软件工程专业BIOS资料外文翻译文献

外文翻译文献13-软件工程专业BIOS资料外文翻译文献WhatistheBasicInputOutputSystem(BIOS)?BIOSisanacronymforBasicInputOutputSystem.Itistheprogramthatstoresconfigurationdetailsaboutyourcomputerhardwareandenablesyourcomputertobootup.EverytimeyourcomputerisswitchedontheBIOSloadsconfigurationdataintomainmemory,performsaroutinediagnostictestonyourhardware,thenloadstheoperatingsystem.TheBIOSresidesinaROM(Read-Onlymemory)chip,whichismountedonthemotherboard,usuallyinasocketsoitisremovable.TotherightisanexampleofwhataBIOSchipmaylooklikeinyourmotherboard.ThisisaPLCC32pintypeBIOSchip.Itisaverycommontype.EverycomputerhasBIOS.TherearemanytypesbutthemostcommontypeofBIOS'scomefrom:AMI,AwardandPhoenix.MotherboardmanufacturersbuyorleasetheBIOSsourcecodefromthesecompanies.TheBIOStellstheoperatingsysteminyourcomputerhowtobootup,wheretoloadeverything,whattoload,whatmemoryandCPUarepresentandmuchmore.AgoodcomparisontofurtherunderstandthefunctionalityoftheBIOSwouldbetosaythattheBIOSistheComputerequivilantofthehumanhypothalamus.hypothalamusregulatesbodytemperature,bloodpressure,heartbeat,metabolismoffatsandcarbohydrates,andsugarlevelsintheblood.Itisthesubconsciousnervoussystemsometimesit'scalledthebrainofthebrain.InaPCweallknowthattheCPU(CentralProcessingUnit)isthebrain.WelltheBIOSistheCPU'sbrain.WithoutaHypothalamusyouwilldie.WithoutaBIOSyourPCisapaperweight.TheBIOSisprogrammedonanEEPROM.WerefertothemasBIOSchips.Othernamesyoumayhearare:FirmwareHub,CMOS,ROMChipIC,FlashRomandIamsurethereareafewmore!Ifyouwantacommontermforalltheseitemswhenreferingtomotherboards,BIOSchipisthethemostcommontermused.Hereareallthetermsmentionedabovewithadescriptionofwhattheyactaullymean:CMOS=(complementarymetal-oxidesemiconductor)Asemiconductortechnologythatuseslesspowerandgenerateslessheat(enablinghighercircuitdensity)thanbipolarsemiconductortechnologiesFirmware=Acategoryofmemorychipsthatholdtheircontentwithoutelectricalpower.Theyincluderead-onlymemory(ROM),programmableROM(PROM)andelectronicallyerasablePROM(EEPROM)technologies.Firmwarebecomes"hardsoftware"whenholdingprogramcode.Thecontentsaregenerallypermanentorsemipermanentcontrolcodingimplementedatamicroinstructionlevelforanapplicationprogram,instructionset,operatingroutineorsimilaruser-orientedfunction.NOTE:IntelcallstheirBIOSchipsFirmwareHubs.EEPROM=(electricallyerasableprogrammableROM)Atypeofprogrammableread-onlymemory(ROM)thatcanbeerasedorupdatedusingelectricalsignals,aprocessoftenperformedremotely.ROM=(read-onlymemory)Datastoredincomputermemorythatcanbeaccessedandreadbytheuser,butnotmodified.ROMisoftenpermanent,andstoressystemcontrolsoftware.flashmemory=Anonvolatilestoragechipthatenableseasyelectricalerasabilityandreprogramming,oftenusedtoremotelyupdateroutersormodemswithnewversionsofsoftware.IC=(integratedcircuit)Anassemblyofelectroniccircuitscontainedonasinglepieceofsemiconductormaterial.So,aBIOSchipisanIC,CMOS,EEPROM,Flashmemory,FirmwarechipthatholdssoftwarecalledtheBIOS.TheBIOSisprogrammableviasoftware(flashprogramssuchasAMIFLASH,AWDFLASH,PHLASHorUniflash.Youcanseealinktotheseprogramsherehere:BIOSFlashutils.ForthepersonwhostillhasnoideaabouttheBIOSonyourPC,noticewhenyoufirstturnonyourPCorlaptopafewscreenspopup.ItmightbealogosuchasDELLorHPorASUS,Tyan,AMIBIOS,AWARDBIOSetc.Youmightalsoseeamemorycount.ThisisallpartofthePOST(PowerOnSelfTest).POSTisatesttheBIOSrunsbeforeithandsovercontroltotheOS(OperatingSystem).YoucanseemoreofthepostifyoudisablethelogooptioninyourBIOS.OtherwisejustknowthatifyouseealogothePOSTisrunning.FormoreinforonthePOSTclickhere:PowerOnSelfTest..YoucanreadallaboutthePOSTcodesetconthatsite.WelleventuallyIwilladdsomesettingstohelpyouoptimizeyourBIOSbutfornowI'llfinishwitharecommendation.DonotflashyourmotherboardBIOS!IfyoufeelyouneedtoupdateyourBIOSbuyapreprogrammedBIOSupdatechipfromBIOSMAN.com.FlashingyourBIOSisrisky.Ifanythinggoeswrongwhileyou'reflashingityourmotherboard/PCisnowapaperweight!ClickheretobuyaBIOSUpdateChipTherearetwomethodstoupdateyiourBIOSchip:1.Flashit(softwaremethod)2.ProgramitwithanEEPROMprogrammer.Thisisahardwaremethod.ThisishowweatBIOSMANprogramsallourBIOSchips.Itismuchmorethoroughthanaflash.Thinkofitlikeaharddrive.ifyou"formatc:/"aharddriveyouwipeoutallthecontentsOrdoyou?Notreally.Thatdataisstillrecoverable.ifyoureallywanttocleanthedriveorstartwithafreshdriveyouwriteO'sand1'stoit,thisisalsoknownasalow-levelformat.Utilitiessuchaswipe.exewillaccomplishthis.Ifyoudon'tlowlevelformatyourHDbeforeloadingitorsellingitthenyouhaveprettymuchleftallyourolddataonthedrive.FlashingaBIOSchipisthesameprocedure.ItbasicallywritesontopofthedataalreadyontheBIOSchip.TheBootBlockwon'tbewrittenoverunlessyouspecifyittobebutforsomeBIOS'syouhaveto(SeeAMIBIOSflash)!!AnEEPROMprogrammerwipesthechipcleanbeforewritingthenewBIOStoit.ThisisjustonereasonwhybuyinganewBIOSchipfromusispreferabletoflashingoneyourself.OkIsortofskippedoiverwhatabootblockissoletmecoverthat.TheBootblockisasectionofaBIOSchipthatwon'tbeprogrammed.Itcontainsasmallamountofinformation.Forinstance,inanAMIBIOSthebootblockcontainstheAMIFLASH.exeflashprogramandsomecodetoallowittorunifthe"CTRL"and"Home"keysarepressedonthekeyboard.ItwillbasicallyrecoveryourBIOSiftheflashwentbad.YoucanreadaboutAMIBIOSrecoveryandAWARDBIOSrecoveryhere:AMIBIOSandAWARDBIOS.Ohyeahifyou'rewonderingwhyIleftoffthePhoenixBIOSrecoverytechnique,wellthereisnt'one!That'sjustanotherreasontobuyaBIOSchipvs.tryingtoflashone!OksonowhopefullyyouareconvincedtonotflashyourBIOSusingasoftwareutility.Youalsodon'twanttobuyanEEPROMprogrammerfor$1500.00sojustforkoutthe$25.00andbuyyoiurnewBIOSupdatefromBIOSMAN.COM!Oksoi'mpushingourstoreonyoubutBIOSMANcameintoexistenceforareason.100'sofpeoplebuyBIOS'severymonthfromusbecausetheirsystemisdownduetoafailedflash!Whynotbeproactiveratherthenreactive?Thinkofitlikehavingasparebatteryforyourflashlight.Whywaittillapowerouttagetorealizeyourbatteriesaredead?Speakingofpowerouttage,oneofthetopreasonsforaBIOSflashfailureisthatthereisapowerouttageorabreakinpowertothePCwhiletheflashisinprogress.Justanotherforthe1000'sofreasonswhynottoattemptaBIOSupdateyourself!BIOSchipscomeinmanyflavors.Ontheleftisa32pinDIPchip.Thesechipsareusually2Mb(256KB)insize.Someare1Mb(128KB)butthoseareoldandwehardlygetordersforthem.BelowiswhataPLCCchiplookslike.Thisisthemostcommonvarietynowadays.Theyalsocomeinmanyflavors,128KB,256KB,512KB(4Mb)orthemostpopularandthelargesttodaythe1MB(8Mb)chipsBIOSMANprogramsallthetypesmentioned.OksoletsgetbacktomoreBIOSbasics.WhywouldyouwanttoupgradeyourBIOS?Herearethemostcommonreasons:largeharddrivesupport.OlderBIOS'scouldn'tseedriveslargerthan37GBduethe48bitproblem.NewvideocardtechnologysuchasAGP8Xsupport,orinoldermachines2Xto4X.TodaytheSLIsupportisabiggieACPIcompatibility4.CPUsuppoirt.BIOScompaniesoftenreleasenewCPUmicrocodeupdatestothemotherboardcompanieswhointurnaddthemtotheirBIOS'stosupportnewerCPU's5.Fixproblems.ThemotherboardcompaniesoftenreleasemanyBIOS'swhenamotherboardisfirstreleased.AcommonculpritisUSBcompatibility.TherearesomanyUSBdevicesnowadaysandmanyofthemtrytousethesameIRQ.NotaprobllemwhenXPloadsbutasthesystemBIOSisloading,IRQconflictscancauseyourUSBdevicestonotbefound.6.Memorysupport.Newerfastermemorycanhaveissuesonyourmotherboard.Mightbelargerthanwhatwasoriginallytestedorapproved.Atweakfromthemotherboardcompanycanfixthat.7.Themostcommonreason.YouupdateyourBIOSbecausethereisaBIOSupdateavailable!(OKidothistoo!)Youjustcan'tstopyourself.Itssortifthesamereasonyouhaveallthelatestgadgets.AllaregoodreasontoupdateyourBIOSsobuyonefromusratherthanflashingit!BIOSSettingsThissectiondescribesmostoftheBIOSsettingsthatyouwillfindinatypicalPentium-classorhigherPC.SomeBIOSsettingsarequiteuniversal,whileotherscanbefoundononlythesystemsmadewithonetypeofBIOSormadebyonemanufacturer.ThissectionliststhemostcommonsettingsthatareusedinmodernPCs,withfullexplanationsastowhattheyareandhowtosetthem.Thisincludesthemorecommonadvancedsettings,butdoesnotattempta"shotgun"coverageofeverysettingI'veeverseenonamachine.Someareveryatypicalandusuallynotsomethingyouneedtoworryabout.Thelesscommonasettingis,themoreoftenitisthecasethatyoureallywillwanttoleaveitonitsdefaultsettinganyway.Notalways,butusually.BythenatureofhowIdesignedthissection,itshouldcover95%+ofthesettingsinyourBIOSthatyouwilleverwanttochange.IfyoufindasettinginyourBIOSthatisn'tcoveredhere,youmayfinditinthe

BIOSSurvivalGuide,whichhasAmrecompletelistofthesettingsfoundonvarioustypesofPCs.ForeachsettingIdescribethemostcommonoptionsandwhattheymean.Inaddition,Iindicatewhichoptionsareusuallythedefault.Ialsodescribewhattheimplicationsareofusingthedifferentsettings,andprovide

general

recommendationsonhowtoconfiguremostoftheparameters.Thesettingsthemselvesareorganizedbasedonthenamesofthesettingsgroupsyouwillfindinatypical

BIOSsetupprogram.Itisagoodideato

"backup"(recordonpaper)allofyourBIOSsettings

onceyourPCisrunningandstable,andespeciallybeforeyoumakeanychangestothem.Reference

thisprocedure

forspecificinstructionsonconfiguringthemostimportantBIOSsettingstosafevalues,tomaximizethechancesofbootinganeworproblematicsystem.Everysetupprogramisslightlydifferentfromeveryotherone.EveniftwoBIOSesarebothonPentiummotherboardsandaremadebyAward,theymayhavedifferentsettings.ThecommandsasshownheremightbedifferentonyourPC,ortheymightbeinadifferentplace.Usecarewhenmodifyingtheseparameters,andrefertoyourmotherboardmanualifitisaccurate.Changingadvancedparameterscanleadtosysteminstabilityanddataloss.Itisrecommendedthatonlyuserswhoreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoingchangethesesettings.Proceedatyourownrisk.IfyourBIOScontainsa"harddiskutility"thatincludesitemslikesettinginterleaveratios,

lowlevelformatting,or"mediaanalysis",

donotuseit

onanIDE/ATAorSCSIdrive(whichincludesvirtuallyeveryPCharddrivemadeinatleastthelast5years).Theseoldutilitiesaredesignedforthe

MFMandRLLdrives

fromthe1980sandcanintheorydamageamoderndrive,forwhichtheyareunnecessary.BIOSSystemBootOperationsOneofthemostimportantfunctionsthattheBIOSplaysistobootupthesystem.WhenthePCisfirstturnedon,itsmainsystemmemoryisempty,anditneedstofindinstructionsimmediatelytotellitwhattoruntostartupthePC.TheseitfindswithintheBIOSprogram,because

theBIOSisinread-onlypermanentmemory

andsoisalwaysavailableforuse,evenwhentherestofsystemmemoryisempty.ThissectiontakesalookatwhatisinvolvedinbootingthePC,includingadiscussionofthestepsinthesystembootprocess,andalookatthepower-onself-test(POST)thatisconductedwheneverthesystemstartsup.SystemBootSequenceThesystemBIOSiswhatstartsthecomputerrunningwhenyouturniton.Thefollowingarethestepsthatatypicalbootsequenceinvolves.Ofcoursethiswillvarybythemanufacturerofyourhardware,BIOS,etc.,andespeciallybywhatperipheralsyouhaveinthePC.Hereiswhatgenerallyhappenswhenyouturnonyoursystempower:Theinternalpowersupplyturnsonandinitializes.Thepowersupplytakessometimeuntilitcangeneratereliablepowerfortherestofthecomputer,andhavingitturnonprematurelycouldpotentiallyleadtodamage.Therefore,thechipsetwillgeneratearesetsignaltotheprocessor(thesameasifyouheldtheresetbuttondownforawhileonyourcase)untilitreceivesthe

PowerGoodsignal

fromthepowersupply.Whentheresetbuttonisreleased,theprocessorwillbereadytostartexecuting.Whentheprocessorfirststartsup,itissufferingfromamnesia;thereisnothingatallinthememorytoexecute.Ofcourseprocessormakersknowthiswillhappen,sotheypre-programtheprocessortoalwayslookatthesameplaceinthesystemBIOSROMforthestartoftheBIOSbootprogram.ThisisnormallylocationFFFF0h,rightattheendofthesystemmemory.TheyputittheresothatthesizeoftheROMcanbechangedwithoutcreatingcompatibilityproblems.TheBIOSperformsthe

power-onselftest(POST).Ifthereareanyfatalerrors,thebootprocessstops.

TheBIOSlooksforthevideocard.Inparticular,itlooksforthevideocard'sbuiltinBIOSprogramandrunsit.Mostmoderncardswilldisplayinformationonthescreenaboutthevideocard.(ThisiswhyonamodernPCyouusuallyseesomethingonthescreenaboutthevideocardbeforeyouseethemessagesfromthesystemBIOSitself).TheBIOSthenlooksforotherdevices'ROMstoseeifanyofthemhaveBIOSes.Normally,theIDE/ATAharddiskBIOSwillbefoundatC8000handexecuted.IfanyotherdeviceBIOSesarefound,theyareexecutedaswell.TheBIOSdisplaysits

startupscreen.TheBIOSdoesmoretestsonthesystem,includingthememorycount-uptestwhichyouseeonthescreen.TheBIOSwillgenerallydisplayatexterrormessageonthescreenifitencountersanerroratthispoint.TheBIOSperformsa"systeminventory"ofsorts,doingmoreteststodeterminewhatsortofhardwareisinthesystem.ModernBIOSeshavemanyautomaticsettingsandwilldeterminememorytiming(forexample)basedonwhatkindofmemoryitfinds.ManyBIOSescanalsodynamicallysetharddriveparametersandaccessmodes,andwilldeterminetheseatroughlythistime.Somewilldisplayamessageonthescreenforeachdrivetheydetectandconfigurethisway.TheBIOSwillalsonowsearchforandlabel

logicaldevices(COMandLPTports).IftheBIOSsupportsthePlugandPlaystandard,itwilldetectandconfigurePlugandPlaydevicesatthistimeanddisplayamessageonthescreenforeachoneitfinds.

Havingidentifieditstargetbootdrive,theBIOSlooksforbootinformationtostarttheoperatingsystembootprocess.Ifitissearchingaharddisk,itlooksfora

masterbootrecord

atcylinder0,head0,sector1(thefirstsectoronthedisk);ifitissearchingafloppydisk,itlooksatthesameaddressonthefloppydiskforavolumebootsector.基本输入输出系统是什么（BIOS）？BIOS是基本输入输出系统的首字母缩略词。它是一个程序，可以存储计算机硬件的配置细节并且可以让计算机变为可启动的。每次计算机会在BIOS加载配置数据到主存储器，对计算机硬件执行基本诊断测试然后加载操作系统的时候被激活。BIOS存在于一个ROM（只读存储器）芯片里面，被安装在电脑主板上，通常它都放在一个插槽里以便移动。主板上的BIOS芯片或许是主板上唯一贴有标签的芯片，一般它是一块32针的双列直插式的集成电路，上面印有"BIOS"字样。它是非常普通的类型，大多数在BIOS上的信息都可以在BIOS芯片上找到。每台计算机都有BIOS。虽然BIOS有很多类型，但是最通用的类型主要还是来自：AMI（美国安迈）、Award（威尔科技）和Phoenix（美国凤凰科技）。计算机主板制造商从这些公司里面购买或者租赁BIOS资源码。BIOS会告诉电脑上的操作系统如何启动，每件东西在哪里加载，加载什么信息，Memory（主存储器）和CPU（中央处理器）存在什么地方等等信息。相比而言，为了更进一步的了解BIOS，文章将告诉你更多关于BIOS的细节。BIOS相对于电脑而言就像下丘脑相对于人而言。下丘脑可以控制体温，血压，心跳，脂肪的新陈代谢和碳水化合物浓度，以及血液中糖分的浓度。下丘脑是内分泌系统和神经系统的中心。有时，它也被称为脑中脑。在计算机中，从所周知的，CPU（中央处理器）就相当于人体的大脑，而BIOS就是CPU的大脑。人体没有下丘脑将不能生存，而计算机没有BIOS也不能正常工作。BIOS是EEPROM（电可擦可编程存储器）上的一个程序。我们把它看作BIOS芯片。你也可能听到一些其他的名字，比如：固件集线器，CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体），ROM（只读存储器）芯片集成电路，闪速存储器还有其他很多的名字。如果你想了解更多通用的术语，你可以查看主板，BIOS芯片是使用最普遍的术语。如上所示，有很多描述它们实际上意味着什么的术语。比如CMOS=（互补金属氧化物半导体）一个半导体科技可以用更少的电，产生更少的热（更高的回路密度）。相比而言，双极的半导体科技固件=一类存储器芯片，它可以在没有任何电源的情况下保存他们的的内容。它们包括只读存储器（ROM），可编程的存储器（PROM）和电可擦可编写存储器（EEPROM）科技。在存有程序码的情况下固件就变成了硬件。这些内容一般都是永久性的或者非永久性的控制码，它可以在应用程序、指令系统、操作程序或者相似的面向对象功能的微指令级上被执行。注意：Intel（英特尔）把它们的BIOS芯片叫做固件集线器。EEPROM=（电可擦可编程存储器）是ROM（只读存储器）的一种类型，它可以通过电信号被擦除或者更新，这种处理被远程执行。ROM=（只读存储器）的数据存储在计算机内存储器上，它可以被用户访问和查看，但是用户没有权限修改。ROM通常是永久性的，存储系统可以控制软件。FlashMemory=（闪速存储器）是一个非易失性的存储芯片，它可以很容易地被电擦除和重写。通常可以被用来远程更新路由器或者调制解调器到新版软件。IC=（集成电路）是由单片半导体材料集成的电子电路。所以，BIOS芯片是一个存有BIOS软件的IC（集成电路），CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体），EEPROM（电可擦可编程存储器），FlashMemory（闪速存储器），Firmware（固件）芯片。BIOS可以通过软件（刷新程序如：AMIFLASH、AWDFLASH，PHLASH，UniFlash。这些程序你可以再BIOS实用菜单里面找到。）编写。如果你还不知道电脑里面的BIOS如何启动，你可以注意到在你开机后会有几个屏幕显示出来。它可能是一些LOGO，比如DELL，HP或者ASUS，Tyan，AMIBIOS，AWARDBIOS等。此时，你也可以看到内存条的数量信息，这就是POST（开机自检）的一部分。POST是在移交控制器到OS（操作系统）前对BIOS进行测试的。如果你没有在BIOS里面看到LOGO选项，你或许可以看到大部分的POST。否则，你只能看到一个LOGO在POST界面运行。如果你想了解更多的POST信息，你可以点击这个网站，进去后，你还能看到POST码。最后，我将添加一些设置去帮助你优化你的BIOS。但是现在我会用一些推荐的设置去完成它。不要刷新你主板的BIOS。如果你觉得你需要去更新你的BIOS，你可以从BIOS厂商那里购买一块预执行BIOS更新芯片。刷新BIOS是存在风险的。如果在你的主板或者计算机上刷新BIOS的时候出现任何错误，你的电脑都可能当机。更新BIOS有两种方法：用软件的方式刷新BIOS。用EEPROM（电可擦可编程存储器）程序去执行BIOS。这算是一种硬件方法。它比用软件的方式刷新更彻底。把它想象成一只硬件驱动。在硬盘上，如果你格式化C:\，你将擦除所以的内容，你会这样做吗?不会！那些数据仍然可以重新恢复。如果你真的想清除这个盘，或者用你编写的最新的盘，你可以用这种方式。但众所周知的，这是一种低级的格式化方法。实用工具如：wipe.exe可以完成这项操作。如果你不想低级的格式化你的硬盘，在你想改装或者出售它前，你最好把你的原始数据备份到其他硬盘里面。刷新BIOS芯片可以用同样的方法。基本上，在BIOS芯片的顶端都是用来写数据的。启动模块不会被写在里面，除非你有特别要求。但是有些BIOS你不得不把启动模块写在里面，比如AMIBIOS。电可擦可编程存储器可以在写新的BIOS前擦除这个芯片。这就是为什么买新的BIOS芯片比自己刷新BIOS好的原因。从某种程度上说，我略过了启动模块是什么这个话题，所以现在我会告诉你。可启动模块是BIOS芯片上不会被程序化的一个分区。它包含小量的信息。比如，在AMIBIOS里面，可启动模块包含AMIFLASH.exe刷新程序和一些允许被执行的代码（如果“CTRL”和“HOME”键被按下的话）。如果刷新的时候出现错误，基本上你还是能恢复你的BIOS。你可以在网上阅读关于AMIBIOS恢复和AWARDBIOS恢复的资料。好了，如果你想知道我为什么不使用PhoenixBIOS恢复技术的话，这儿没有。只有通过其他方式去购买BIOS芯片。尽量去刷新！好，现在你已经清楚你不想用软件的方式去刷新BIOS，你也不想购买一个大约1500美元的电可擦可编程存储器。所以就用25美元区购买新的BIOS更新程序吧。有些BIOS厂商的程序不会因为用户刷新失败而关机。为什么不能重新激活呢？因为在你的闪光灯里面有备用电池。等到电脑电量用完的时候，你的备用电池才能被识别到。电量用完是刷新BIOS失败的主要原因。你也可以用其他更多的方式去尝试刷新你的BIOS。BIOS芯片来自很多不同的厂商。在BIOS左边是32针的双列直插式组装芯片。这些芯片通常有2MB（2056KB）。有些只有1MB（1024KB），但是这些芯片是旧的，我们很难得到它们。下面是PLCC芯片的样式。和现在的芯片比起来是相当不同的。它们也有不同的大小，128KB，256KB，512KB或者更大。OK，现在让我们回到更多关于BIOS基础的方面。为什么你想更新你的BIOS呢？这儿有很多原因：更