2023年考研外语考试题目及答案3

考研外语考试题目及答案3

一、UseofEnglish

1、SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey'sapplicationto

jointheEuropeanUnion,tobe(1)onbytheEU'sCouncil

ofMinistersonDecember17th,areeconomic—inparticular,the

country,srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthana

thirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2022membersoftheEU.

(2)itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia一oneofthetennew

memberswhich(3)onMay1st2022,anditismuchthesame

as(4)oftwocountries,BulgariaandRomania,whichthis

weekconcluded(5)talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethem

ful1membersonJanuary1st2022.

(6),thecountry，srecenteconomicprogresshasbeen,

accordingtoDonaldJohnston,thesecretary-generaloftheOECD,

stunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higher

thanayearearlier,a(7)ofgrowththatnoEUcountry

comescloseto(8).Turkey's(9)ratehasjustfallen

intosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972,andthisweek

thecountry(10)agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year,

$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey(11)

inflationtowardEuropeanlevels,andenhancetheeconomy's

resilience.

Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry'seconomic

strongpoint.(12),throughoutthe1990sgrowth

oscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram(13)aviolentheart

attack.This(14)hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythe

countryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeign

directinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernow

thanitwasinthe1980s,andannual(15)havescarcely

everreached$1billion.

Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto(16)on

January1st2022.Onthatday,Turkeywilltakeawaytheright

ofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesa

millionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueof

thelira(里拉，货币单位);oneunitofthelocal(17)will

henceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow—i.e.,about0.53

(0.53欧元).Goodswillhavetobe(18)inboththenew

andoldliraforthewholeoftheyear,(19)foreign

bankersand(20)canbegintolookforwardtoatimein

Turkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywith

indeterminatestringsofzeros.

A.decided

B.voted

C.elected

D.appointed

2、(2)

A.But

B.So

C.Though

D.While

3、(3)

A.presented

B.attended

C.joined

D.participated

4、⑷

A.that

B.which

C.those

D.these

5、⑸

A.application

B.accession

C.reception

D.negotiation

6、(6)

A.Unfortunately

B.However

C.Therefore

D.Furthermore

7、(7)

A.ratio

B.rate

C.rhythm

D.rhyme

8、(8)

A.approaching

B.surpassing

C.matching

D.succeeding

9、(9)

A.inflation

B.interest

C.investment

D.tariff

10、(10)

A.claimed

B.reached

C.concluded

D.achieved

11、(11)

A.reduce

B.drop

C.shrink

D.descend

12、(12)

A.Instead

B.Indeed

C.Accordingly

D.Surprisingly

13、(13)

A.manifesting

B.accounting

C.recording

D.photocopying

14、(14)

A.mobility

B.flexibility

C.stability

D.irregularity

15、(15)

A.inflows

B.imports

C.exports

D.outputs

16、(16)

A.revive

B.remain

C.disappear

D.discharge

17、(17)

A.current

B.currency

C.stock

D.share

18、(18)

A.priced

B.labeled

C.claimed

D.exchanged

19、(19)

A.though

B.but

C.for

D.since

20、(20)

A.merchants

B.travelers

C.investors

D.executives

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Aboutthree-quartersofAmericans,accordingtosurveys,think

thecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthe

publicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBush,and

anevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.Themediaareexcited

abouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningfor

Presidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublic

disgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.

2022?Yes.Butalso1992.Themaindifferencebetweenthetwo

situationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—and

saner一thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:the

Americanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.The

widespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthe

countryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecade

featuredimpressiveeconomicgrowth,afallingcrimerate,

successfulreform,ofthewelfaresystemandareasonably

peacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren'tsobadinthefirst

place,orperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticians,

likeBillClinton,RudyGiulianiandNewtGingrich,whowere

abletodealwiththeproblems.But,inanycase,thecountry

gotbackoncourse.That;snottosayallwaswellinthe1990s,

especiallyinforeignpolicy.Responsibilitiesinplaces

rangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirked,and

gatheringdangersweren'tdealtwith.Still,thesour

complaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—oh,myGod,thebudget

deficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.

What'smore,thefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbe

atthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegration

turnedouttobewrong.Indeed,thedirepredictionswere

renderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewere,

in1992,reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-war

victory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...well,moody.

Todaywe'remoodyagain.Weareobviouslyfightingadifficult

and,untilrecently,badlymanagedwarinIraq,whoseoutcome

isuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italso

doesn'thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableof

dealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigration,anenergypolicy

andhealthcare.Still,isthegeneralfeelingthateverything

isgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15

yearsago?

Notreally.Thinkofitthisway:Haveeventsingeneralgone

betterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.

12,2022?There,sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereinthe

U.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeoreven

intheMiddleEast.We'vehad5.5yearsofrobusteconomic

growth,lowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.Social

indicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableor

improving—abortions,teenagebirthsandteenagedruguseare

downandeducationscoresareupabit.

AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9-11,ithasnotproduced

theresultssomeofushopedfor,andtherearemanylegitimate

criticismsoftheBushAdministration，sperformance.But,in

fact,despitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandright

(including,occasionally,me),theworldseemstopresentthe

usualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandheartening

developments.

Thekeyquestion,ofcourse,isthefateofIraq.Adecent

outcome一thedefeatofalamedainwhatithasmadethecentral

frontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecan

bepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime一seemstome

achievable,ifwedon，tloseournervehereathome.With

successinIraq,progresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbe

easier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeans

necessarilygrim.

Accordingtothetext,whatmighthavehappenedin1992?

A.TheAmericanshadunwarrantedpessimismabouttheirstate

affairs.

B.Awealthybusinessmanmadehiswayintothewhitehouse.

C.Sloweconomicprogresswithpoliticalcrisesprevailedthe

US.

D.Themediawereunhappyaboutbusinessmanrunningforthe

office.

2、

Accordingtotheauthor,thepresentpessimismintheUSis

mainlydueto

A.theirchronicbadmood.

B.theuncertainprospectinIraq.

C.theincapablepoliticalsystem.

D.theunpromisingpresidentcandidates.

3、

Thephrase"goingtothedogs”(paragraph3)mostprobablymeans

A.becomingworse.

B.becominglazier.

C.becomingcrazier.

D.becomingeasier.

4、

TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositive

outcomesinIraqif

A.enoughsecuritycanbeobtainedafterthewaronterrorism.

B.troopsinIraqtakenofurthermilitaryactions.

C.arepresentativeregimeisestablishedthroughpeaceful

means.

D.peopleintheUSremaincalmandreasonable.

5、

Theauthor，sattitudetowardsthepresentsituationintheUS

is

A.confused.

B.uncertain.

C.optimistic.

D.pessimistic.

6、Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanies

whoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreaterextent

thanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy'svitalitydependson

thefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhood

servicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewith

fewerthan100workers,nowemploynearly60percentofthework

forceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnewjobsbetween

nowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmal1firmshaveopened

theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989

willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffon

theirown.

Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeahead

unprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheir

productsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryone

willunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccess

requires.Midcareerexecutives,forcedbyatakeoverora

restructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwayto

supportthemselves,maysavortheideaofbeingtheirownboss

butmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastfora

while,bebookkeeperandreceptionist,too.AccordingtoSmall

BusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businesses

startingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyears,

and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By

1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.A

newstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmerican

ExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,

suggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up,77

percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most

creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusiness

theyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworked

withthesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.

Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviously

critical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm'shealth

initsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwel1itwillage.

Youmasttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpand,

small-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofa

stagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefully

pourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprise,preferringnot

toacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfor

theiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporated,orthatthey

mustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhen

thefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessofthe

illness,andbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.

Frequentchecksofyourfirm'svitalsignswillalsoguideyou

toasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunity,youmust

spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarkets,add

productsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.

Accordingtothetext,themaindifferencebetweena

multinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesin

A.theproportionofworkforce.

B.thefrequencyappearedontheheadlines.

C.thenumberoftheworkers.

D.thewayofopeningabusiness.

7、

Wemayconcludefromthetextthat

A.thefutureofthesmallbusinessesispromisingand

undoubtedlyencouraging.

B.allthosewholeavetheirjobswillbeabossofasmall

business.

C.everyoneshouldlookbeforetheyleapwhentheydecide

managingsmallbusiness.

D.thesuccessofsmallbusinesssolelydependsonthebosses

whoperform,theirlastjobs.

8、

Whenopeningsmallbusinesses,themostimportantthingfor

small-businessownerstodois

A.tomakeathoroughanalysisonthemarket,

B.toinvestmuchmoremoneyinsmallbusiness.

C.tocutdowntheworkers'wages,

D.tothinkcarefullyabouttheinternalspecificconditions

inthesmallenterprises,

9、

Inarecentresearch,afterthreeyears,small

enterpriseswillhealiveamong3,000smallbusinesses.

A.morethan60

B.morethan51

C.morethan2,310

D.morethan2,400

10、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmal1

businessesis

A.worried.

B.unconcerned.

C.optimistic.

D.cautious.

11、Historically,theEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwith

fundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshave

mainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernments,notleast

becausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveries

thatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.

Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposes

toestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncil(ERC)thatwouldspend

amaximumof12billion($14billion)oversevenyearson"blue

skies“research.Whiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomed

byEurope'smemberstates,theirdetailsareproblematic.The

proposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.

Europehassomefirst-classuniversities,scientific

institutionsandresearchorganizations,But,theERC's

proponentsargue,theiractivitiesarefragmented,sotheyare

notreachingtheirfullpotential.

InAmerica,teamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheach

otherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.The

proposedERCismodeledonthisscheme,Itwouldawardgrants

toindividualresearchteamsforaspecificproject,solelyon

thebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview,IftheERC

werecreated,scientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewith

eachotherforfunds,ratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeir

fellowcountrymen,ashappensatpresent.

Thiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthat

currentlyexistsintheEU,whichplacesitsemphasison

collaborationbetweenresearchers.Itisopenonlyto

researchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbythe

EuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequite

different,placingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetween

researchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhich

areasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotny,whochairsthe

EuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothe

commission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcome

tobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.

ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.

Between1980and2022,Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicine,

physicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.With

competitionfromChinaandIndia,Europe'ssharecouldfall

further.

OneofthereasonsforEurope(srelativelyweakperformanceis

thoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope's

researchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoung

peopleintoaresearchcareer.Recentestimatessuggestthat

Europeneedsanextra700,000researchersifitistomeetits

overalltargetofraisingspending(private,nationalandEU)

onresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2022.Manyyoung

scientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinished

theirtraining.Dr.NowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.

Itcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearchersthe

opportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependent

atanearlierstageintheircareers,encouragingtalenttostay

inEurope.

ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletoset

itsownresearchagenda,freefromtheinterferenceand

bureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.

Lastmonth,22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshaping

theERC'sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostart

hammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcerns

remainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.

ThefinaldecisionontheERC'slegalform,onadateyet

unspecified,restswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmember

statesintheEuropeanCouncil.Ifbotharegenuineintheir

supportfortheERCandEurope'saimofbecomingmore

competitive,thentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfree

frompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfroma

competitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientific

excellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyv

A.Becausetheydon'twanttobebotheredwiththosebasic

researches.

B.Becausenationalgovernmentstakethemastheirsole

preserve.

C.Becausemembercountrieswanttokeepthebenefitsto

themselves.

D.Becausescientistfromthemembercountriescouldn't

compete.

12、

AccordingtoERCsupporters,scientistsarenotreachingtheir

fullpotentialbecause

A.theEuropeanUnionisnotascompetitiveastheU.S.

B.memberstatescannotcooperateasshouldhave.

C.Europedoesnothaveenoughtopresearchinstitutions.

D.researchactivitiesinEuropelackenoughcompetition.

13、

Thephrase"steppedupanotch”(line1,paragraph5)most

probablymeans

A.improved.

B.decreased.

C.worsened.

D.stamped.

14、

Whichofthefollowingcontributestotheweakperformanceof

Europe?

A.Ahugelackofresearcherswithcompetitiveedge.

B.Theinabilitytointegratenewstrengthintotheirresearch

teams.

C.Anunderfundingofthebasicresearchprograms.

D.Theinabilitytotrainyoungresearcherstocompetewith

theU.S.

15、

ERC，sultimatesuccessseemstoliein

A.thehandsoftheEuropeanParliament.

B.thesupportofmemberstatesoftheEC.

C.theabsenceofpoliticalintervention.

D.thenumberofvoteseachmemberisallotted.

16、Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Po,hot-houseof

theFrenchelite,noGauloisesmokefillstheair,nodog-eared

copiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoing

whatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresident

JacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasion

bysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.Theideawas

promptedbyGoogle'splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfrom

AmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksare

threateningtoswampcyberspace,Mr.Chiracwillnotstandidly

by.

Heaskedhiscultureminister,RenaudDonnedieudeVabres,and

Jean-NoelJeanneney,headofFrance'sBibliothequeNationale,

todothesameforFrenchtexts一andcreateahome-grown

search-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejob?

ItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinternetsearchesin

France.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorank

results."Idonotbelieve”,wroteMr.DonnedieudeVabresin

LeMonde,“thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbe

theautomaticrankingbypopularity,whichhasbeenbehind

Google'ssuccess”.

ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.

Acourthasupheldarulingagainstit,inalawsuitbrought

bytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinks

(Google，schiefsourceofrevenues)constitutedtrademark

counterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagency,Agence

France-Presse,hasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyright

infringement.

Googlephobiaisspreading.Mr.Jeanneneyhastalkedofthe

“riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheview

thatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.Ihavenothing

inparticularagainstGoogle”,hetoldL.Express,amagazine.

“Isimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyistheexpression

oftheAmericansystem,inwhichthelawofthemarketisking”.

Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphover

goodtasteandculturalsophistication.

TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.Ifpopularitycannot

arbitrate,whatwill?Mr.Jeanneneywantsa“committeeof

experts”.Heappearstobeserious,thoughthesupplyof

French-speakingexperts,orexpertsspeakinganylanguagefor

thatmatter,wouldseemtobeinsufficient.Andifadvertising

isnottopay,willthetaxpayer?Theplanmirrorsanotherof

Mr.Chirac，spetprojects:aCNNalafrancaise.Overayearago,

stungbythepowerofEnglish-speakingtelevisionnewschannels

intheIraqwar,Mr.ChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrival

bytheendof2022.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.

France，sdesiretocombatEnglish,onthewebortheairwaves,

isunderstandable.ProtectingFrance，stonguefromits

citizens'inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancient

hobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcademieFrancaisewassetup

in1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsof

cyber-terms,suchasarrosage(spare)orbogue(bug).Laws

1imittheuseofEnglishonTV—“SuperNanny"and'Star

Academy“arecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglish

slogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasa

marketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylook

clumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.

PresidentJacquesChiracwantstosetupaFrenchsearchengine

to

A.competewiththeAmericanrival“Google”.

B.protectFrenchstudentsfromAmericaninvasion.

C.preservetheintegrityoftheFrenchculture.

D.stopstandingidlybywhenbeingthreatened.

17、

MrDonnedieudeVabresisagainstGooglebecausehe

A.disagreeswiththewayGooglelistsitsresults.

B.resentsGoogle'spopularityaroundtheworld.

C.doesnotbelieveGoogle'scommercialsuccess.

D.hatesGoogle，saccesstotheFrenchculture.

18、

TherealconflictbehindFrenchresistancetoGoogleis

actuallytheonebetween

A.theFrenchlawandtheAmericanlaw.

0----£

L23

B.thecommercialvalueandtheculturalvalue.

C.thetraditionalviewsandthemodernviews.

D.thelawofmarketandthelawofcommerce.

19、

Thephrase“boggeddown”(lastline,paragraph5)isclosest

inmeaningto

A.launched.

B.prepared.

C.drawn.

D.stuck.

20、

Theauthor,sattitudetowardstheFrencheffortsseemstobe

A.warmlysupportive.

B.extremelyunderstanding.

C.alittlecritical.

D.highlyrejecting.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Asascience,managemententailstheuseoforganized

knowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultof

informationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.One

areainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitative

decisionmakingor,asitisknowntoday,managementscience.

Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecan

controlinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanby

merelyusingtrialanderror.

B.Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethrough

people.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwith

thedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure.

C.Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanager

developsjudgmentandintuition,subjectivefactorsthatare

usefulinevaluationsituations.Forexample,themanagermay

havetochoosebetweentwostrategies,AandB,Allresearch

andstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetter

thantheother.

D.Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.

Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedon

exclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeople,management

mustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevels

ofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;at

thelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter.

E.Howdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeople?

Inordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdown

themanager(sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.

Managemententailsplanning,organizing,directing,and

controlling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthe

managercangetthingsdonethroughpeople.

F.However,whatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasis

ofintuitionandprovestoberight?Inthiscaseitisdifficult

tosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowell,

buttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissame

typeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effective