社会工作专业英语 课件 chapter 5 Social Group Work

Chapter5SocialGroupWorkChapter5I.GroupProcessII.DifferentKindsofGroupandGroupworkIII.GroupPurpose,FunctionandOutcomesIV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroupV.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroupsVI.GroupworkNowKeyPoints1.Groupsarecentraltohumanexperience.Socialgroupworkisjustaspecializedexampleofbeingtogetherandactingcollectively.2.Groupworkisoneofthefourpillarsofsocialworkmethods----individualcasework,familywork,groupworkandcommunitywork.3.Groupworkisabroadtermandcanrefertothecontextofsocialworkpractice(inagroupmilieu)ortoaconscious,skilleduseofgroupprocess.4.Therearemanydifferentkindsofgroupwork(cognitivebehavioral,psycho-therapeutic,etc.),andgroupshavemanypossiblepurposes.Whatmakesthisall‘groupwork’istheactiveuseofgroupprocessandthegroup-as-a-whole.5.Theprevalenceofgroupworkishardtodetermine,butitseemslikelythatitisnotaswidelyusedinsocialworkasformerly.Thisreflectsageneraldeclineintheuseofspecificmethodsinsocialworkpractice.Introduction小组工作是社会工作传统工作方法中的重要方法之一，是指以团体或小组为对象，并通过小组或团体的活动为其成员提供社会服务的方法。其目的是促进团体或小组及其成员的发展，使个人能借助集体生活加快自身的社会化；协调和发展个人与个人、个人与团体以及团体与团体之间的社会关系；发挥团体或组织的社会功能，促进社会的进步与健康发展。小组工作主要有四种模式：1.社会目标模式：社会目标模式主要运用于计划发展的项目或领域，其注重的是社会责任和社会变迁，强调培养公民的社会责任、社会参与和社会行动的能力。2.互惠模式：互动模式亦称交互模式或互惠模式，是基于人与环境和人际之间的关系而建立的一种小组模式，旨在通过组员之间、组员与小组及社会环境之间、小组与社会环境的互动关系，促进组员在小组这个共同体的相互依存中得到成长，增强组员的社会功能，提升其发展能力。3.治疗模式：治疗模式是一种社会治疗或社会康复模式，旨在治疗和解决个人的社会问题，改变个人的社会行为。治疗模式是精神医学、心理学和社会学的结合与运用，具有独特的理论与技术，主要针对一些行为失范或有特定问题的人群，如医院的病人、吸毒人员、社区矫正对象等。4.发展性模式：发展模式亦称过程模式或发展性小组模式，旨在解决和预防服务对象社会功能的衰减问题、恢复和发展服务对象的社会功能。这一模式的应用范围极其广泛，如各种困难人群、面临危机的人群以及寻求更大自我发展的人群等等。IntroductionGroupworkisoneofthefourpillarsofsocialwork.Itwascentraltotheoriginsofsocialworkinthenineteenth-centurySettlements.Groupworkdevelopedasamilieuforworkingwithpeoplethroughadulteducationandtherecreation

movement,whereactivitieswereseennotjustasleisurebutaspartofasocialprocess.031970sIntheUnitedKingdom,newlyformedsocialservicesdepartmentsbroughtthevarioussocialworkservicestogetherandtherewasaburgeoningofgroupwork,particularlywithyoungpeople,familyservicesandmentalhealthwork.Insomeprobationdepartmentsgroupworkbecamethedefaultmethodofpractice.021950s-1960switnessedthedevelopmentoftheoriesofgroupdevelopmentandmodelsforunderstandinggrouppracticesuchasthesocialgoals,reciprocalandremedial

models(PapellandRothman,1966).011930sgroupworkwasaligningwiththedevelopingprofessionofsocialwork,certainlyintheUnitedStates.I.GroupProcessGroupprocessistheawarenessofwhatishappeninginagroupatthelevelofeachofindividualandwiththegroupasawhole.Thisknowledgeisthenusedtoimprovecommunicationinthegroupsothatthegroupcanachieveitspurposes.Thisissometimesalsoreferredtoasgroupdynamics,mostnotablyconceptualizedbyKurtLewin.Inadditiontothedynamicsofcommunicationandrelationshipsinthegroup,processalsoreferstothephasesandstagesofgroups.Atitsbroadest,thesearethebeginnings,middlesandendings,eachofwhichhavedifferentcharacteristics,butsometheoristsdetectotherpatternsandstagesingroups.Groupprocessissometimesunderstoodintermsofsystems,suchasthemembershipsystemandtheleadershipsystem.Thiscanhelpexploregroupphenomenasuchas‘wheelandspoke’,whereonesystem(groupmembers)communicatesviaanother(thegroupleaders).Ifthiscommunicationpatternbecomesentrenched,itlimitsthegroup’spotential.Askilledgroupworkeractivelychangesgroupprocessbyusingmethodsthatencouragemember-to-member

communication.II.DifferentKindsofGroupandGroupworkTherearemanywaysinwhichonegroupmightdifferfromanother.Forinstance,somegroupsareopen-endedandothershaveanagreedtimelimit.Belowaretwelvedimensionswhichcanbeusedtodevelopaprofileofaparticulargroup.Eachgrouphasitsownpositionalongeachofthetwelvecontinua(seefigure1).1Adapted/existingGrouphistoryCreated/planned2OpenJoiningandleavingClosed3DifferenceGroupmixSameness4Self-helpLeadershipPractitioner-led5Open-endedDurationTime-limited6LongExtentShort7SeldomIntervalFrequent8LargeSizeSmall9Outward-lookingFocusInward-looking10VoluntaryChoiceCompulsory11LooseStructureTight12DiffuseSpaceDense/intimateII.DifferentKindsofGroupandGroupworkMemberswillexperienceeachgroupquitedifferently.However,despitethesevariations,experiencedgroupworkerscanworkwithverydifferentgroupsbecauseoftheirunderstandingofgroupprocessandtheirabilitytousethisunderstandingtohelpgroupsachievetheirpurposes,howeverdifferentthesepurposesmightbe.Anotherdifferenceisthetheoreticalperspectiveororientationthatinfluencesthechoiceofgroupmethods.Apsycho-dynamicgroupworkermightfocusonintro-psychicforces,unconsciousmotivationsandearlyconflictedchildhoodexperiences,usinggroupprocesstoexploretransferenceandcounter-transference.atask-centeredgroupworkerwouldleadthegroupthroughanexplorationofproblemstoagreedgoals,usinggroupprocesstodevelopandrehearsetasksthathelpachievethesegoalsandreviewprogress.Aself-helpgroupmighttakeapragmatic,adhocapproach,focusingonthegroup’semotionalandpracticalsupport.III.GroupPurpose,FunctionandOutcomesGroupscanhaveawiderangeofpurposeandfunction.Onemodelconsidersseventypesoffunction:consultative,educational,socialaction,socialcontrol,socialsupport,taskandtherapeutic(DoelandOrchard,2006,pp.23-24).Thesearenotmutuallyexclusive,sothatanyonegroupmightincorporateanumberofthesefunctionstoalesserorgreaterextent.Somegroupshaveclearlyexpressedpurposeswithexpectedoutcomes,othersareorganic,allowingpurposetoclarify(ornot)withthedevelopmentofthegroup.Theagenciesthatsponsorgroupsarelesslikelytotoleratethosewithorganicpurposesandthereisoftenanassumptionthatgroupsmustworktogoalsthatareagreedbeforeoratthestartofthegroup,withdisregardforthe‘soft’outcomesthatarefrequentlyachieved.Theseareoutcomesthatarenotidentifiedintheplanningandopeningstagesofthegroupbutwhichemergeasaresultofgroupprocess.Groupworkresearchersandtheoristsshouldpayregardtothissoftevidence,i.e.outcomesthatwereunintendedandhardtomeasure,butareneverthelessbeneficial.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup1.Researchingtheneedforagroup2.Planningandofferingthegroup(pre-groupcontact)3.Leadership4.Thefirstsession5.Whatdoesthegroupdo?6.Documentingthegroup7.Reviewing,endingandfollow-upIV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup1.ResearchingtheneedforagroupGroupsarecreatedtorespondtoaneedthatisnototherwisebeingmet.Insomecases,theneedisself-evidentandinothersitmightrequiresomeresearch.Forinstance,youbecomeawarethatthereareanumberofwomenwithsevereandenduringmentalhealthproblemsinaparticularneighbourhood:wouldtheybenefitfrommeetingtogetherinagroupand,ifso,whatkindofgroup?IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup2.Planningandofferingthegroup(pre-groupcontact)Onceaneedhasbeenestablished,detailedplanningisrequired.Whatarethelikelypurposesofthegroupandwhatresourceswillbeneededtomeetthesepurposes?Thisincludesgroupworkers’timeandpracticalissuessuchasvenue,transport,equipment,refreshmentsandapossiblebudgetforthegroup.Thereissomeevidencetosuggestthatofferingthegroupworkservicetoindividualspriortotheplannedfirstsessionislikelytoincreasethesuccessofthegroupitself[Doel,M.,&Sawdon,C.(1999).

Theessentialgroupworker:Teachingandlearningcreativegroupwork.JessicaKingsleyPublishers.].Itisachancetoshareexpectationsandrefinethegroup’spurposesinthelightofprospectivemembers’ideas;itcangivethemtheconfidencetoattendthefirstsessionofthegroup.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup3.LeadershipThenature,styleandlocationofthegroup’sleadershipiscritical.Insomegroupsthesocialworkeristhecentralperson;inothersinternalleadershipdevelopsamongstgroupmembers;yetothersareself-help,withoutanyformalleadership.Leadershipstyleshaveclassicallybeendescribedasdemocratic,authoritarianandlaissez-faire:sinceacentralvalueofgroupworkisstrengththroughcollectiveaction.Allleadersshouldbeaimingtoempowergroupstobecomeself-directingwheneverthisispossible.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup4.ThefirstsessionThenatureandpurposeofthegroupshoulddeterminehowstructuredeachgroupsessionis.However,eveninalooselystructuredgroup,thefirstsessionbenefitsfromcarefulplanning.Tuningintohowgroupmembersarelikelytobefeelingastheyturnupforthefirstmeetinghelpsgroupleaderstoplananappropriateresponse.Groupworkersshouldalwaysbereadytochangetheirplansandevendiscardthemifthegroupprocessandpurposerequiresit.Theaimisflexibility,notsingle-mindednessontheonehand,nordriftontheother.Subgroupsmightbecreated(pairs,trios,etc.)tohelpbuildconfidenceamongstpeoplewhofindithardinitiallytocontributetothefullgroup.Incontrast,theleadersofagroupforadolescentsmightfocusonhowbesttoavoidtooseveresubgroupingandharnesstheyoungpeople’senergiestothegroupasawhole.Thereisnosingletemplateforthefirstsession,onlytheneedtoplancarefullywiththeknowledgeoftheindividualswhowillbecomingtothegroup.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup5.Whatdoesthegroupdo?Theclassiceight-stronggroupmeetsforanhourandahalffor8to12weeks,sitsinacircleorhorseshoe,andrelieson‘talktherapy’.Butthisisonlyonetemplateamongstahugevariationofgroupshapes.Thoughdiscussionisstillprobablythemostcommonmediumusedingroupwork,thereisanenormousvarietyofactivityingroupwork,sometimescalledactiontechniques:1)Spokenword--suchasdiscussionandroleplay2)Writtenword--questionnaires,letters,etc.3)Graphictechniques--flipchartdrawings,artwork,dreams,spiderdiagramsandthelike4)Hardwareequipment--usingaudio-vision,photography,computers5)Props--anyobjectorartefactcanbeusedforgrouppurpose,suchaschairs,tokens,masks,evensmells6)Physical(sometimesreferredtoaskinesthetics)--suchasdance,relaxationandnumerousactivitiesandgames.Withsucharangeofactivitiestochoosefrom,itisimportanttoletgroupprocessandpurposeguidethechoiceofactivitiesandnotviceversa.Groupmembersshouldleaveagroupwithfeelingsofbelonging,acceptanceandsolidarity,notawedbythe‘fireworks’letoffbygroupleaders.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup6.DocumentingthegroupAgenciesthatregularlysupportgroupsmighthavetheirownproformasfordocumentingthegroup;ifnot,groupworkerswillneedtodeveloptheirownrecordingmaterialsandmethods,perhapsintheshapeofagrouplogthatbrieflycapturesgroupprocessandindividuals’progressthroughthelifeofthegroup.Groupmembersshouldbeinvolvedasmuchaspossible,sothattherecordbelongstothegroup,ratherthanderivingsolelyfromtheworkers’observationsofthegroup.Theremightbenumerousdocuments,suchasindividualportfoliosforeachgroupmember(aplacewheretheykeeptheirownworkinthegroupandtheirreflections)andagroupdocument,opentoall,whichcontainsthingslikeflip-chartsheetsandartefactsusedormadebythegroupasawhole.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup7.Reviewing,endingandfollow-upGroupworkersshouldmakesurethatthegrouphasaregularopportunitytoreviewboththeprocessandoutcome.Attheendofeachsessionitisusualtohavea‘round’forimmediatefeedback.Somegroupsmightuseaformal‘pre-test’and‘post-test’questionnairetomeasurechangesandtheimpactofthegroup.Follow-upisfrequentlyneglected.Itisimportantthatafteranagreedtime,thegroupleaderscontactgroupmembers(assumingtheyarenolongerworkingwiththem)inordertofindoutwhetherthegrouphashadalastingeffect.Mostgroupsregisterimmediatesatisfaction(theso-called‘happy-clappy’effect),soitisimportanttoestablishwhetherthissatisfactionissustainedandwhetheranychangeshavehadalastingimpact.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroupsInadditiontogroupsthatarecreatedforaparticularpurposeandhaveaplannedstartandfinish,therearemanygroupsthatareongoing.Theseincludemostsocial,politicalandreligiousgroups.Socialworkersmighthavesomekindofinvolvementwithongoinggroupssuchaspainmanagementgroups,Alzheimer’ssupportgroupsandgroupsforyoungpeoplewhoareincare(‘accommodated’)andleavingforindependentliving.Thoughtheirmembershipsareverydifferent,allofthesegroupshavethefollowingcharacteristicsincommon.1.Changingmembership2.Possibledrift3.Naturallyoccurringgroups4.Self-helpgroups5.TeamsasgroupsV.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups1.ChangingmembershipOngoinggroupsexperiencechangingmembership.Itisimportant,then,thatthesegroupsconsiderhownewmembersarewelcomedandincluded,andhowthedeparturesofexistingmemberscanbemarked,dependingonthenatureoftheexit.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups2.PossibledriftTheinitialpurposesofanongoinggroupmightnotsuitthechangingmembership,soitisimportantthattherearereviewpointswhenthegroupcantakestockanddecidewhetheritwantstochangedirectionorperhapsithasinadvertentlychangeditsdirection.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups3.NaturallyoccurringgroupsGroupsareanaturalpartofhumanlifeandsocialworkersengagewithsomeofthesekindsofgroup;forinstance,streetgroupsofchildrenandyoungpeoples’gangs.Socialworkersmustfindwaysofgainingaccesstotheseexistinggroups,sometimestotrytodissolvethemorre-divertthemwhentheyaredestructive.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups4.Self-helpgroupsTherearemanyexamplesofself-helpgroups,themostfamousbeingalcoholicsanonymous.Somecreatedgroupsdecidetocontinuebeyondthedepartureoftheprofessionalswhocreatedthegrouptobecomeaself-helpgroup.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups5.TeamsasgroupsAmuch-neglectedtopicistheteam-as-a-group.Ifteamsareconceptualizedasongoinggroupsitbecomespossibletorecognizetheimportanceofgroupprocessintheteam,leadingtoimprovementsincommunicationpatternsandteamfunction.Toooften,problemsinteamsaretheresultofproblemsintheteamdynamicsandafailuretoseetheteamasagroup.VI.GroupworkNowGroupsarecentraltohumanlife,butformalgroupworkismoreunusual.Theprevalenceofsocialgroupworkishardtogaugebutthereissomeevidencethatgroupworkisdeclininginmainstreamsocialworkpracticeandthatithasreducedinthesocialworkeducationcurriculum.Itseemsthatmoregroupsarebeingfacilitatedbyprofessionalsotherthansocialworkersandtherehasbeenatendencyfor‘caseworkingroups’ratherthan‘real’groupwork,inwhichgroupprocessisusedactivelywithafocusonthegroupasawhole.Itisimportanttorecognizegroupprocessindailyexperiences,suchas‘flashgroups’thatarisespontaneously.Inthisway,theconnectionscanbemadebetweeneverydaygroupworkandprofessionalgroupwork.VI.GroupworkNowNewformsofgroupworkThenewtechnologieshavehadastrikingimpactonwhatitmeanstobeagroup.Video-conferencingandSkypeallowgroupstomeetacrossgreatdistances,andonlinediscussionnetworksmeantheycanparticipateatdifferenttimes.Thischallengesconventionalviewsofwhatgroupworkis.Theimplicationsofthesenewformsofgroupworkareasyetunclear:cantheytrulyreplacethepersonalcontactofpeopleinthesameroomatthesametime?Whatevertheprevalenceorshapeofcontemporarygroupwork,thepowerofgroupsisbeyonddisputeandtheneedforgroupworkwithsocialworkserviceusersisasstrongasever.Thefeelingofbelongingandthecollectivestrengthofagroupofpeopleworkingandbeingtogethermakesgroupworkanidealmethodandcanturntherhetoricofempowermentintoareality.ChapterSummaryGroupworkisoneofthefourpillarsofsocialwork:individual,family,groupandcommunitywork.Groupprocessistheawarenessofwhatishappeninginagroupatthelevelofeachofindividualandwiththegroupasawhole.Therearemanywaysinwhichonegroupmightdifferfromanother.Groupscanhaveawiderangeofpurposeandfunction,suchasconsultative,educational,socialaction,socialcontrol,socialsupport,taskandtherapeutic.Groupsarecentraltohumanlife,butformalgroupworkismoreunusual.Thenewtechnologieshavehadastrikingimpactonwhatitmeanstobeagroup.Video-conferencingandSkypeallowgroupstomeetacrossgreatdistances,andonlinediscussionnetworksmeantheycanparticipateatdifferenttimes.Whatevertheprevalenceorshapeofcontemporarygroupwork,thepowerofgroupsisbeyonddisputeandtheneedforgroupworkwithsocialworkserviceusersisasstrongasever.GlossaryGroupwork（小组工作）：小组是指在社会工作者的指导下，将两个以上且具有共同需求或相似的社会问题的成员组织在一起而开展互动性活动的团体。小组工作是社会工作的基本方法之一，经由社会工作者的策划与指导，通过小组活动过程及组员之间的互动和经验分享，帮助小组成员改善其社会功能，促进其转变和成长，以达到预防和解决有关社会问题的目标。Socialgoalsmodel（社会目标模式）：培养公民社会意识，增强其社会责任感，推动公民参与解决社会问题。Remedialmodel（治疗模式）：通过小组工作的方式，使个人的社会关系与社会适应方面的问题得到治疗和康复，改变原有问题行为模式，重新习得合理的行为模式。Reciprocalmodel（互惠模式）：通过组员与组员、组员与环境、小组与环境之间的互动，促进组员的成长，增强社会功能和发展能力。Developmentalmodel（发展模式）：强调以人的发展为核心，促进组员与小组共同成长，关注组员社会功能的提升。Grouptarget（小组目标）：小组在一定时期内必须达到的目的和指标。GroupLeadership（小组领导）：一是指“小组领导者”，即在小组运作过程中负责组织、带领、引导小组成员走向和达到小组目标的那个人。二是指小组的领导过程。Groupdynamics（小组动力）：是描述小组在实现目标的过程中，参与小组生命发展的各种复杂力量及其交互作用和交互方式，这个过程包括小组的形成、启动、发展、成熟、落幕、结束、跟进等所有过程。DifficultSentences1.Groupworkdevelopedasamilieuforworkingwithpeoplethroughadulteducationandtherecreationmovement,whereactivitieswereseennotjustasleisurebutaspartofasocialprocess.小组工作发展成为一个通过成人教育和娱乐运动促进人际合作的环境，在那里，活动不仅被视为休闲，而且被视为社会进程的一部分。2.Groupmembersshouldbeinvolvedasmuchaspossible,sothattherecordbelongstothegroup,ratherthanderivingsolelyfromtheworkers’observationsofthegroup.小组成员应该尽可能多地参与进来，做好小组记录，而不是仅仅来自与社会工作者对小组的观察。3.Whatevertheprevalenceorshapeofcontemporarygroupwork,thepowerofgroupsisbeyonddisputeandtheneedforgroupworkwithsocialworkserviceusersisasstrongasever.无论当代小组工作的流行程度或形式如何，群体的力量都是无可争议的，而在社会工作服务中