2023年1月考研英语一真题及答案

2023年1月考研英语真题及答案(一)

SectionIUseofEnglish

Dnecclious:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebcslword(s)for

eachnumberedblank,andmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWER

SHEET1.(10points)

In1924American'NationalResearchCouncilsentto

engineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsata

telephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawhtorePlantnear

ChicagoIthopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorEgnting

_1_workorsproductivityInstead,thestudiesended_2—

givingtheirnametothe“Hawhthomeeffect“theextremely

inflenticelIdeatheveey_3_tobemgexperimentedupon

changedsubjects,behavior

Theideaarosebecauseofthe_4_behaviorofthewomen

intheplato.Accordmgto_5_ofthe

expetmems.their,houriyoutputrosewhenhghtmgwas

increased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot_6_what

wasdoneintheexpenment.—7—sometmgwas

changed,produchntyroseA(n)—8—thattheywerebemg

experimenteduponseemedtobe9_t0alterworkers,

bchamor10uself

Afterseveraldecades,thesaliledatawere_11_to

econometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanother

surprisestorej2一thedescnpuonsonrecord,nosystematic

13_wasfoundthatlevelsofproduchxntywererelatedto

changesinlighting

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingthe

c〜enmentsmaybehaveletto_14_interpretationofwhat

happed.—15—,tighringwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhen

workstartedagainonMonday,output16—rosecompared

withthepreviousSaturdayand_17—toriseforthenext

coupleofdays_18—,acomparisonwithdataforweeks

whentherewasnoexpenmentationshowedthatoutputalways

wentupOnMonday,workers_19—tobeduigentforthefirst

fewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before_21_aplateau

andthenslackeningoffThissuggeststhatthealleged”

Hawthorneeffect“ishardtoptndown

1.[A]affected[B]achieved

[C]exlracted[D]restored

2[A]at[B]up[C]with

[D]Off

3[A]Wuth[B]sight[C]act

[D]proof

4.[A]convoversial[B]perplexing

[c]mischieous[D]ambiguous

5.[A]reqtttrents[B]cxplanalions

[C]accounts[D]assements

6[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate

[I)]work

7[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]in

casethat[D]solongas

8.[Alawarerress[B]expectation[C]sentiment

[D]illusion

9.[A]suitale[B]excessive[C]enough

[D]abundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on

[D]by

11[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected

[D]conveyed

12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith

[Ciparallelwith[D]pealliarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance

[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening

[C]retiable[D]wasleadmg

15.[A]Incontast[B]Forexample[C]In

consequenceusual

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably

[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started

[D]continued

20.[A]breaking[B]chrnbing[C]surpassmg

[D]hiting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseen

granledforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncom

receivedoneforits“one-click“onlinepaymentsystem

MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocation

strategy.Oneinvenlorpatentedatochniqueforlyingabox

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletely

readytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhave

beencontroversiale,versincetheywerefirst

authorized10yearsagoInamovethathas

intellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.Scourtof

Appealsforthefederalctrcuitsaiditwouldusea

particularcasetoconductabroadreviewof

business-methodpatents.InreBijskl,asthecaseisknown,

is“averybigdeal”,saysDermis，DCrouchofthe

UniversityofMissouri

Schooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoelinatean

entireclassofpatmts”

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramatic

about-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthat

introducedsuchpatentswithis2023decisioninthe

so-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentona

wayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedan

explosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallyby

emerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusive

pinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,

moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentsto

theirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

mightbentthemtothepunch.In2023,IBMnotedinacourt

filingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300

business-methodpatentsdespitethafactthatit

questionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,

someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswith

patentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositions

incourtcasesopposingthepractice。

TheBiIskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethod

forhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuit

issuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheard

byall12ofthecourt?sjudges,ratherthanatypical

panelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevalusteis

wetheritshould“reconsider“itsstatestreetBank

rulingo

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofa

seriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathas

nurrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.Last

April,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomany

patentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions“thatare

obvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reaction

totheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt“saysHarole

Cwegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorge

WashingtonUniversityLawSchoolo

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcern

becauseof

[A]their1imitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrullingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。

28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobably

means

[A]lossofgoodwill

[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude

[D]changeofauiuled

29.Welearnfromthelasttwopamgraphsthat

business-meihodPateats

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpateatholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobvamess-melhcdpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoinlMalcohnaladuel1aloues

thatsocialepidemicsaredliveninlargepartbytheacting

ofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledin

fluentialswhoareunusual1informed,persuasive,orwe

connectTheideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn't

explainhowideasactuallyspreado

Thesupposedimportanceofinftuentialsderivesfrom

aplansiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheoryuntested

thelrycalledthe"tow-stepflowofcommunication，/

InformationHowsfromthemediatotheinftuentialsand

fromthentoereryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthe

two-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfind

andinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewill

domostoftheorkforthemThetheoryalsoseemstoexplain

thesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing

promotingordevelopingwhaterveritisbeforeanyoneelse

paidattentionAnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicely

withtheideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecall

drivetrends

Intheirrecentworkhoweyersomeresearchershavecome

upwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpact

onsocialepidemicsthanisgenetallysupposedInfactthey

don'tseemtoberequiredofall

Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimple

obserratingaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionof

afewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsize

presenceisprimanrillyafunctionofmedianot

interpersonalinfluence-enenthemostinfluentialmembers

ofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers

Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho

accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrive

socialenidemicsbyinflucencinytheirfriendsand

colleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowever

eachpersonsosffectedmusttheninflucencehisorherown

acquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon

andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese

peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.If

peopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromthe

initialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplefromthe

initialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethe

casecadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmany

peopleo

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonal

influencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsof

populationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingof

populationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingto

people'sabilifytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendence

tobe

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintends

to

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentials,funcitioninspreading

ideas

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocial

epidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsof

influentials

32.Theauthorsuggeststhattheutwo-step-flowtheory”

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocial

interactions

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthe

media

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

{D}mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention

34.theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople“inparagraph4

referstotheoneswho

{A}stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

{B}havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

{C}areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

{D}areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

34.whatistheessentialslementinthedynamicsofsocial

influence?

{A}Theeageinesstobeaccepted

{B}Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers

{C}Theresdinesstobeinfluenced

{D}Theinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheir

troublesinpublic.Behindehtscenes,theyhavebeentaking

aimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Their

rules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormous

losses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymust

valuesomeassetsatthepriceatheirdpartywouldpay,not

thepricemanagersandregulatorswould1ikethemtofetcho

Unfortunately,banksJlobbyingnowseemstobe

working.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependence

ofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningof

capitalmarksts,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbanks

carrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,reviving

thebankingsystemwillbedifficult.Afterabruising

encounterwithXongress.America;sFinancialAccounting

StandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechangse.These

gavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquid

assetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglosseson

longOtermassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,the

FASB'schairman,criedoutagainstehosewho“question

ourmotiveso“Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhance

whatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgment

bymanagemento”

Europeanministersinstantlydemandedthatthe

InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)do

likewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithout

overallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcomletes

itreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong

CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASB

thatisdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"inthe

realword“andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferent

ruleso

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccouts

htatwastlyovervaluedassets,todaytheyarguehtatmarket

pricesoverstateloeees,becausehtey

Largerlyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityof

markets,notthelikelyententofbaddebts.Thetruthwill

notbeknownforyears.Butbank,ssharestradebelowtheir

bookvalue,suggetingthatinvestorsareakeptical.Anddead

marketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwill

notsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetare

relucaanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains<>

Togetthesysytemworkingagain,lossesmustbe

recognizedanddealtwith.America,snewplantobuyup

toxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetsto

levelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarkets

requireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.

TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprules

onstockoptionsangpensions,forexample,against

hostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowthey

areinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessionso

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followanfavorableassetevaluationrules

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmay

resultin

[A]thedimingishingroleofmanagement

[B]therevivalofthebankingsyestem

[C]thebank'slong-termassetlossers

[D]theweakeningogitsindepentdence

38.AccordingtoParagarph4,McCreevyobjectstothe

IASB'sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers

[C]actontheirowninruli-setting

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform

39、Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrong

planetvinthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets

40>Theauthor*sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisone

of

[A]satisfaction

[B]skepticism

©objectiveness

[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitable

paragraphsfromthefirstA-Gandfillthemintothe

numberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeen

correctlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfit

inwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

[A]ThefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumerJs

growingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffood

anddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout

32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin

2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2023.This

developmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefood

servicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecompared

withgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile

astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegetting

anxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurse

andconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative。

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargest

marketsareatastandstill,lesvingEuropeangrocery-

retailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleading

retailershavealteadytriede-commerce,withlimit

success,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignored

thebig.profitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthe

wholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whochappearstobejustthe

kindofmarketretailersneed。

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeinthe

overallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitely

not.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasrdonflexible

Trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitis

uptothebuyertatherthanthesellertodecidewhatto

buy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimed

byanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticand

internationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrent

consumerpatternwilltakeholdo

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketin

whichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesof

wholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakein

substantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooks

asawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferences

amongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheir

customersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthe

competitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrink

categories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthese

differencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsof

Europeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmight

unseatsmallerbutenerenchedcompetitors.Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsin

thecountriesthathavebeenclosely

examined一France,Germany,Italy,andSpain一aremadeoutof

samebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwo

sources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystores

which,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuy-

straightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrange

fromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcatering

ventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthe

tradeas“horeca"：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,

Europe'sretai1wholesalemarket,butthefigures,when

addedtogether,masktwoopposingtrendso

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescome

to$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spainandthe

UnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.

Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesale

thaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservice

sectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmore

often;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthis

fragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasiblefor

wholesalerstoconsiderate。

[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeter

largeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersand

existingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethat

mastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandto

reapconsiderablegainso

41-42-43-44-Ef45

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate

theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittencarfullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

Points)

Onebasicweaknessinacomservationsystembased

whollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersoftheland

communityhavenoeconomicvalueYettheseereaturesare

membersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstability

dependsonitsinteynity,theyareentitledtocontinuance

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatened

andifwehappentoloveit.Weincertexcusestogiveit

economicimportanceAtthebeginningpfcenturysongbiras

weresupppsedtobedisappearingo(46)Scinentistsjumped

totheresurewithsomedistimctlyshakyevidencetothe

effecttheinsecetswouldestusupofbridsfailedto

controlthemtheecideucehadtobeconbmicinordertobe

walido

Itispamfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccounts

today.Wehavenolandehticyet。(47)butwehaveatleast

drawnnearthepointpfadmittingthatbirdsshould

continueasamatterofintrinisicrightreardlessofthe

presencepfabsenceofeconomicadcantagetous。

Apanallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatory

mamaIsandfish-eatingbirds(48)Timewaswhenbiologosts

somewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreatures

preservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak

orthattheypreyonlyonworthlessspecies”。

Somespeciespftreehavebeenreadoutoftheparty

byeconomici-mindedfpresterstheygrowtooslowtyor

haveasalevatetopayasimebercrops(49)Ineurope,where

forestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thencommercial

treespeciesarerecognizedadmembersofnativeforest

community,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。

Tosumup;asystemofconservationbasedsolelyon

economincself-interestishopelesstlylopsided(50)It

tendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,many

elementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercial

value,butthatareessentialtoitshealthy

functioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats。

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduate

associationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforan

internationalconferenceonglobalization,

youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationof

applicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative。

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourown

nameattheendoftheletter.Use^postgraduateassociation，/

insteado

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowing

deawing.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)ecplainitsintendedmeaning,andthen

3)giveyourcommentSo

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)

2023年考研英语完整版详解

SectionIUseofEnglish

1.A

解析：A项affect意思是“影响，感动”；B项achieve

意思是“达成，完成"；C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”；D

项restore是“复原，重建”.这句话的意思是：他们想通过试

验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是Ao

2.B

解析：本题考查了固定短语endup的用法，endup意思

是“最终成为……”，end和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故

选Bo

3.C

解析：本句的大意为：探讨最终总结为一个极具影响力的概

念一“霍桑效应”，也正是试验所探讨的行为变更了工人们的表

现。所以这里应选择C。

4.B

解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的留

意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。四个选项中perplexing意

为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B。

5.C

解析：本句的含义是：依据探讨描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗

时，工人的时产量就会提高。四个选项中有描述含义的是C项

accountso

6.B

解析：这句话的意思是：试验中做什么并不重要。Donot

matter固定表达，故选B。

7.D

解析：考查solongas短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思

是：只要有变更，生产率就会上升。

8.A

解析：A项awareness意思是“意识”，B项expectation

意为“期望”，C项sentiment意为"”观点,看法，D项illusion

为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被探讨对象-

这一意识就足以变更他们的行为。所以选A°

9.C

解析：见第8题解析。

10.D

解析：见