingoutofthegroundabout2m,andthenthesecondsectionpileup,bendingisalittlepilesplicingrequirementsin1%,andthencontinuetopress,repeatthisoperationuntilallthepilesegmentarepressedintosoil.(2)ThehydraulicstaticpressurepileHydraulicstaticpressurepilemachineconsistsofapilepressingmechanism,arunningmechanismandaliftingmechanismthreeparts.Pile,firstwiththeliftingmechanismofthepileishungintothepilemachineparts,pilethepileheadclampinghydraulicclamp,useapilepressingoilcylinderpushesthepileintothesoil,thenreturnagainontheseconddayhangingpile,withsulfurplasterpilesplicing,continuetopress,operationisrepeateduntilallpilesoilpressure.Thenstartwalkingmechanism,movetothenextpiletopile.Staticpressureofhydraulicstaticpressurepiledriverfor800~1600KN.3,Thestaticpressurepileconstructionmethod(1)Mechanicalequipmentapproach1Theequipmentselection:accordingtotheconstructionofpiletypeandcapacitydesignrequirementstoselecttheappropriateTonnageStaticPressurePilemachine.600Tstaticpressurepilemachineselectionoftheproject.2Equipmentapproach:thestaticpressurepilemachineapartfromdifferentaftertheoperationofthecaristransportedtotheconstructionsite,installationandcommissioningonsite.EntrydateisdeterminedaccordingtotherequirementsofPartyA.3Theequipmentdebugging:staticpilepressenterafterinstallation,debuggingofcircuit,circuit.Afterdebuggingcheckskirtpilegripper,mustfirstliftapiletestingpileembracingdevicedamageofpilebodyisbeforeconstruction.4Equipmentcommissioningiscompleted,totheconstructionareanearbyandwaitfortheconstruction.(2)ThematerialapproachPut1Materials:PrecastPilesinplacedinthesleeperorotherobjects,cannotbedirectlyplacedintheground.Payattentiontothedisplaysmoothness,maintaintheintegrityofpile.Precastpileshouldbeplacedintheconvenienttransportationarea.2Materialinspection:PrecastPilesplacedflat,checktheintegrityofthepilebody,withtherulertomeasurethelengthofpile,theappearanceof.3Material:theliftingprefabricatedpilewhentheattentionofhangingpoints,topreventdamagetothepilebodyliftingprocess.(3)Pilepositionline1Pilepositionlinebasis:constructionunitsinthedischargelinebasisandtherequirementsofdesigndrawings.2Pilepositionline:accordingtothetheodolite,therulerlinebasis,withvisibilitymeasurementreleaseaxis,pilespacing,pileaxis,toensurethepositionaccuracy.3Piledetection:releasepile,filllinerecordsandtechnicalreview,submittedtothecontractor,supervisionandacceptance,acceptanceby,readytostartconstruction.4Pilerepetitionmeasurement:duringtheconstructionofpileregularretest,iffoundinconjunctionwiththerelevantpersonneltosolve.(4)PressureprocessLifting1precastpile:verticalcorrectioninprecastpilebeforedipping.Precastpileinhoisting,transportationandinstallationofmeasuresshouldbetakentopreventdeformation,liftingpointsshallbearrangedintheproperposition.Para2precastpile:dippingwiththequasipilewithcare,slowdown,nohighdrop-from-meng,forceddecentralization,preventtilting,bendingorcollision.Thefollowingcommandpersonnelpositioningtocommunicatewiththeoperator,counterpointtoaccurate.Paraafterpackage,supervisionandacceptanceafterthestartofpile.3Prefabricatedcontrolpilelevel:thelevelinstrumentaccordingtotheconstructionofpartyprovidesthebenchmarkforsignsinthepilefeeder,everymovealevelmustbetosign.Pressureinthecourseoftheapplicationisatlevel,tocontrolthedepthofpile.Controlof4precastpileverticality:pressureinthecourseoftheapplicationisusingthetheodoliteorlinedropcontroltheverticalityofprecastpile,keepadjusting.5Pile,shouldalwayskeepthepileaxialcompression,ifanydeviationshouldbecorrectedimmediately.6Pilesplicingshallensurethattheupperandlowersectionsofthepileaxisconsistency.7Theconstruction,ifthepressureexceedsthepressurepiletopileframeliftortilt,shouldimmediatelystopthepressure,tofindoutthereason,islikelytoencounterthicksandpiletipresistanceincreases.Whenthisoccurs,youcanusethemaximumpilepressingforceactingonthepiletop,thesuddenlystoporopenway,makethepilesinkingslowly,throughthesand.8Staticpressurepilemachinemoved:preventthepiledeformationpressureappliedstaticpressmoved,timelytopileretest.4,Pilesinkingmechanismofstaticpressurepile:Staticpressurepilesinkingmechanismofpileconstruction,piletip"stab"soilinundisturbedsoilinitialstressstateisdestroyed,causethecompressivedeformationofsoilunderthepiletipsoilonthepiletip,correspondingwiththeincreaseofpilepenetrationresistance,pressure,whenthetipofthepileisstressedbeyonditstheshearstrengthofsoil,sharpdeformationandultimatefailure,theplasticflowofsoil(clay)orcompactionsideshiftanddrag(sand),onthesurface,thesoilwillbeupward,sandysoilwillbetoweddown.Duginthegroundbecauseofoverburdenpressure,soilaroundpilemainlytothehorizontaldirectionoutoftheway,soclosetothepilesoilstructuredestroyedat.Becauseofthegreaterradiationtotheadjacentsoilpressureatthepileunderlargerdisturbance,atthistime,tipresistanceofpilefrictionandthepilepowerfulpilemustbeaffectedbythesoiltotheresistancecausedbytheresistanceofpiletop,whenthestaticpressureisgreaterthanthepiledrivingtheseresistance,pilewillcontinueto"stab"sinking.Onthecontrary,itstoppedsinking.5,ThestaticpressurepilenoteInrecentyears,prestressedpipepileduetoitsshortconstructionperiod,theunitcapacityandlowcostadvantages,hasbeentherapiddevelopmentandapplicationintheeasternregion.Atthesametimeasthehammeringmethodinconstructionofenvironmentalprotectionandotheraspectsoftheshortcomingshavebecomeincreasinglyprominent,sothestaticpressuremethodconstructionisbecomingmoreandmorecommon,whichcausedmanyofthestaticqualitysecurityproblemshaveattractedmuchattention.(1)TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofstaticpressurepileThestaticpressuremethodconstructionisthroughthestaticpilepressingmachinepressurepilebodyweightandonthepileframematchesredoesthereactionwillbeapileofprecastpilepressureprocessinsoil.Abrieftalkabouttheprestressedpipepileinthestaticpressuremethodconstructionofwhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof.1Majoradvantages(1)Lownoise,novibration,nopollution,canbe24hoursofcontinuousconstruction,shortentheconstructionperiod,thecreationofthetimeefficiency,th