聚焦 OIV 世界有机葡萄园（英）

FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDFOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDSEPTEMBER20211FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDINTRODUCTION41

•ORGANIC

VITICULTURE:CONTEXT,

DEFINITIONANDREGULATION51.11.21.3Principlesoforganicviticulture

5Regulationsonorganicproduction7Certification

of

organic

viticultural

products72

•DISTRIBUTION

ANDEVOLUTIONOFORGANICVINEYARDS

102.12.22.3Methodology10Distributionandevolutionoftheworld’sorganicvineyards11Evolutionoforganicvineyardsbycountry132.3.1

Europe

132.3.2

Asia

162.3.3

NorthAmericaandSouthAmerica

172.3.4

Oceania

192.3.5

Africa

20SEPTEMBER20212FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDTable

of

figuresFigure

1.

Principlesoforganicvitiviniculture

accordingto

ResolutionOIV-ECO460-20126Figure

2.

Technicalprinciplesoforganicviticulture

andorganicwinemakingin

the

EUFigure

3.

Overview

ofregulatory

frameworkfororganiccertificationin

vitivi-6niculture7Figure

4.

Overview

ofthe

world’sorganicvineyards

in

2019Figure

5.

Evolutionofworldarea

underorganicvines1111Figure

6.

Shareoforganicviticulture

in

total

worldviticultureFigure

7.

Distributionofworldarea

underorganicvines

in

2019Figure

8.

Top

10countriesbyarea

underorganicvines

in

2019111212Figure9.

Top

10countriesbyarea

underorganicvines

as

%oftotal

area

undervines

in

201912Figure10.

Top

10countriesbyaverageannual

growth

rateofarea

underorga-nicvines

overthe

period

2014–201913Abbreviationsha:

hectareskha:

thousandsofhectaresSEPTEMBER20213FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDIntroductionOrganic

viticulture

is

a

production

method

that

underwentsignificant

expansion

at

the

end

of

the

20th

century

andhas

continued

to

grow

ever

since.

This

development

canbe

explained

in

large

part

by

societal

issues,

particularly

inrelation

to

consumer

health

and

environmental

protection.In

response,

there

has

been

a

surge

in

organic

vine

surfaceareas

across

the

world,

combined

with

a

strong

trend

towardscertification.This

report

surveys

the

development

of

certified

organicvineyard

areas

producing

wine

grapes,

table

grapes

andraisins,

covering

the

period

2005

to

2019

.

The

overall

objective1of

this

report

is

to

carry

out

exploratory

work

that

contributesto

knowledge

on

organic

viticulture,

a

production

methodused

in

the

vitivinicultural

industry.

It

will

then

be

possible,based

on

this

preliminary

study,

to

continue

to

monitor

andexplain

the

evolution

of

organically

cultivated

and

certifiedvineyard

areas

in

the

future

using

a

more

specific

approach,in

particular

by

separating

areas

under

vines

according

tothe

destination

of

the

grapes

produced.

A

specific

feature

ofthis

report

is

to

collect

and

collate

data

on

all

vineyard

areasconsidered

as

organic,

recognising

that

definitions

varyfromonecountry

to

another.This

report

is

divided

into

two

chapters.

The

first

chapterestablishes

a

general

framework

and

defines

the

principlesof

certified

organic

vitiviniculture.

The

second

presents

dataon

certified

organic

vine

surface

areas

by

country

and

at

theglobal

level

in

2019,

and

also

tracks

developments

over

a

15-yearperiod.1.

Formoreinformationonthemethodologyused,seeChapter2.1.SEPTEMBER20214FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARD1

•

ORGANICVITICULTURE:CONTEXT,

DEFINITIONANDREGULATION1.1Principlesof

organicviticultureBetween

the

19th

and

20th

centuries,

the

theorisation

of

organic

agriculture

emergedinternationally

from

a

series

of

scientific

and

political

contributions

in

reaction

to

theconsequences

of

agricultural

industrialisation.In

termsof

recognitionby

countries,the

global

pioneers

were

the

United

States

(state

of

Oregon

in1974

and

California

in1979)

and

France

(in

1983),

which

were

the

first

to

legislate

on

organic

agriculture

.1In

the

countries

which

are

now

in

the

European

Union

(EU),

marketing

throughcollective

brands

began

in

the

1960s,

but

recognition

by

the

public

authorities

onlyoccurred

in

1981,andthe

first

regulations

wereintroducedin

1991.In

1980,

the

International

Federation

of

Organic

Agriculture

(IFOAM),

founded

in

1972,formulated

the

first

version

of

the

IFOAM

Basic

Standards

(IBS),

which

are

reviewedevery

two

years.

The

IBS

serve

as

guidelines,

onthe

basis

ofwhich

public

and

privatestandard-settingbodies

can

developtheirspecificorganicproductionstandards.Much

work

has

been

done,

and

is

still

being

done,

to

harmonise

the

definition

andpractices

of

organic

agriculture

at

the

international

level,

by

producer

federationsbut

also

by

governments

within

the

framework

of

multilateral

discussions

led

byintergovernmentalorganisations.The

first

intergovernmental

harmonisation

on

organic

agriculture

dates

back

to1999,

when

the

Codex

Alimentarius

Commission

adopted

the

Guidelines

for

theProduction,

Processing,

Labelling

and

Marketing

of

Organically

Produced

Foods

.2They

define

organic

agriculture

as

a

holistic

production

management

system

thatavoids

the

use

of

synthetic

fertilisers

and

pesticides

and

genetically

modifiedorganisms;

minimises

pollution

of

air,

soil

and

water;

and

optimises

the

health

andproductivityofinterdependentcommunitiesofsoillife,plants,animals

andpeople.The

Codex

Alimentarius

Guidelines

provide

the

framework

for

an

agreed

approach

tothe

requirements

that

underpin

the

production

of

food

by

organic

methods,

as

well

asthe

labelling

andclaims

ofthese

products.Thefollowingprovisionsconcernproductindications:‘A

productwill

beregardedasbearing

indications

referring

to

organic

production

methods

where,

in

the

labellingor

claims,

including

advertising

material

or

commercial

documents,

the

product,or

its

ingredients,

is

described

by

the

terms

“organic”,

“biodynamic”,

“biological”,“ecological”,

or

words

of

similar

intent

including

diminutives

which,

in

the

countrywhere

the

product

is

placed

on

the

market,

suggests

to

the

purchaser

that

theproductorits

ingredients

wereobtained

accordingto

organicproductionmethods.’With

regard

to

the

vitivinicultural

sector,

discussions

within

the

OIV

concludedin

2012

with

the

adoption

of

the

resolution

on

the

General

Principles

of

OrganicVitiviniculture

(OIV-ECO

460-2012).

Theserecommendations,

illustrated

in

Figure

1,take

intoaccountthe

specificitiesofthe

vitivinicultural

sector.1.

Morgera,E.,BullónCaro,C.andMarínDurán,G.(2012)Organicagricultureandthelaw.

Rome:FoodandAgricultureOrgani-zationoftheUnitedNations(FAOlegislativestudy,107).2.

CAC/GL32-1999,‘GuidelinesfortheProduction,Processing,LabellingandMarketingofOrganicallyProducedFoods’.SEPTEMBER20215FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDAccordingto

ResolutionOIV-ECO460-2012,organicvitivinicultureisaproductionsystemthat:•

Seeksto

maintain

ecosystemsandthe

fertility

ofsoilsin

the

longterm,•

Seeksto

increasebiodiversityandthe

protectionofnatural

resources,•

Seeksto

promotethe

useofecological

processesandcycles,•

Seeks

to

minimiseor

eliminateexternalinterventions

and

viticulturalpractices

thatrequire

theuseofchemicalsynthesis

products,•

Seeks

to

use

organic

products

and

processes

in

transformation

and

production

processes,trying

toavoidall

techniquesthat

haveaconsiderablenegativeimpactonthe

environment,•

Excludes

the

use

of

genetically

modified

organisms

and

inputs

derived

from

genetically

modifiedorganisms.ProductionandtransformationofProtectionofecosystemsgrapesProphylaxisandreductionofSoilhealthandfertilityinterventionsReductionofsyntheticchemicalsBiodiversityandnaturalresourcesReductionoftechniqueswithnegativeimpactRespectforecologicalcyclesandprocessesExclusionofGMOsFigure1.

PrinciplesoforganicvitivinicultureaccordingtoResolutionOIV-ECO460-2012Under

Resolution

OIV-ECO

460-2012,

organic

viticulture

is

based

on

three

principles:

soil

fertility,maintaining

biodiversity,

and

pest

control

in

accordance

with

ecological

cycles

and

processes.

Theseprinciplescan

beappliedin

differentways.Figure

2showsthe

technicalprinciplesadoptedbytheEU

.1Organicwinemaking,whereregulations

exist,isbrokendownintopositivelistsofpermittedpracticesand

inputs,

as

shown

in

Figure

2.

This

production

method

therefore

requires

extra

vigilance

at

eachstage

of

the

production

or

transformation

process,

as

the

operator

has

access

to

a

reduced

number

ofsolutions

and

these

restrictions

may

leave

some

sensitivity

in

the

plant

or

processed

product.

Addition-ally,thismethodof

cultivationoftenleadstolower

yields,particularly

as

theonlypermitted

fertilisersareofnatural

ororganicorigin.OrganicviticultureOrganicwinemakingPermittedPermittedadditivesandprocessingaidstechniquesandSoilfertilityBiodiversitymaintenancePestcontroltreatmentsStimulatedManagementFungaldiseases:MechanicaltillageProphylaxis:anticipationConditionsofuseConcentrationlimitsbiologicalBioprotectionandreductionofcopperandConditionsactivityinputssulphurFigure2.

TechnicalprinciplesoforganicviticultureandorganicwinemakinginEU1.

CouncilRegulation(EC)No834/2007onorganicproductionandlabellingoforganicproductsandRegulation(EU)No203/2012onorganicwine.SEPTEMBER20216FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARD1.2Regulationson

organicproductionThe

principles

set

out

in

the

above

guidelines

or

standards

are

translated

into

regulations

on

organicagriculture,

ormorespecifically

organicvitiviniculture,

atnationalorsupra-nationallevel.Depending

on

the

country,

regulations

on

organic

production

may

set

rules

only

for

grape

production

inthe

vineyard,

ormay

extend

to

the

practices

and

products

permitted

forthe

processing

and

marketingoforganicviticulturalproducts.Regulationsandspecificationshaveevolvedconsiderablyover

the

lastfew

decades,

and

they

continue

to

do

so

in

order

to

specify

practices,

both

in

the

vineyard

and

in

theprocessingofvine

products.In2019,93countrieshadspecificregulationsfororganicagricultureand16wereintheprocessofdraftingsuch

regulations

.

Of

the

63

countries

surveyed

in

this

report,

56

have

regulations

for

the

production,1processing

and

labelling

of

organic

products,

and

7

are

in

the

process

of

drafting

and

implementingregulations

(Algeria,

Egypt,

Jordan,Kyrgyzstan,

NewZealand,

SouthAfrica

andUzbekistan).1.3Certification

of

organic

viticultural

productsCertification

assesses

the

conformity

of

the

production

method

of

organically

grown

grapes

or2grape

products.

It

is

a

way

of

guaranteeing

to

consumers

that

the

production

conditions

stipulatedinthe

specifications

have

been

complied

with

and

of

informing

them

of

the

approach

and

practices

ofproducers

through

recognisable

labels

and

logos.

Certifications

can

be

issued

for

a

single

referencestandard

ormaycombineseveraldependingonthe

export

destination.Figure3.

Overviewofregulatoryframeworkfororganiccertificationinvitiviniculture1.

AgenceBio,L’agriculturebiodanslemonde.Edition2019.2.

Certificationistheprocedurebywhichofficialcertificationbodies,orofficiallyrecognisedcertificationbodies,providewrittenorequivalentassurancethatfoodsorfoodcontrolsystemsconformtospecifiedrequirements.Certificationoffoodmay,

asappropriate,bebasedonarangeofinspectionactivities,whichmayincludecontinuouson-lineinspection,auditingofqualityassurancesystemsandexaminationoffinishedproducts,accordingtotheFAO(ALINORM04/27/18AppendixIII).SEPTEMBER20217FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDAs

organic

vitiviniculture

is

treated

differently

acrosstheworld’sgrape-producingcountries,somereferencestandards

are

technically

and

administratively

lessrestrictive

than

they

would

be

elsewhere,

which

hasresulted

in

a

strict

framework

governing

internationaltrade

in

such

products.

There

are

three

scenarioswhen

it

comes

to

exporting

organic

vitiviniculturalproducts

to

foreign

markets

and

labelling

a

productaccording

to

the

standards

of

the

destination

market:•Equivalencyagreement:atradeagreementbetweencountries,

whereby

the

country

of

destination

deemsthereference

standardof

the

countryof

origin

to

beequivalenttoitsown.Theseagreementsmaygrantfullequivalency

(e.g.

the

2015

Canada-Japan

agreement)or,

for

certain

products,

may

specify

particularconditions

that

are

more

stringent

than

nationalrequirements

(e.g.

the

2012

US-EU

agreement).•Mutualrecognitionagreement:intheabsence

of

official

regulations,

an

importingcountry

can

recognise

the

exporting

country’sreference

standard

and

apply

an

acronym

orlogo

(e.g.

the

2018

EU-South

Africa

agreement).•Certification

of

the

country

of

destination:

in

theabsence

of

an

agreement,

producers

must

havetheir

products

certified

according

to

the

referencestandard

of

the

destination

country

and

apply

thecorrespondinglogo.SEPTEMBER20218FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDSEPTEMBER20219FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARD2

•

DISTRIBUTIONANDEVOLUTIONOFORGANICVINEYARDSThis

chapter

reports

on

the

figures

measuring

certified

organic

viticulture

worldwide,witha

focuson

how

theyhaveevolved

since2005.It

isdividedintoseveralsections.It

begins

with

a

description

of

the

methodology

for

data

collection

and

processing.It

then

discusses

the

evolution

of

certified

organic

viticulture

at

the

global

level,before

describing

developments

in

the

world’s

major

grape-producing

countries.2.1MethodologyThis

report

considers

vineyard

surface

areas

only

in

countries

that

have

officiallyrecognised

Participatory

Guarantee

Systems

(PGS)

as

approved

certifiers

.

In

order1to

capture

vineyard

surface

areas

that

meet

a

common

global

standard,

this

studytherefore

includes

only

those

areas

that

are

officially

certified

as

organic

and

thusexcludes

other

environmental

approaches

that

do

not

strictly

comply

with

thespecificationsoforganicagriculture

.2The

areas

considered

in

this

report

represent,

for

the

majority

of

countries,

vineyardsthat

have

already

been

converted

to

organic

farming

as

well

as

those

that

are

in

theprocess

of

conversion.

Some

countries

make

no

distinction

between

the

two

typesofland

.3Data

on

certified

organic

viticulture

was

collected

for

63

countries

over

the

2005–2019

period

and

was

used

to

obtain

the

total

and

the

global

distribution

figures.

Note,however,

that

the

analysis

ofcertified

organic

viticulture

and

howithas

developed

isbased

on

countries

with

at

least

1000

ha

of

organically

managed

vineyards

in

2019.It

is

also

important

to

point

out

that

many

countries,

identified

later

in

this

report,do

not

collect

annual

surface

area

or

production

data

for

organic

vitiviniculture.

Thismay

lead

to

datasets

coming

from

different

sources

in

the

industry

and

thus

to

anunderestimationofthe

true

situation.Data

forthe

63countriesincludedcomesfromthe

followingsources:•

Official

data

providedbyOIV

MemberStates

through

questionnaires

,4•

Official

data

publishedbygovernmentalorintergovernmentalagencies(e.g.Eurostat),•

Non-officialdata

publishedbyorganisationsrepresentingthe

vitiviniculturalsectororthe

organicagriculture

sector(e.g.FiBL),•

Non-officialdata

fromothersources(e.g.presskits,

technical

journals,newspapers),•

OIV

estimates.The

surface

areas

and

variables

of

organic

production

are

thus

compared

with

thesurface

areas

and

variables

of

‘non-organic’

production.

This

latter

category

includesall

productionmethodsthat

arenotcertified

as

organic.1.

Thisparticipatorycertificationbasedontransparencyisanalternativeapproachtothird-partycertification.It

isadaptedtosmallanddiversifiedstructuresbyreducingthecostsofcertificationandthetimespentonadministrativemonitoring,andalsobyempoweringproducersandotherstakeholdersinthechainsincecertificationnolongerdependsonasingleauditor.PGSarerecognisedbynationalregulationsinanumberofgrape-producingcountries,includingBrazil,Chile,India,Mexico,PeruandUruguay.2.

Manycountrieshavedevelopedenvironmentallyfriendlyproductionsystemsthatdonotrefertoorganicfarming.Thisisthecaseforcollectiveapproachessuchas‘SustainableWinegrowingNewZealand’;‘NapaGreen,CertifiedSustainableWinegrowing’and‘SalmonSafe’intheUSA;‘SustainableWineofChile’;or‘IntegratedProductionofWine’inSouthAfrica.Forthesecountries,whichareoftenmajorwineproducers,thecertifiedorganicvineyardsurfaceareasincludedinthisreportarelowerthanexpec-ted.Thisisbecausesomeenvironmentalapproacheshavebeenexcludedastheydonotcorrespondpreciselytothedefinitionof‘organic’.3.

Australia,Canada,Chile,Egypt,Liechtenstein,Iran,Mexico,NewZealand,Switzerland,Uzbekistan,UruguayandtheUSA.4.

TheOIV’sgeneralprinciplesoforganicvitiviniculturewereusedasthebasisforthecountrycomparisonsinthisstudy.OIVMemberStateswereinvitedtoprovidedataonvineyardsurfaceareasthataremanagedaccordingtotheseprinciplesoforganicagricultureandcertified.Certificationensuresthattheareasaremanagedincompliancewithregulations.SEPTEMBER202110FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARD2.2Distributionandevolutionof

theworld’s

organicvineyardsIn

2019,

a

total

of

63

countries

across

all

continents

were

involved

in

organic

viticulture

(Figure

4)and

the

certified

organic

vineyard

surface

area

was

estimated

at

454

kha,

representing

6.2%

of

theworld’s

total

area

under

vines.

Although

the

map

in

Figure

4

clearly

shows

the

high

concentration

oforganic

vineyards

in

Europe,

this

production

method

is

also

gaining

ground

in

numerous

countriesacrossthe

othercontinents.Figure4.

Overviewoftheworld’sorganicvineyardsin2019The

rate

of

conversion

of

vineyards

to

organic

production

has

increased

considerably

since

thebeginning

ofthe

21st

century.Overthe

entireperiod

analysed

forthis

report

(2005–2019),the

certifiedorganic

vineyard

surface

area

increased

by

an

average

of

13%

per

year,

while

the

‘non-organic’

vineyardarea

decreased

by

an

average

of

0.4%

per

year

within

the

same

timeframe.

One

of

the

factors

explainingthis

intense

growth

rate

is

the

fact

that

certified

organic

viticulture

is

still

a

recent

phenomenon.Furthermore,

it

is

evident

from

Figure

5

that

global

growth

is

divided

into

distinct

growth

periods.Organic

surface

areas

grew

exponentially

between

2005

and

2011

(+18%

per

year

on

average),

only

toslow

down

between

2011

and

2014

to

an

average

annual

rate

of

+4%.

From

2014

onwards,

the

growth

rateincreasedagain

to

an

averageof+8%peryear.Figure5.

EvolutionofworldareaunderorganicvinesFigure6.

ShareoforganicviticultureintotalworldviticultureSEPTEMBER202111FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDBehind

this

growth

in

the

world’s

organic

vineyards,

there

isnonetheless

significant

movement

in

both

an

upwards

anddownwards

direction,

since

the

conversion

of

a

vineyardto

organic

cultivation

is

often

complex

and

requires

aconsiderable

amountof

adaptation.Weather

phenomena

orstructural

and/or

organisational

issues

may

drive

producersto

abandon

their

certification

in

organic

production,resulting

in

a

local

decrease

in

organic

vineyard

areas.

Inaddition,

the

typically

lower

yields

in

organic

viticulture

canalso

be

a

reason

for

withdrawing

from

a

label

or

certification.These

factors,

which

have

an

impact

on

the

surface

area,vary

greatlyfromone

country

toanotherdependingon

theweatherconditionsofthe

vintage.Greece

Argentina1%1%OtherCountries9%Austria1%Germany2%Spain27%China3%Turkey3%USA4%Italy24%France25%Figure7.

Distributionofworldareaunderorganicvinesin2019In

terms

of

the

distribution

of

organic

vineyards,

10

countries

account

for

91%

of

the

world

total.

Of

these

10

leadersin

organic

production

(Figures

7

and

8),

3

are

in

Europe:

Spain,

Italy

and

France

primarily

cultivate

wine

grapes

andaccount

for

75%

of

the

world’s

certified

organic

vineyard

surface

area.

This

trio

is

followed

by

3

non-Europeancountries:

the

United

States

(4%),which

is

a

major

player

in

organic

viticulture,

with

its

surface

area

divided

acrossthe

production

of

wine

grapes,

table

grapes

and

raisins;

then

Turkey

(3%),which

produces

mainly

table

grapes

andraisins;

and

China

(3%),

which

cultivates

both

table

grapes

and

wine

grapes.

Finally,

Germany

(2%),

Austria

(1%),Greece

(1%)and

Argentina

(1%),

the

only

representative

from

South

America,

complete

the

top

10

of

organic

grape-growing

countries,with

vineyards

dedicatedmainly

to

the

productionofwine

grapes.Figure8.

Top10countriesbyareaunderorganicvinesin2019(kha)In

terms

of

the

weight

of

organic

vineyards

as

a

share

of

the

country’s

total

area

under

vines,

the

ranking

is1dominated

by

European

countries.

Italy

devotes

15%

of

its

vineyards

to

organic

viticulture,

followed

by

France(14%)

and

Austria

(14%).

The

only

non-European

country

inside

the

top

10

is

Mexico,

with

8%

of

its

vineyard

areacertified

organic.15%14%14%13%9%8%8%5%5%5%ItalyFranceAustriaSpainSwitzerlandMexicoGermanyBulgariaGreeceCroatiaFigure9.

Top10countriesbyareaunderorganicvinesas%oftotalareaundervinesin20191.

Organicvineyardswithasurfaceareagreaterthanorequalto1000hain2019.SEPTEMBER202112FOCUSOIVTHEWORLDORGANICVINEYARDIf

we

look

at

the

average

annual

growth

rate

over

the

period

2014–2019,

the

ranking

of

the

top

10countries

changes

dramatically.

The

five

countries

with

the

highest

growth

rate

in

their

national1organic

vineyard

are

Egypt

(+36%/year),

South

Africa

(+30%/year),

Switzerland

(+15%/year),

France(+11%/year)

andTurkey(+10%/year).36%30%15%11%10%9%9%9%8%8%Figure10.

Top10countriesbyaverageannualgrowthrateofareaunderorganicvinesovertheperiod2014–20192.3

Evolutionof

organicvineyardsbycountryThis

section

outlines

relevant

aspects

pertaining

to

countries

considered

important

for

organicviticulture,eitherbecauseoftheexpanseoftheirorganicsurfaceareaorbecauseofnotabledevelopments.For

eachofthese

countries,keyfigures

onsurface

area

andchanging

trendsarepresented.2.3.1EuropeCertified

organicvineyards

arehighly

concentratedin

Europe,whichin

2019accountedfor381kha,

or84%ofthe

world’stotal

certified

organicvineyard

surface

area.WithintheEuropeanUnion

(EU)Certain

EU

policies

have

encouraged

the

development

of

organic

areas,

particularly

vineyards.

Inthe

EU,

the

development

of

organic

vitiviniculture

is

provided

for

in

the

second

pillar

of

the

CommonAgricultural

Policy(CAP),whichhas

contributedto

the

expansionofEurope’sorganicsurface

areas

.2In

2019,

Spain

was

the

world’s

leading

organic

producer

by

area

underOrganic

Vineyard

Evolutionvines