2023年12月四级真题解析

2023-122023-12月真题解析PartIWriting(30minutes)

TheChallengesofLivinginaBigCity【1Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandurbanization,thenumberofcitiesisconstantlyincreasinginChina.2】Whilebigcitiesareattractingmoreandmorepeople,theyalsobringmanychallenges,suchastrafficjamandpollution,justtonameafew.【3】Thefirstproblemthatreallybothersmeisthetrafficcongestionintherushhour.Ihatewaitingforbusesandbeinglate.Therefore,IhavetogetupveryearlyifIhaveanappointmentinthemorning.【4Nextisthatthelargepopulationinabigcitymakesit 5socrowdedthatyoucan”tfindapeacefulplaceunlessstayingathome.Thesupermarketsarealwayscrowded,soarethecinemasandparks.parks.【6】Anotherconsequenceforsuchalargepopulationisthatitintensifiestheinadequacyofqualitymedicalandeducationalresources,thusdecreasingresidents”senseofhappiness.【7】Asaresult,althoughIamfrequentlyaskedwhetherIliketoliveinabigcityornot,myanswerisalwaysno,definitelynot,Howaboutyou?opportunity时机environment环境话题词汇:fastpace快节奏urban城市的unsatisfactory不满足的pressure压力health安康leisure消遣lifestyle生活方式PartIIIReadingComprehensionSectionA【词性分析】:名词:A)ability力量;才能;E)control掌握;管制;F)damage损害;损害;M)sources来源;根源;O)vehicles交通工具,车辆动词:B)associated与…相关;联系;E)control治理;掌握;抑制;F)damage损害;G)described描绘,描述;Hequals相当于;比得上;)innovated创,革;L)relates相联系;把…系起来;M)sources来自……;找出…的来源;N)undermine渐渐减弱形容词:D)constant持续不断的;始终如一的副词:C)consciously有意识地,自觉地;1)exclusively仅仅,唯独;K)regularly常常;定期地Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26-damage occurringinthedevelopingworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts 27-associated withairpollution.Lostincomealoneamountsto$225billionayear.diev.死亡，熄灭;n.骰子trillion[ˈtrɪljən]n.万亿;adj.万亿的welfare[ˈwelfeə(r)]n. 福利;幸福;富强;清静alone [əˈləʊn]adj. 单独的;独一无二的;单独的adv. 单独地;单独地;孤独地;只，只有;Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes 28-sources likehomeheatingandcooking,hasremained 29-constant overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.source[srs]n. 根源，根源;源头，水源;v.来源;起源;寻求来源remain[rɪˈmen]n.剩余物，残骸;剩余;遗迹;v.留下;保持;照旧;搁置;剩余，剩下;逗留constant[ˈkɒnstənt]adj. 不断的，持续的;永恒的，始终如一的;坚决;n.常量;不变的事物TheweatherisaconstanttopicofconversationinBritain.在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。despite[dɪˈspaɪt]prep.不管;尽管〔自己〕不情愿;不在乎;n.污辱;憎恨;怨恨;轻视的拒绝或不成认例句：Despitehislackofexperience,hegotthejob.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation〔安康指标与评估争论所所长〕ChrisMurray30-describeditasan“urgentcalltoaction”action.Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31-control,”hesaid.institute[ˈɪnstɪtju:t]vt. 建立;制定;开头;着手n. 协会;学会;学院;〔教育、专业等〕机构例句：Hethoughtoftryingforapositioninaresearchinstitute. 他想方设法在一个争论机关找个工作.metric[ˈmetrɪk]adj. 米制的，公制的healthmetrics安康指标evaluate[ɪˈvæljueɪt]v. 评价，估价urgent[ˈɜ:dʒənt]adj. 急迫的;催促的;强求的;竭力主见的例句：Thereisanurgentneedforfoodandwaterpremature[ˈpremətʃə(r)]adj. 过早的;提前的;早产的;草率的Afirecausedtheprematureclosingoftheexhibition. 火灾迫使展览会提前完毕.abortionTheeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld,whereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome32-equalsnearly,1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33-regularlyexpensivedangerousleversofoutdoorairpollution.labor[”leɪbə(r)]n.劳动;劳工;v.努力争取(for);adj.劳工的，工会的Buttheproblemisnotlimited 34-exlcusivelytothethedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel([ˈdi:zl]柴油) 35-vehicleshavebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.splashpetrolFood-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress食物即药物运动正在取得进展Severaltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaisles(aisle[aɪl]n.过道，通道;侧廊)ofRalphsmarketinHuntingtonBeach,California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau(丹尼尔·那多),wandering(wander[ˈwɒndə(r)]vt.闲逛,游荡,闲逛;〔道路或河流〕曲折曲折;〔人的思想等〕)thecereal([ˈsɪəriəl]n.谷物;adj.谷物的)aislewithAllisonScott〔艾莉森·斯科特〕,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistently(adv.坚持地;固执地)avoidanythingapplesarealittleapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare;youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”“Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”heasksher.“Thefrozenorangesandtogetfoodadvicefroma[f医生，内科医生)ofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter(玛丽&迪克·),partoftheSt.JosephHoagDocprogramsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfor(注册，报名参与)theserviceplusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.shoppingcart([kɑ:t]手推车)andsuggestssheswitchtowholegrain(谷物，粮食)macaroniandrealshoppingcart([kɑ:t]手推车)andsuggestssheswitchtowholegrain(谷物，粮食)macaroniandrealcheese. “SoI”dhavetomakeit?“sheasks,herenthusiasmfading[feɪd]v.(;渐渐消逝)atthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsreject([rɪˈdʒekt]vt.拒绝;抛弃，扔掉;排斥;吐出或呕吐;)it.“I’mnotsurethey’deatit.Theyjustwon”teatit.”Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.“InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,”Nadeautellsher.“Andonly5percentofourfoodisE)Nadeauispartofasmallrevolution([ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn]n.革命;彻底转变)developingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butit”smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolely([ˈsəʊlli]adv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地)onmedications药物).yg([nE)Nadeauispartofasmallrevolution([ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn]n.革命;彻底转变)developingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butit”smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolely([ˈsəʊlli]adv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地)onmedications药物).yg([n养分的)sorgsuchas”ShopwithYourDoc’,theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.“There’snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytoward(可以取得很大进步)reversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancer,byfoodchoices,”Nadeausays.nthege从大局来看,s.d,Oandtof.hg,medicalstju.机构;acrosstheearegtomakeaphilosophical〔[ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪkl]adj.哲学上的〕switchtobecomingahealthorganization,notjustahealthcareorganization.Thatfeelingechoes〔[ˈekəʊ]n.回声，共鸣〕thebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogram〔[ˌθerəpju:k]pæntri] 治疗性食物贮存室工程〕atgnoll扎克伯格旧金山综合医院,间;普及…地域;adv.处处;始终;在全部方面〕thecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffooddfortheir,alongh〔ntenv]adjtrainingnwtok间;普及…地域;adv.处处;始终;在全部方面〕thecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffooddfortheir,alongh〔ntenv]adjtrainingnwtok“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood,”saysDr.RitaNguyen,thehospital”sunderstandwhatthey’reeating,howtoprepareit,therolefoodplaysintheirlives.”emerges:thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation”shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromhearteand〔[stə中风〕aredyhd,tobacco,dl 胆固醇〕andlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.InSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine〔洛马·琳达大学医学院〕isofferingspecializedtrainingemerges:thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation”shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromhearteand〔[stə中风〕aredyhd,tobacco,dl 胆固醇〕andlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.“satparadig([ˈpærədaɪm范式)ofwtotreat,s.aa布伦达雷,helpsrunthefamilyandpreventive〔[prɪˈventɪv]n.预防;adj.预防的〕medicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients”nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboard〔[ˈkʌbəd]n.橱柜;衣柜;食物柜;壁橱〕andkitchenforpatients.Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.dependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtodependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuallytransform〔[trænsˈfɔ:m]vt.转变;改观;变换〕apatient”slife.Andbeyondthat,itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatientsfamily.“Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,”Reasays.“Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termdisease”.Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation([ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn]炎症),forexample,[ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl]adj.;不适于居住的〕tocancercells.Ingeneral,manylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommendaplant-baseddiet--particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswillrequireaculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,”saysNguyen.“Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoice〔有发言权〕init.”MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-produced.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.assign[əˈsaɪn]vt. 分派，指定，选派〔某人某物);归于，归属;[]把〔财产，权利、利息〕让给另一人Thetwolargeroomshavebeenassignedtous.=wehavebeenassignedtwolargerooms.Assignsthtosb=assignsbsthThey’veassignedtheirbestmantothejob.Assignment(安排)任务；工作Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.recover[rɪˈkʌvə(r)]vt. 恢复;重获得;找回；恢复安康〔体力、力量等〕recoverfrom从…收回[取回];恢复，痊愈例句：Shereturnedtoherfamilyhometorecoverfromanillness.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.prescribe [prɪˈskraɪb] vt. 指定，规定;指定，规定;开处方Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherself,thinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.Diabetes([ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z]糖尿病)patientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-based(植物性)food.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovel([ˈnɒvl]adj.颖的;特别的)idea,butthemovementismakingheadway(n. 前进;进展)thesedays.Americans”highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat.resultfrom产生于…,由…引起例句：Manyhairproblemsresultfromwhatyoueat.resultin引起，导致，以…为结局例句：Excessivedosageofthisdrugcanresultininjurytotheliver.PassageoneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Californiahasbeenfacingadrought([draʊt]n.〔时期;旱灾)formanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopump([pʌmp]用抽水机汲水;用泵〔或泵样器官等〕输送;)freshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistribution([ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃn]n.安排，分布)system.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrilling〔drill[drɪl]n钻头;军事训练;v.钻〔孔〕;打〔眼〕;操练〕ofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumping〔pump[pʌmp]n.泵;打气筒;v.用抽水机汲水;给…打气;用泵〕practices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted([ˈekstrækt]v.抽取).TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers([ˈækwɪfə(r)]地下蓄水层)belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1,000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepisthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacant([ˈveɪkənt]adj.空闲的;空缺的;空虚的)spaceleftiscompacted([kəmˈpækt]v.压紧;把…弄严密，把…弄结实;使〔文体〕简洁adj. 紧凑的;简洁的，)bytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinatin(g[ˌdi:ˌsælɪˈneɪʃn]脱盐)theoceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible([ˈfi:zəbl]adj. 可行的;可用的;可实行的),buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergo([ˌʌndəˈgəʊ]vt.经受，阅历;患病)desalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubic([ˈkju:bɪk]adj.立方体的)metersoffreshwater.HowcouldCalifornia”sdrought〔[draʊt]n.旱季;干旱〕crisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchers?B)BydrawingwaterfromthedepthsB)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices. drill[drɪl]n. 操练;钻头;v钻〔孔〕;打〔眼〕;操练Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.提升;使〔机器、计算机系统等〕升级;提高〔设施、效劳等的〕档次;提高〔飞机乘客、旅馆住客等〕的待遇gr]v. 使降低;使降职;贬低;低估advance[ədˈvɑ:ns]adj. 预先的;vt.〔使〕前进;将…提前Itisagoodideatoplaceyourorderwellinadvance.Toomuchprotein[ˈprəʊti:n]inthedietmayadvance/acceleratetheageingprocess. 饮食中摄入过量蛋白质可能会加速年轻。Whatnedaboutg〔[ɪks”træktɪŋ]n萃取，抽取〕rfrompaquifers〔f(r)]n.地下蓄水层〕?A)Itwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.deem[di:m]vt. 认为，视为;主见(正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作推断而不是思考)Wedeemitnecessarytomakethiscleartoyou.B)ItB)Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.Itmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.Itisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.bound[baʊnd]n. 界限;跃起;〔球等的〕反跳;v.弹跳;限制;接壤;给…划界，限制;adj. 用带子绑住的;有义务的;装订的Whatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepunderground?A)Thesinkingoflandsurface.sink[sɪŋk]v. 漂浮;下落A)Thesinkingoflandsurface.C)Thedamagetoaquifers.B)Theharmtotheecosystem.D)Thechangeoftheclimate.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwells?Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.Theyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.entirely[ɪnˈtaɪəli]adv. 完全地;完整地;全部地;彻底地pollutant[pəˈlu:tənt]n. 污染物 polluteultimate[ˈʌltɪmət]adj. 最终的;极限的;首要的;最大的n. 终极;顶点;根本原理;根本领实intimate[ˈɪntɪmət]adj. 亲切的，亲近的n. 至交;密友;Theultimateaimistoexpandthenetworkfurther.Thishotelistheultimateinluxury.Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.D)D)Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.vt. 使稳定，使坚决

steady[ˈstedi]adj. 稳定的，不变的;冷静的，冷静的;坚决的Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersources?People”shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.People”swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.considerate considerableThecostmaygoupduetodesalination.Theymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater. exhaust[ɪgˈzɔ:st]vt. 用完，耗尽;使精疲力尽;排出;彻底探讨PassageTwoTheAlphaGoprogram”svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.Butcanartificialintelligence(AI)machinesactethically([ˈeθɪkl]adj.伦理学的;道德的),meaningcantheybehonestandfair?OneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogram(v.为…制定打算;设计安排活动;编排)amachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,theywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatiftheonlyriskisdamagethetothecaritself,nottothepassengers?Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper -intelligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo”striumph,Microsoft’s‘chatbot’tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-24.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas(种族主义思想).WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo’svictoryandTaylor’sdefeathappenedataboutthesametime.Thisshouldbeawarningtous.ItisonethingtouseAIwithinagamewithclearrulesandcleargoals.ItissomethingverydifferenttouseAIintherealworld.Theunpredictability(不行推测性，不行预知性)oftherealworldmaybringtothesurfaceatroublingsoftwareproblem.EricSchmidtisoneofthebossesofGoogle,whichownsAlphaGo.HethinksAIwillbepositiveforhumans.Hesaidpeoplewillbethewinner,whatevertheoutcome.AdvancesinAIwillmakehumanbeingssmarter,moreableand“justbetterhumanbeings”.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoshowwiththeexampleofAlphaGo”svictory?Computerswillprevail([prɪˈveɪl]vi.流行，盛行;获胜，占优势;说服，劝告)overhumanbeings.Computershaveunmatched([ˌʌnˈmætʃt]adj.无敌的;不相配的)potential([pəˈtenʃl]adj.n.潜力，潜能).Computersareman”spotentialrivals([ˈraɪvl]n.对手;vt.与…竞争;adj.竞争的).Computerscanbecomehighlyintelligent.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyAImachinesactingethically(ethical[ˈeθɪkl]adj.伦理学的;道德的)?Theyarecapableofpredictingpossiblerisks.Theyweigh([weɪ]vt.称…的重量;权衡，考虑)thegainsandlossesbeforereachingadecision.Theymakesensible(sensible[ˈsɛnsəbəl]adj.明智的;符合情理的)decisionswhenfacingmoral(adj.道德的，道义上的;精神上的dilemmasdɪˈlemə]n.窘境，逆境).Theysacrifice([ˈsækrɪfaɪs]n.牺牲;vt.牺牲，把…奉献给…)everythingtosavehumanlives.WhatissaidtobethebiggerchallengefacinghumansintheAIage?Howtomakesuper-intelligentAImachinessharehumanfeelings.Howtoensurethatsuper-IntelligentAImachinesactethically.Howtoprevent([prɪˈvent]vt.预防;preventable;preventative)AImachinesdoingharmtohumans.Howtoavoidbeingover-dependentonAImachines.WhatdowelearnaboutMicrosoft’s‘chatbot’Taylor?区分，区分，分清goodfromShecouldturnherselfoffwhennecessary.Shewasnotmadetohandlenovelsituations.Shewasgoodatperformingroutine([ru:ˈti:n]n.常规;adj.例行的;常规的)