2023年名校版高考英语阅读理解精读内测版 含答案

2023年名校版高考英语阅读理解

精读内测版含答案

Expertsusedtobelievethatpeopleassessrisklikeactuaries

（精算师）,figuringoutcost-benefitanalyseseverytimeacarcame

toocloseorlocalcrimeratesrose.Butawaveofpsychological

experimentsinthel980sdeniedthisthinking.

Researchersfoundthatpeopleuseasetofmentalshortcuts

formeasuringdanger.Andtheytendtodoitunconsciously,

meaningthatinstinct（直觉）canplayamuchlargerrolethan

theyrealize.Ideally,theseshortcutshelppeoplefigureoutwhich

onestoworryaboutandwhichtodisregard.Buttheycanbe

imperfect.

Whenyouencounterapotentialrisk,yourbraindoesaquick

searchforpastexperienceswithit.Ifitcaneasilypullupmultiple

alarmingmemories,thenyourbrainconcludesthedangeris

high.Butitoftenfailstoassesswhetherthosememoriesare

trulyrepresentative.

Aclassicexampleisairplanecrashes.Iftwohappen

continuously,flyingsuddenlyfeelsscarier-evenifyour

consciousmindknowsthatthosecrashesareastatistical

aberration（统计异常）withlittleinfluenceonthesafetyofyour

nextflight.Butifyouthentakeafewflightsandnothinggoes

wrong,yourbrainwillmostlikelystarttellingyouagainthat

flyingissafe.

Thattendencycancutinbothdirections,leadingtoeither

alarmorcomplacency（自大）.Thoughflukillstensofthousands

ofAmericanseveryyear,mostpeoples'experienceswithitare

relativelyordinary."We'reconditionedbyourexperiences,z,

saidPaulSlovic,aUniversityofOregonpsychologist,"But

experiencecanmisleadustobetoocomfortablewiththings.We

arealsoconditionedtofocusheavilyonnewthreats,lookingfor

anycauseforalarm."

Maybethemostpowerfulshortcutofallisemotion.Our

brainstranslateemotionalreactionsintowhatwebelieveare

reasonedconclusions,evenifharddatatellsusotherwise.The

worldinourheadsisnotaprecisecopyofreality.Our

expectationsaboutfrequencyofeventsaremisinterpretedby

thepopularityandemotionalintensityofthemessagestowhich

weareexposed.

32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"disregard"inparagraph2

mean?

A.Fear.

B.Ignore.

C.Support.

D.Prevent.

33.Whydoestheauthorgiveanexampleofairplanecrashes?

A.Todemonstratehowtotakeashortcut.

B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofexperience.

C.Toprovepeoplearegoodatmeasuringrisks.

D.Toexplainmemoriescanbemisleading.

34.Whatmakesmentalshortcutimperfect?

A.Representativememories.

B.Reasonedconclusions.

C.Scaryreports.

D.Misinterpretedmessages.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

A.Howwesticktoourbeliefs

B.Howourbrainsevaluatethreat

C.Howourpastexperiencesshapeus

D.Howwemakeourbestchoices

BDDB

Severalresearchgroupshavepreviouslygeneratedimages

frombrainsignalsusingAImodelsthatrequirenumerousdata

analysis.Now,ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagiatOsaka

UniversityinJapanhavedevelopedamuchsimplerapproachby

slightlyadjustingStableDiffusion,apopulartext-to-image

generator,allowingittoturnbrainsignalsdirectlyintopictures.

ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagibuilttwoadditionalmodels

tohelpmakeStableDiffusionworkwithbrainsignals.Thepair

useddatafromfourpeopleobtainedbyusingfunctional

magneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)(功能磁共振成像技术)toscan

theirbrainswhilethefourwereviewing10,000pictures.

Usingaround90percentofthebrain-imagingdata,thepair

thentrainedonemodeltomakelinksbetweenfMRIdatafroma

brainregionthatprocessesvisualsignalsandtheimagesthat

peoplewereviewing.Theyusedthesamedatasettotrainthe

othermodeltoformlinksbetweentextdescriptionsofthe

imagesandfMRIdatafromabrainregionthatprocessesthe

meaningofimages.Aftertraining,thesetwomodelscould

translatebrain-imagingdataintoformsthatweredirectlyfed

intotheStableDiffusionmodel.Itcouldthenreconstructaround

1000oftheimagespeopleviewedwithabout80%accuracy.This

levelofaccuracyissimilartothatpreviouslyachievedinastudy

thatanalysedthesamedatausingamuch

moretediousapproach,whichinvolvedmoretimeandefforts.

However,thestudyonlytestedtheapproachonfour

people,"ThisapproachrequireshugefMRImachines”,says

SikunLinattheUniversityofCalifornia."Infuture,more

practicalversionsoftheapproachcouldallowpeopletomake

artorchangeimageswiththeirimagination,oraddnew

elementstogameplay,butitisstillalongwayfromdailyuse,“

shesays.

12WhatdoweknowaboutStableDiffusion?

A.Itcallsformoredataanalysis.

B.Itwascreatedtoreadbrainsignals.

C.ItwaslaunchedbyJapanesescientists.

D.Ithelpschangebrainsignalsintopictures.

13.Whatarethetwomodelsintendedtodoaftertraining?

A.Toprocessdata.

B.Toredrawimages.

C.Toscanhumanbrains.

D.Tomatchtextdescriptions.

14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tedious"meanin

paragraph3?

A.Simple.

B.Complicated.

C.Effective.

D.Convenient.

15.WhatdoesSikunLinsayaboutthisapproach?

AItispracticalfordailyuse.

B.Ithasbeenwidelyusedinart.

C.Itwillenrichpeople（simagination.

D.Itwillbeappliedinabroadrange.

DABD

Introducedspecieshaveabadreputation.Ithasbeen

believedthatthespeciesmixinaparticularplaceshouldremain

asunchangedaspossible.Butthisisjustanopinion.Other

opinionsarepossible.AstudypublishedrecentlybyDovSaxof

BrownUniversity,thusaskshowthebenefitsofintroduced

speciesmightbebetterassessed,sothatopinionscanbemore

informed.Specifically,heidentifiesseveralaspectsforthat.

Initially,whetherintroducedspeciesprovidedirecthuman

advantageistakenintoaccount.Dr.Saxandhiscolleagues

ignoredcrops,sincetheirbenefitsareobvious.Buttheyincluded

transplantedgrassspeciesthathavegonewild,yetprovide

grazing（牧草）fordomesticanimals,andintroducedforesttrees

thatproducewoodforconstruction.

Anotherfactoristheirpossiblebenefittotheecosysteminto

whichtheintroductionhashappened.Suchintroductionis

sometimesmadetoreducetheriskofalocalisedspecies

becomingextinct.Pyne'sgroundplum（李子）,nativetoahandful

ofsitesinthecentralbasinsofTennesseebutnowtransplanted

toothers,fallsintothiscategory.

Thelastvalueisexperiencedonanemotionalratherthana

practicallevel.Lotsofpeoplefeelgoodaboutnativewildlife,

whichisgenerallythemainmotiveforitsconservation.Butthat

feel-goodfactorcanextendtointroducedspeciesaswell.Such

valuecancutbothways,however.Forexample,ring-necked

parakeets,anAsianandAfricanspecies,havebeenspreading

throughBritainforseveraldecades.Somefindthemacolourful

additiontothelocalwildlife,othersanoisycompetitorfornative

birds.

Inlightoftheiranalysis,Dr.Saxandhisteamtherefore

suggestthatresearchersstudyingintroducedspeciesshouldin

futurecreateacleardistinctionintheirstudiesbetweenchanges

thathavehappenedandjudgmentsaboutthevalueofthose

changes.Inaddition,whenmakingthosejudgments,they

shouldacknowledgealltypesofvalues,ratherthanfocusing

narrowlyononeortwoofthem.

Thatdone,manyspecieswillsurelystillbeaccusedof

possibledamage.Butothers,badlythoughtofinthepast,may

not.

8.WhatisDr.Sax'sstudyaimedtodo?

A.Keeptrackofintroducedspecies.

B.Getintroducedspeciesfullyunderstood.

C.Compareopinionsonintroducedspecies.

D.Identifyconsequencesofintroducingspecies.

9.WhywasPyne'sgroundplumtransplantedtootherplaces?

A.Toprovidegrazeforlocalanimals.

B.Toproducewoodforconstruction.

C.Tobuildanewlocalecosystem.

DTosavelocalspeciesfromdyingout.

10.Howdolocalpeoplereacttotheintroductionofring-necked

parakeets?

A.Theydon,tcareaboutit.

B.Theyconsideritacceptable.

C.Theycan'tputupwithit.

D.Theyholddividedopinionsonit.

11.WhatdoesDr.Saxsuggesttothefutureresearchers?

A.Focusingonmainvalues.

B.Evaluatingevidentchanges.

C.Analyzingpreviousresearches.

D.Presentingall-roundassessments.

BDDD

Aswinterarrives,theproblemoffogged-upcarwindscreens

becomesmorepressingfordrivers.Anti-mistingsprays（喷雾剂）

areonewayIodealwithsuchfogging.Buttheyneedfrequent

reapplication.Anotherapproachistofixwithinthethingtobe

demistedasetofelectricallypoweredheatingwires.Butbecause

ofthevisualdistraction（分/心）created,thatdoesn'tworkfora

car'sfrontwindscreen.

IranHachlerandDimosPoulikakosoftheSwissFederal

InstituteofTechnologyinZurichhave,however,comeupwith

anotherwayofwarmingsomethinguptostopfogforming.Their

newmaterialisacoatingtennanometres（纳米）thick.Itisflexible,

easilymadeusingexistingprocesses,andcanbeappliedasa

coatingtoglassorplastic,orinsetinsidesuch

materials.Itsdemistingpropertiesarepoweredbysunlight.

Ineffect,itisagoldsandwich.The"bread"ofthissandwichis

apairoflayers（层）,topandbottom,ofachemicalmaterial,each

threenanometresthick.Thefillingisafour-nanometredeep

goldenmaterial.Thewholestructureletsvisiblelightpass

unlimited,whileabsorbinginvisiblelightsandtransformingthem

intoheat.ltisthefillingthatwarmstheglass.Goldactsasa

mediumintheheatingprocess.Thenetworkwillnowabsorb

heatifleftinthesunshine.Thetopandbottomlayersboostthat

absorption.

GlasscoatedwithMrHachler'sandDrPoulikakos'sinvention

is,theyclaim,fourtimesmoreeffectiveatpreventingfogthan

anuncountedsurface.Itabsorbsaround30%ofsolarradiation

incidentuponit-which,onasunnyday,increasesthetemperature

ofwhatitisappliedtobyaround8℃.Onac