浙江省出口商品比较优势变化的实证分析

PAGETitle:AnEmpiricalAnalysisoftheChangeoftheComparativeAdvantageofExportCommoditiesinZhejiangProvinceContentsChineseAbstract1EnglishAbstract2Introduction31.1Background31.2Significance41.3ResearchMethod51.4ResearchContent5LiteratureReview62.1TheResearchStatusofExportCommoditiesinZhejiangProvince62.2StudyonComparativeAdvantage82.2.1StudyontheComparativeAdvantageofForeignScholars82.2.2StudyontheComparativeAdvantageofDomesticScholars10ExportCommoditiesandTheirStructureinZhejiangProvince113.1RapidGrowthofExportCommodityScale113.2ContinuousOptimizationofExportCommodityStructure123.3ChallengestoExportCommodityStructureundertheNewNormalCondition153.3.1ExternalChallenges153.3.2InternalProblems18TheEvaluationMethodoftheComparativeAdvantageofExportCommodities204.1RevealedSymmetricalComparativeAdvantage204.2NetTradeRatio204.3CommodityClassificationandDataSources21LongitudinalChangeAnalysisofExportCommoditiesofZhejiangProvince215.1TrendandCauseAnalysisofTwoIndicatorsofCapital-intensiveCommoditiesRepresentedbyMechanicalandElectricalProducts215.2TrendandCauseAnalysisofTwoIndicatorsofTechnology-intensiveCommoditiesRepresentedbyHigh-techProducts245.3TrendandCauseAnalysisofTwoIndicatorsofLabor-intensiveCommoditiesRepresentedbyTextilesandGarments28CountermeasureandSuggestionAnalysis316.1AnalysisontheDevelopmentCountermeasuresofCapital-intensiveCommoditiesRepresentedbyMechanicalandElectricalProducts316.1.1VigorouslyStrengthentheCapitalInput316.1.2AcceleratetheDevelopmentofIndependentBrand316.1.3ImplementtheStrategyofDiversification326.1.4DeepEmphasisonTalentTraining326.2AnalysisontheDevelopmentCountermeasuresofTechnology-intensiveCommoditiesRepresentedbyHigh-techProducts326.2.1ImproveProductTechnicalContent326.2.2InnovatetheFundingMechanism336.2.3FosterDomesticEnterprises336.2.4ImproveMarketingTechniques336.3AnalysisontheDevelopmentCountermeasuresofLabor-intensiveCommoditiesRepresentedbyTextilesandGarments336.3.1StrivetoChangeInnovativeThinking346.3.2StrengthentheFinancialSupport346.3.3CultivatetheNewBusinessModel34Conclusions,ShortcomingsandProspects357.1ConclusionsandInnovations357.1.1Conclusions357.1.2Innovations367.2Shortcomings367.3Prospects36Reference37Acknowledgement40ListofTablesandFiguresTable1.1ChapterDescription5Tab.3.1High-techProductExportsinProvincesandCitiesofOurCountryinDecember201619Tab.5.1RSCAChangesofMechanicalandElectricalProductsExport(2002-2018)21Tab.5.2NTRChangesofMechanicalandElectricalProductsExport(2002-2018)21Tab.5.3TheAverageSalaryofUrbanUnitEmployeeinZhejiang(¥)(2002-2018)23Tab.5.4AnOverviewoftheTypicalTradeFrictionIncidentsSufferedbyZhejiang'sMechanicalandElectricalForeignTrade(2018)24Tab.5.5RSCAChangesofNewandHigh-techProductExport(2002-2018)24Tab.5.6NTRChangesofNewandHigh-techProductExport(2002-2018)25Tab.5.7IntramuralExpenditureonR&D(10,000yuan/2009-2016)26Tab.5.8R&DPersonnelinHigh-techIndustryandPercentage（person/2009-2016）27Tab.5.9PatentApplicationandPercentage（piece/2009-2016）27Tab.5.10RSCAChangesofTextileandGarment（general）Export(2002-2018)28Tab.5.11NTRChangesofTextileandGarment（general）Export(2002-2018)29Fig.3.1ExportsandExportGrowthRateofZhejiangProvince(2002-2018)12Fig.3.2ChangesinExportAmountandProportionofZhejiangProvince’sPrimaryCommodityandManufacturedGoods(2002-2018)13Fig.3.3ChangesinExportAmountandProportionofZhejiangProvince’sMechanicalandElectricalProducts(2002-2018)13Fig.3.4ChangesinExportAmountandProportionofZhejiangProvince’sNewandHigh-techProduct(2002-2018)14Fig.3.5ChangesinExportAmountandProportionofZhejiangProvince’sTextileandGarment(2002-2018)15Fig.3.6Zhejiang’sAverageSalaryofUrbanUnitEmployees(2002-2018)16Fig.3.7Zhejiang’sExportstoMajorTradingPartners(2008-2009)17Fig.3.8Zhejiang’sExportsofFourmajorproducts(2008-2009)17Fig.3.9TheProportionofMajorProductsinZhejiangProvince(2018)18Fig.3.10ProportionofProcessingTradeandGeneralTradeinZhejiangProvince(2002-2018)19Fig.5.1MechanicalandElectricalProductsExportComparativeAdvantagesandItsChanges(2002-2018)22Fig.5.2NewandHigh-techProductsExportComparativeAdvantagesandItsChanges(2002-2018)25Fig.5.3TextileandGarmentProductsExportComparativeAdvantagesandItsChanges(2002-2018)29PAGE1浙江省出口商品比较优势变化的实证分析经济与管理学院、中非国际商学院国际经济与贸易（全英文）徐佳文（201638320110）指导老师：郑小勇（副教授）摘要：近年来在经济新常态下，浙江省的对外贸易快速发展，在相关政策的鼓励推动下，浙江省迫切希望外贸发展由要素驱动向创新驱动转变，实现从贸易大省向贸易强省的华丽变身。在这样的背景下，对于浙江省出口商品比较优势变化的实证分析具有重大的现实意义。本文选取浙江省2002-2018年出口商品的相关数据，对以机电产品为代表的资本密集型商品、以高新技术产品为代表的技术密集型商品和以纺织服装为代表的劳动密集型商品进行RSCA和NTR指数的计算与纵向变化分析，发现这三大类商品的比较优势除去受2008年金融危机影响产生明显下降外，大体上都呈现平稳或上升趋势，浙江省的出口贸易结构得到了一定程度的优化。但值得注意的以机电产品为代表的资本密集型商品的比较优势近10年来平稳中略显下降、以高新技术产品为代表的技术密集型商品虽有比较优势但明显微弱、以纺织服装为代表的劳动密集型商品虽有明显比较优势但也受到了冲击。本文探究这些变化现象产生背后的原因并提出相应的对策措施，以期为浙江省出口商品结构的转型升级探索新的出路。关键词：浙江省；出口商品；比较优势AnEmpiricalAnalysisoftheChangeoftheComparativeAdvantageofExportCommoditiesinZhejiangProvinceTutor：ZhengXiaoyong(CollegeofEconomicsandManagement,China-AfricaInternationalEconomyandTrade,XuJiawen,201638320110)Abstract:Inrecentyears,underthenewnormalofeconomy,wehavewitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofforeigntradeinZhejiangProvince.Undertheencouragementandpromotionofrelevantpolicies,Zhejiangprovinceurgentlyhopestotransformthedevelopmentofforeigntradefromfactordriventoinnovationdriven,andrealizethemagnificenttransformationfromabigtradeprovincetoastrongtradeprovince.Inthispaper,relevantdataofexportcommoditiesinZhejiangprovincefrom2002to2018areselectedtocalculateandanalyzetheRSCAandNTRindexesofcapital-intensivecommoditiesrepresentedbymechanicalandelectricalproducts,technology-intensivecommoditiesrepresentedbyhigh-techproductsandlabor-intensivecommoditiesrepresentedbytextileandgarments.Itisfoundthatthecomparativeadvantagesofthesethreecategoriesofcommoditiespresentedastableorrisingtrendonthewhole,andtheexporttradestructureofZhejiangprovinceisoptimizedtoacertainextent.However,itisworthnotingthatthecomparativeadvantageofcapital-intensivecommoditiesrepresentedbymechanicalandelectricalproductshasdeclinedsteadilyandslightlyinthepast10years,thetechnology-intensivecommoditiesrepresentedbyhigh-techproductshaveacomparativeadvantagebutisobviouslyweak,andthelabor-intensivecommoditiesrepresentedbytextileandclothinghaveasignificantcomparativeadvantagebuthavealsobeennegativelyimpacted.ThispaperexploresthereasonsbehindthesechangesandraisesrelevantmethodstoexploreanewwayforthetransformationandupgradingofexportcommoditystructureinZhejiangprovince.KeyWords:Zhejiangprovince;Exportcommodity;ComparativeadvantageIntroductionBackgroundSincethereformandopeningup,China'sforeigntradehasbeendevelopingrapidlyandcontinuously,andhasmaderemarkableachievements.Ithasbecomearealtradingpower.Atthesametime,Zhejiang'sforeigntradehasalsogrownoutofnothing.AfterZhejiangPortacquiredtherightofimportandexportin1980,theforeigntradeofthewholeprovincehasdevelopedrapidly.In1995,thevolumeofimportandexportwasgreaterthan$10billion,withanetincreaseof$3billionandagrowthof35.5%comparedwith1979,amongwhichtheexportvolumewas$8.38billionandagrowthof32.6%.Afterthefinancialcrisisin1998,theexportofZhejiangprovinceenteredarapidexpansionstage,whichincreasedfrom12.87billionUSdollarsin1999to$100.898billionin2006,realizingajumpfrom$10billionto$100billion.Inrecentyears,underthebackdropofvigorousdevelopmentofChina'sforeigntrade,Zhejianghasunswervinglypromotedthefurtherdeepeningofthe"eighteightstrategy"andthereformandopentotheoutsideworld,andhastakenanactivepartintheconstructionofthe"theBeltandRoad"andtheYangtzeRivereconomicbelt,andactivelyintegratedintotheYangtzeRiverDeltaregion.Thescaleofimportandexporthasreachedanewlevel.In2018,thetotalimportandexportvalueofZhejiangProvincewas$43.248billion,ofwhichtheexportvaluewas$321.16billion.Theexportshareincreasedby9.0%comparedwith2017,andtheexportshareincreasedby0.2%comparedwith2017andreachedarecordhigh.Fromtheperspectiveoftrademode,in2018,theexportofmechanicalandelectricalproductsinZhejiangProvincereached92.41billionyuan,accountingfor43.5%ofthetotalexport,anincreaseof9.6%,whichwashigherthantheaverageexportgrowthrateofthewholeprovince,andtheproportionincreasedby0.3percentagepoints.Amongthem,theexportofmechanicalequipmentandelectricalandelectronicproductsincreasedby10.5%and8%,respectively;theexportofhigh-techproductsincreasedby14084billionyuan,withanincreaseof11.5%.Thetotalexportofsevenlabor-intensiveproducts,suchastextiles,clothingandfurniture,totaled754.32billionyuan,anincreaseof7.4%,andadecreaseof0.5percentagepoints.Thus,ZhejiangProvince’sexportcommoditystructurehasbeenimprovedtoacertainextent,theoverallperformanceisbetterthanexpected,anditisintheforefrontofChina.Accordingtothereportofthe19thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,China'seconomyhasshiftedfromastageofrapidgrowthtothestageofhigh-qualitydevelopment,andisinthekeyperiodofalteringthewayofdevelopment,optimizingtheeconomicstructureandtransformingthedrivingforceofgrowth.Underthenewnormaleconomicsituation,Zhejiang,asastrongtradeprovinceinChina,hasissuedtheActionPlanforAcceleratingtheCultivationofNewCompetitiveAdvantagesinForeignTradeofZhejiangProvince(2018-2020).IthopestopromotetheforeigntradesituationofZhejiangProvincefromfactor-driventoinnovation-driven,fromscale-driventoquality-benefit-oriented,andfrompriceadvantagecomprehensivecompetitiveadvantagecenteredontechnology,brand,qualityandserviceinordertorealizethetransformationofZhejiangProvincefromabigtradeprovincetoastrongtradeprovince.Afterthreeyearsofefforts,Zhejiang'sforeigntradestructurewillbefurtheroptimizedby2020.Thepercentageofexportofelectromechanical,high-techandself-brandproductsinthetotalexportsoftheprovincewillreach50%,10%and10%,respectively.Therefore,optimumstructureisthefirsttaskforZhejiangProvincetostabilizeexportgrowthunderthenewnormalconditions,andthechangeofcomparativeadvantagewillhaveaprofoundimpactonthestructureofexportcommodities.Accordingtothedynamiccomparativeadvantagetheory,withthechangeoffactorstockandtheprogressoftechnology,thecomparativeadvantageofexportproductswillchangeaccordingly,fromresource-intensiveandlabor-intensiveindustriestocapital-intensiveandtechnology-intensiveindustries.Underthenewsituation,itisveryimportantforZhejiangtorealizethetransformationfromabigexportprovincetoastrongexportprovincebyrelyingonthecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommodities.SignificanceInrecentyears,themainexportcommoditiesofZhejiangprovincehavegraduallychangedfromlabor-intensivetocapital-intensiveandtechnology-intensive,whichisanimportantfactorforthebettereconomicdevelopmentofZhejiangProvince.Inordertobetterintegrateintotheglobalmarketcompetition,China'sforeigntradedevelopmentatthisstageistryingtodevelopfromabigtradingcountrytoapowerfultradingcountry.Zhejiangisalsofacingthecriticalmomentoftransformingfromabigexportprovincetoastrongexportprovince.Wemustexploreanewwayoutforthetransformationandupgradingofexportcommoditystructure,andexploreZhejiangProvince.TheexploreofthechangeofcomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesisjustthemeaningofthetopic.TheanalysisoftheevolutionofcomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesishelpfultojudgethedevelopmenttrendofZhejiang'sforeigntrade.Byusingsymmetricaldisplaycomparativeadvantageindexandstaticanalysisofitscomparativeadvantage,thispaperpreliminarilyrevealsthepersistenceandliquiditycharacteristicsofthecomparativestateofexportcommoditiesinZhejiangProvince.AndthroughthestudyofthetrackofRSCAindexchange,itrevealsthatthecomparativeadvantagesofZhejiang'sexportsofvariousfinecommoditiesmaychangeindifferentdirectionsorvaryingdegrees,whichwillhelptojudgethedevelopmenttrendofZhejiang'sforeigntrade.TheanalysisoftheevolutionofthecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommoditieswillhelptofindoutthedeficienciesinthecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommodities,andthenseekmeasurestoenhancethecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommodities,andproviderelevantsuggestionsfortheformulationofrelevantforeigntradedevelopmentstrategies.AlthoughZhejiangProvincehasmadegreatachievementsininternationaltradeintermsofitstraditionalcomparativeadvantagessincethereformandopentotheoutsideworld,itstradestructurehaschangedsignificantly,participatingininternationaltradeaccordingtoitstraditionalcomparativeadvantagesisshowingmoreandmoredisadvantages.Forexample,theexportoflabor-intensiveproductsisvulnerableto"anti-dumping"litigation;comparedwiththehighvalue-addedproductsexportedbydevelopedcountries,thecompetitivenessofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesisstillveryweak.AlltheseindicatethatZhejiangProvincecantackactionstoimproveitsexportcommodityadvantages.Therefore,theanalysisoftheevolutionofcomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommoditieshasimportantpracticalsignificance.ResearchMethodLiteratureAnalysisThispaperhascollectedandconsultedextensivelytheliteraturematerialsandbooksonthetheoryofexportcommodityresearchandcomparativeadvantageinZhejiangProvince,analyzedtheexistingliteratureresearchideasandmethods,providedanalysisideasforthisarticle,andunderstoodandgraspedtheevaluationmethodsofcomparativeadvantageofexportcommodities,whichlaidatheoreticalfoundationforthisstudy.StatisticalDescriptionThispapercollectsthestatisticaldataofZhejiang'sexporttradeinthepast17yearsfrom2002to2018,collatesandanalysestherelevantdata,andtransformsthemintocharts,whichcanmoreclearlyandintuitivelyreflectthesituationofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesandtheirstructure.ComparativeAnalysisBecausetheevolutionofcomparativeadvantageofexportcommoditiesisalong-termprocessofchange,itisnecessarytousehistoricaldatatocompareverticallytofindoutitsdevelopmenttrend.EmpiricalAnalysisUsingRSCAandNTRindex,thispapercalculatesthecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesinthepast17years,interpretsandanalysestheresults,andgivessomeadvicestoimprovethecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommodities.ResearchContentThisthesisisbasedonthedatafromZhejiangprovincetradedatabasestatisticalyearbook,Chinastatisticalyearbook,UnitedNationsandtheWorldTradeOrganizationandtaketheexportcommoditiesofZhejiangprovinceastheresearchobjecttoanalyzethechangesofcomparativeadvantageofexportcommoditiesinZhejiangprovinceinthepast17years,exploreethereasonsandprovidecorrespondingcountermeasures.Anditisdividedintothefollowingsevenchapters:Table1.1ChapterDescriptionChapter1Introduction,whichincludesbackgrounds，significance，relatedconcepts,etc.Chapter2Literaturereview,whichincludesthereviewsofcomparativeadvantagefromdomesticandforeignscholarsrespectively.Chapter3GeneralsummaryofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesandtheirstructure.Chapter4Introductionoftheevaluationmethodsoftwocomparativeadvantageindicators:RSCAandNTR.Chapter5EmpiricalanalysisofRSCAandNTRchangesandreasonsexploration.Chapter6Analysisofcountermeasuresandsuggestions.Chapter7Maketheconclusionandputforwardshortcomingsandprospects.LiteratureReview2.1TheResearchStatusofExportCommoditiesinZhejiangProvinceSomedomesticscholarsfocustheirresearchontheexportcommoditystructureofZhejiangProvince,findouttheexistingproblemsandputforwardcorrespondingsolutions.ZhangandXia(2007)focusedonthestructuraleffectsofZhejiang'sexporttrade,andmadeanempiricalanalysisonthechangesofZhejiang'sexportstructurefromtheaspectsofthemainstructure,commoditystructure,marketstructureandexportmodestructure,inordertoprovideobjectiveinformationforoptimizingtheexporttradestructureandtransformingthemodeofforeigntradegrowth.Liu(2010)drewlessonsfromthedevelopmentexperienceofGuangdongProvinceandcomparedtheexportsofZhejiangProvinceandGuangdongProvincefromfouraspects:exportgrowthrate,tradecompetitionindex,nationalmarketshareandtransformationofexportcommoditystructure.ThemainreasonswhyZhejiangProvince'sexportcompetitivenesslaggedbehindGuangdongProvincewereanalyzed,anditscurrentforeigntradedevelopmentandmanagementconditionwerealsodiscussedwithdetailedandcomprehensivedescriptionandsomepertinentsolutions.ZhangandLi(2011)analyzedtheoverallsituationofZhejiang'sexportinthepost-crisisera,theexportcommodityinstitutionsinZhejiangProvinceandthecompetitivedevelopmenttrendofZhejiang'sexportcommodities,andmadesuggestionsonhowtooptimizethestructureofZhejiang'sexportcommodities.Jin(2011)focusedontheadjustmentofexportstructureinthefaceofsomechallengesinZhejiang'sforeigntradeagainstthebackgroundofsustainedeconomicimprovementandmadeamulti-angleanalysisandstudyonthecharacteristicsofZhejiang'sexportcommoditystructure,thenputforwardsomesuggestionsbasedonZhejiang'sownadvantagesandtheoverallpatternoftheinternationaleconomicsituation.Chen(2012)interpretedtheexporttradedataofZhejiangProvincein2011,analyzedthelatestcharacteristicsofZhejiang'sexporttrade,andpointedouthowZhejiang'sexportenterprisescouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoachievefurthergrowthofZhejiang'sexporttradeunderthebackgroundofgreatchallengestotheexportenvironment.Ding,ZhengandZhang(2015)ledtotheconclusionthatZhejiang'sexporturgentlyneededfurtherprocessingandtransformationandupgradingsincethequalityofZhejiang'sexportcommoditiesdidnotmatchitseconomicstatusinChina,whichwasachievedbasedontheHSsix-digittradedataofZhejiangCustomsfrom2002to2012,comparedthequalityofZhejiang'sexportcommoditieswiththeoveralllevelof19samplecountriesandChinainthreeaspects:thecompositionofZhejiang'sexportcommodities,thetechnicalcontentofexportcommoditiesandtheunitpriceofexportcommodities.TakingthecaseofZhejiangProvince,Wang(2016)analyzedtheevolutionanddevelopmentofitsexporttradestructurebymeansofstatisticaldescriptionandcomparativeanalysis.ItwasfoundthatthetradestructureofZhejiangProvincehadbeenoptimizedtoacertainextentsincethereformandopeningup.However,underthebackgroundofthenewnormalsituation,theexporttradestructurefaceddoublechallenges,andaskedforthesuggestionsonitsadjustment.Somedomesticscholarsalsodevotethemselvestoresearchandverifytherelationshipbetweenexportcommoditystructureandeconomicgrowth,foreigntradecompetitivenessofZhejiangProvince.Basedoncertaintheoriesandevaluationmethods,theymaketheoreticalanalysisandempiricaltestonthefactorsaffectingthechangeofexportcommoditystructure,andputforwardsuggestionsontheoptimizationofexportcommoditystructure.MengandLiu(2012)usedthestatisticaldataofZhejiangProvincefrom1991to2010totesttherelationshipbetweenexportcommoditystructureandeconomicgrowthinZhejiangProvincebyeconometricmethod,andconcludedthattherewasalong-termequilibriumrelationshipbetweentheoptimizationofexportcommoditystructureandeconomicgrowth,andindustrialfinishedgoodsweretheGrangercauseofeconomicgrowth.BasedonthetimeseriesdataofZhejiangProvincefrom1989to2011,Zhu(2013)hadadetailedlookatthecorrelationbetweenthecompetitivenessofZhejiang'sforeigntradeandtheindustrialstructure,andproposedthattheexportcommoditystructureofZhejiangProvinceshouldbefurtheroptimized.Li(2013)basedonthetheoryofexporttradestructure,thispaperpointedouttheimpactofexportcommoditystructureonZhejiang'seconomyfromtwoaspects:theimpactofexportcommoditystructureonGDPandindustrialstructure.Xie(2014)combinesthepracticalexperienceofexporttradeandstandardizationinZhejiangProvince,andmakesanempiricaltestwiththeexportdataofZhejiangProvincefrom1990to2013,inordertoraisethelevelofstandardization,betterdevelopexporttradeandenhancethelevelofexportcommoditystructureinZhejiangProvince,putsforwardcountermeasuresandsuggestions.Jiang(2015)pointedoutthatwiththedevelopmentoftheeconomy,Zhejiang'sforeigntradeeconomyisfacingaseriesofdifficulties,suchasthesustainedslowdownofexportgrowth.Targetedmeasuresshouldbetakentopromotethesteadyincreaseofexports,optimizethestructureofexportcommodities,adjusttheexistingexporttrademechanismofZhejiangProvince,andimprovetheexistingtrademechanismtoachieveeconomicupgradingandtransformationinZhejiangProvince.Lu(2017)combinedwiththebackgroundofeconomicglobalization,analyzedtheimpactofChina-ASEANFreeTradeAreaonZhejiang'sexports,andraisedrelevantmethodstoimprovethelevelofcommoditystructureinZhejiang'sexportstoASEANandstrengtheneconomicandtradecooperationbetweenASEAN.JinandZhang(2019)analyzedthecurrentsituationofZhejiang'sforeigntradedevelopmentunderthenewnormalconditions,explainedthelimitedscopeofZhejiang'strademarketandthesingleexportindustrialstructure,andraisedsomesuggestionstoexpandthescaleofZhejiang'sforeigntrademarketandstrengthenthediversifieddevelopmentofZhejiang'sforeigntrade.Insummary,therelevantscholarshavemaderichstudiesonthestructureofexportcommoditiesinZhejiangProvince.Somescholarsfocusontheoverallstructureofexportcommodities,whileothersmainlydoresearchtherelationshipbetweenexportcommoditystructureandotherthings.However,therearefewsystematicstudiesaboutthechangeofcomparativeadvantageofexportcommoditiesinZhejiangProvince,whichfailstorevealthecurrentsituationandtrendcharacteristicsofthecomparativeadvantageofZhejiang'sexportcommodities,andfailstoprovideaccurateandfeasiblepracticalguidancefortheformulationofrelevantpolicies.2.2StudyonComparativeAdvantage2.2.1StudyontheComparativeAdvantageofForeignScholarsThetheoryofcomparativeadvantagecanbetracedbacktoAdamSmith'stheoryofinternationaldivisionoflabor,whichisbasedonabsoluteadvantage.Hebelievesinthefreetradesituation,becauseofthedifferentnaturalendowmentsoracquiredconditionsofproduction,allcountriescanbeinanabsolutelyadvantageouspositioninsomeaspectsofproductionandforeigntradethanothercountries.Ifallcountriesdivideandexchangetheirlaboraccordingtoabsolutelyadvantageousconditionsofproduction,thenallcountrieswillhavetheirresourcesandlaborwellused.ThenRicardopioneeredthetheoryofcomparativeadvantageinhismasterpiecePoliticalEconomicsandTaxationPrinciples.Hebelievedthatundersimilarconditions,thedifferenceincomparativecostofproducinguniformcommoditiesbetweencountriesresultedfromtherelativedifferenceoftechnologicallevelamongcountrieswasthecauseofinternationaltrade,anditwoulddeterminethattheinternationaltradewasboundtobetheproductionandexportofproductswithcomparativeadvantages.HeckscherandOlinputforwardthetheoryofresourceendowment,believingthattherapiddevelopmentofeconomywillleadtothechangeoffactorendowmentofacountry,andthenchangethecompositionofexportcommoditiesandcomparativeadvantage.Intheearlystageofeconomicdevelopment,acountry'sfactorendowmentliesinlabor-intensiveandnaturalresource-intensiveproducts,andthecomparativeadvantageofexportproductsliesinlabor-intensiveandnaturalresource-intensiveproducts.Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,acountry'sfactorendowmentwillchange.Young(1991)proposedthatthesectorswithcomparativeadvantagesinacountrywerenotnecessarilythesectorswiththehighestpotentialproductivity.Dynamiccomparativeadvantagewouldleadresourcestoconcentrateonsectorswithhigherpotentialefficiency,optimizetheallocationofresearchanddevelopmentactivities,humancapitalandknowledgeamongdifferentproductionsectors,andmadethecountry'sgrossproductmorematchedwithproductdemand,thusprovidinganimportantsourceofeconomicgrowth.Ifdevelopingcountriesgaincomparativeadvantageaftershort-termgovernmentsubsidies,subsequenttradewouldbringsustainedtechnologicaladvancementadvantages.However,thiswouldalsoleadtotherisingtechnologicaldisparitybetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries,becausethelaborforceofdevelopedcountrieswasgreaterthanorequaltothatofdevelopingcountries,andtheinitialadvantagesofadvancedcountriesintermsoftechnologicalstock,thescaleeffectbroughtbytheexpansionoflaborforceandtheproductcomplexitycausedbytheincreaseofproductoutput.Theimprovementofthelevelrequiredtheproductionsectortocontinuouslyimprovelearningefficiency,whichmadeitmoredifficultforthebackwardcountriestocatchup.Redding(1999)studiesshowedthatthetransformationofcomparativeadvantagefromstatictodynamiccouldpromoteeconomicgrowth.Developingcountriesneededtomakeabalancebetweentraditionalindustrieswithexistin