文件aircraftdesign飞行器设计

OverviewofLectures

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OverviewIntroduction

OverallconfigurationPreliminaryweightestimationRefinedweightestimationFuselagedesign

6\7\8Aerodynamicdesign(a,b,c)

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Thrust/WeightratioandwingloadingLandinggearandAircraftsystemsPowerplant

Stabilityandcontrol

Loads,materialsandstructures

14\15Performance(a,b)

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AircraftcertificationAviationeconomics

SystemintegrationandconfigurationmanagementMultidisciplinarydesignoptimization

Militaryaircraftdesign–overviewEnvironmentalissues

Designskills

Advanceddesigntopics(flighttests,retrofit,etc)Uniqueflight

Outline

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WhatisaircraftcertificationDevelopmentofaircraftcertificationJAR25,FAR,ESAR,CCAR-25

Examplesofcertificate

AircraftnoiseETOPSrule

Possiblefuturedevelopments

AircraftCertification

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Definition:Legalrecognitionbythecertificateauthoritythataproduct,service,organizationorpersoncomplieswiththerequirements

Aims

Ensureairworthiness,andthereforethesafetyofairtravel

Healthydevelopmentoftheindustry

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ABriefHistoryofAviationRegulationBodies

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1909,AdvisoryComm.forAeronautics,UK

1910,Firstinternationalcivilaviationconferenceheld,butfailedtoproduceanything

1919InternationalCommissionforAirNavigation

1928,Pan-AmericanConventiononcommercialaviation

1944InternationalCivilAviationOrganizationconstitution(ICAO,1947)

1972CivilAviationAuthority(UK)1970JointAviationAuthorities

(1970UK,F,D,NLonly)

2003-EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency

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1944,signatorycountryofChicagoConvention

1974,周恩来批准民航总局参加

ICAO

1987,民用航空器适航管理条例

1996,航空法颁布

中国民用航空规章,CCAR

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CivilSafetyAuthorities

CAAC:CivilAviationAdministrationofChina(

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FAA:FederalAviationAuthority(U.S.)

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EASA:EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(Europe)(

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JAR–JointAviationRequirements

Mutualagreementsareoftenputinplacebetweendifferentauthoritiesoncertificationofaircraft

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CategoryofCertificate

Certificateauthorities

Aircraft

manufactures

Airlines

TravellingPublic

AircraftOperatingCertificate

AircraftCertificate

Airman(pilot,crewmember,engineers)

CategoryofCertificate(I)

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Airmen-FAR61

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PilotCertificates(student,private,recreational,commercial,airlinetransport)

Ratings(aircraftcategory,class,aircrafttype,instrument)

FlightInstructorCertificates

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CrewMember(otherthanpilots)-FAR63

Flightengineer

Flightnavigator

Airman(otherthanflightcrew)-FAR65

AirTrafficControllers

AircraftDispatchers

Mechanics,Repairman

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CategoryofCertificate(II)

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AircraftCertificates

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Selectedtypes

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Part21–CertificationProceduresforProductsandParts

Part23–AirworthinessStandards:Normal,Utility,AcrobaticandCommuterAirplanes

Part25–AirworthinessStandards:TransportCategoryAirplanes

Part27–AirworthinessStandards:NormalCategoryRotorcraft

Part29–AirworthinessStandards:TransportCategoryRotorcraft

Part33–AirworthinessStandards:AircraftEngines

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TypeCertificates

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TypecertificatedatasheetSupplementaltypecertificate

AirworthinessDirectives–ADs

ManufacturesServiceBulletins

Majoralterations-typedesignchanges,

Minoralterations

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ProductionCertificate

AirworthinessCertificatePartsApproval

Note:AfulllistofFARscanbefoundonFAAwebsite.Theserulesarerepresentativeadoptedbydifferentcountriesworldwide.

CategoryofCertificate(III)

AircraftOperatingCertificates

Allaircraft–91

Specialized

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CommonCarriageLarge-121CommonCarriageSmall–135ForeignCarries–129Rotorcraft-133

Agriculture–137

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OtherFAAcertificates

–Airports,AirAgencies,AirNavigationFacilities

InstrumentsofRegulation

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LawsRegulations

StandardFARs,forexampleFAR25

SpecialFARs

AirworthinessDirectives

Orders–internallydevelopedrules

Notices/InformationBulletinsAdvisoryCirculars

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RegulatoryFlexibility

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DeviationWaiverAuthorization

Exemption

ThreeRelated,RequiredCertification

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Typecertificate(typedesigncertificateapproval)

Designorganizationapproval

Productionorganizationapproval

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CertificationProcess

TYPECERTIFICATION

Analyses

StructuralTest

FlightTest

FlightManual

COMPLIANCECHECKLIST

etc....

RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION

AgeEnVcyAELVUALTUIOANTION

SUBMISSIONOFREPORTS

CERTIFICATIONBASIS

APPLICATION

CertificationBasis

MandatoryRequirements[applicablecertcodeinplaceattimeofTCapplication,e.g.JAR-25atChange16]

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Reversions[Useof‘older’reqs.]

‘SpecialConditions’(Noveldesignfeatures[CCD],Unconventionaluse[SteepAppr.],Generalexperience[HIRF])

Exemptions[Non-applic.ofreq.]

‘EquivalentSafetyFindings’[NotspecifiedAMC]

EnvironmentalStandards[Noise&emissions]

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ElecttoComplyRequirements

CertificationCodeLayout&Content(JAR25)

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General

Flight(Perf.,Contr.&Manoeuv.,Trim,Stab.,Stalls,Gnd.Hndl.,Misc.)

Structure(Flt.Loads,Manoeuv./Gustcond.,Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads,Emer.Lndg.Loads,Fatigue)

Design&construction(Contr.Syst.,Persnl.&CargoAccom.,Pressn.,FireProt.)

Powerplant(FuelSys.,OilSys.,Contr.&Access.)

Equipment(Instrum.,Elec.Syst.,SafetyEquip.)

OperatingLimitations&information(AFM,..)

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TypeCertificationContent

Introduction

GeneraldesignrequirementsGeometriccharacteristicsAerodynamics

StructuralcriteriaWeightandbalancePerformanceAirframe

LandingGear

Powerplantandfuelsystems

HydraulicandElectricalsystems

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Avionics

Instrumentsandcommunications

FlightcontrolandflightdeckPassengercabinlayoutsEnvironmentalcontrolsystems

Safetysystemsandemergencyexits

Servicing

AirportcompatibilityExceptionstoregulations

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ComplianceDemonstration

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Loadcases/designcases

Analysis

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AerodynamicAirframeloading

Systemssafety(FMEA/SSA)

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Test

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Ground(Structural,function&reliability,GVT)Flight(Performance,handling,flutter)

Pilotedflightsimulators–steadilyincreasing

ExamplesfromJAR25(CCAR25)–(I)

Structure

JAR25.303Factorofsafety

Unlessotherwisespecified,afactorofsafetyof1.5mustbeappliedtotheprescribedlimitloadwhichareconsideredexternalloadsonthestructure.…

JAR25.341Gustandturbulenceloads

Thereferencegustvelocityapplies,…ataeroplanedesignspeed,positiveandnegativegustswithreferencegustsvelocitiesof17.07m/sEASmustbeconsideredatsealevel,…13.41m/s…at15000feet,…7.92m/s…at50000feet

ExamplesfromJAR25(CCAR25)–(II)

SeatandHarnessProvision–JAR25.785

(a)Aseatmustbeprovidedforeachoccupantwhohasreachedhisorhersecondbirthday.

(f)Eachseatmustdesignedforanoccupantweightof170pounds,consideringthemaximumloadfactor…,(1)thestructuralanalysisoftheseatsmaybedeterminedbyassumingthatthecriticalloadintheforward,sideward,downward,upward,andrearwarddirections…

ExamplesfromJAR25(CCAR25)–(III)

Evacuationtest(JAR25.803)

–Inarticle(h)

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Atleast40%ofthepassengerloadmustbefemale

Atleast35%ofthepassengerloadmustbeover50yearsofage

Atleast15%ofthepassengerloadmustbefemaleandover50yearsofage

Threelife-sizedolls,notincludedaspartofthetotalpassengerload,mustbecarriedbypassengerstosimulateliveinfants2yearsoldoryounger

Crewmembers,etc.,...maynotbeusedaspassengers

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AircraftEvacuationTest

Picturesfromandcomac.cc

Compliancedemonstration

‘Compliance

checklist’

申请人责任

Compliance‘finding’

局方责任

Why?

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Independentcheck(onwhethercomplianceachieved)

Legal‘finding’requirement

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How?

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Sample

Reliance(whereappropriate)onorganisation’s‘approval’

AIRCRAFTNOISECERTIFICATION

AircraftNoiseCertification

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1960-65,increasedawarenessduetohugenoisebyfirstgenerationjetpoweredaircraft

SixteenthsessionoftheICAOassembly,Sept1968,thenSpecialmeeting1969

TheICAOAnnex16(firstedition)applicable6January1972.

ApplicablefirsttosubsonicairplanewithMTOW>34t(1969),thenallairplaneswithMTOW>34t(1973),thentoallairplanes(1974)

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ICAONoiseStandards

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TimelineofICAOnoisestandards

JetAircraft,~1972/Chapter2,1977/Chapter3,2001for

2006/Chapter4

Lightpropelleraircraft,1975/Chapter6,1988/Chapter10,1993/Chapter11,1999/Chapter10(increasingstringency)

Heavypropelleraircraft,1977/Chapter5Jets–increaseofstringency,1977/Chapter3

Helicopters,1981/Chapter8,1985/Chapter8(relaxation),2002/Chapter8&11(increasingstringency)

HarmonizationwithFAR36,1999

Guidanceontilt-rotoraircraftnoise,2001

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LargeTransportAirplanes

NoiseStandardsforLargeTransportAirplanes

JetAircraft,~1972/Chapter2,

Derivedversionsin1981,with~6dBreduction

1977/Chapter3,

Forlightaircraft,~16dB

Forheavyaircraft,~10dB

2001for2006/Chapter4

10dBrelativetoChapter3

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CurrentNoiseStandards

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Currentstandardsusedworldwide

ICAOAnnex16

FARPart36(USA)–harmonizedwiththeAnnex16

JAR36(JAA)=Annex16

CS36(EASA)=Annex16

AP36(Russia)–oldFAR36,newAnnex16

CCAR36(China)–FAR36

Technicalsideofaircraftnoisecertificationwillbepresentedin

EnvironmentLecture

ETOPS

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ETOPS:ExtendedTwin-EngineOperations,orExtended-rangeTwin-EngineOperationalPerformance

OrEnginesTurnOrPassengerSwim

StartedwithETOPS-60,thenETOPS-90,ETOPS-120,nowextendstoETOPS-180

AirbusintendstocertifyitsA350to350-minuteETOPS,whileBoeingisplanningtocertifyits787to330-minutesETOPS

ApprovalforETOPS

ETOPStypeapprovalfortheairframe/enginecombination

ETOPSoperationalcertificationfortheairlines

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ModelAircraftandUAs

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ThetermsUnmannedAircraft(UA)orRemotelyPilotedAircraft(RPA)areusedtodescribetheaircraftitself,whereasthetermUnmannedAircraftSystem(UAS)isgenerallyusedtodescribetheentireoperatingequipmentincludingtheaircraft,thecontrolstationfromwheretheaircraftisoperatedandthewirelessdatalink.ThetermUnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV)isstillreferredtoinsomeareas,butthisisprogressivelybeingphasedoutsothatthe'aircraft'classificationisgivenacleareremphasis.(FromCAA)

Applicablefrom1January2010foraircraftusedforAerialWorkpurposesorifflownwithinacongestedareaand/orclosetopeopleorproperty.

Equivalentpilotexperiencewillbeconsideredonacase-by-casebasisduringapplicationforanoperatingpermission.

Itmaybepossibletoobtaincertainexemptionsfromtheairworthinessandregistrationrequirements.

AircraftMass

AirworthinessApproval?

Registration?

OperatingPermission?

PilotQualification

20kgandless

No

No

Yes(Note1)

Yes(Note1)BNUC-STMorequivalent(Note2)

Morethan20kg,uptoandincluding150kg

Yes(Note3)

Yes(Note3)

Yes

Yes,BNUCTMorequivalent(Note2)

Morethan150kg

EASAPermittoFlyorUKPermittoFlyinaccordancewith'Bconditions'(Note3)

Yes

Yes

Yes,BNUCTM,CPL(A)orequivalent(Note2)

UASPilotsandCrewQualification

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Differentlevels

BasicNationalUASCertificate–smallUnmannedAircraftSUA(BNUC-STM)<20kg

BasicNation