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2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD
ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
HarlanCobenbelievedthatifyou'reawriter,youwillfindthetime;andthatifyoucan't
findthetime,thenwritingisn'tapriorityandyou'renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa
J_job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumber
doesn'twakeupandsaythathecan'tworkwithpipestoday.
3,likemostwritersthesedays,you'reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it'snot
4___tofindthetimetowrite.Butit'snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationand
single-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingother
thingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwritherswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodoother
workto7theirwritingincome.
AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it'sa8ofpriorities,lbmakewritingapriority,you'll
haveto9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Depending
onyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionor
listeningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwriteit11theylistentomusic.Youmighthave
to12theamountofexerciseorsportsyoudo.YouUIhavetomakesocialmediaan_13
activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14,There,llprobablyhavetobelesssocializing
withyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It'sa15learningcurve,anditwon't
alwaysmakeyoupopular.
There?sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-
andihat'sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it'stheone_17
supporter—somethingyoucan'tdowithout.
Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefully
andas19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritisingouractivitiessothatwespendmosttimeon
thethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou'reawriter,thatmeans—20—writing.
1.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant
2.A.combinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted
3.A.IfB.ThoughC.OnceD.Unless
4.A.enoughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy
5.A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberD.Suppose
6.A.well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chosen
7.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate
8.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition
9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore
10.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills
11.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before
12.A.putupwithB.makeupfbrC.hangontoD.cutdownon
13.A.intelligentB.occasionalC.intensiveD.emotional
14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan
15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny
16.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto
17.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant
18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker
19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully
20.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveall
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.
MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown?s40windsweptacresin
Shiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisall
seemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeits
nextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.
Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestill
labeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey'realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusing
regenerativeagriculture—specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.
Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.
'Tmexcitedaboutourprogress,saysBrown,whoharvestseggsfor
Denver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsfbr
thechickenstoeat.Thebirds'wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhensto
forageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwe
supplytoourcustomers.^^
Theeggindustry'spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerative
farmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswent
frombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.More
recentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexploded
intomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthe
floodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.
Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,
saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Brandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(though
someproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).
Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchas
free-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthat
youngergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessof
plant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectthe
environment.Youngadults"reallycareabouttheplanet/'saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEgg
Innovations."TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventhey
understandwhatthey'redoing.”
21.Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.
[A]ataconsiderablylowcost
(Bjatthedemandofregularshoppers
[C]asareplacementfororganicegg
ID]onspeciallydesignedfarms
22.LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogramin.
[A]reducingthedamageofworms.
[BJacceleratingthedisposalofwaste.
[C]creatingasustainablesystem.
fD]attractingcustomerstohisproducts.
23.Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedinparagraph4tosuggest.
[A]thedoubtsovernaturalfoods
[B]thesetbacksintheeggindustry
[C]thepotentialofregenerateproducts
fD]thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarket
24.Itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.
[A]arereluctanttochangetheirdiet
fB]arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs
[C]arecuriousaboutnewfoods
fD]areamazedatagriculturaladvances
25.JohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts5.
[A]marketprospects
IBJnutritionalvalue
[C]standarddefinition
[D]moralimplications
Text2
MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatensto
upendtheoldworkforcemodel.
OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepare
foralongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollfbrTDAmeritrade.
Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirement
orwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearsevenifthey
hadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.
Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,according
tothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomor
avoidingdepression.
“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirement
atTDAmeritrade.uIfsnotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinue
workingpastretirement.^^
Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthe
population65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.
CensusBureau.That'salsoup30.2%since2010.
Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnest
eggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10
“unretirees“areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.
Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverall
expenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.
Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodoso
becausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,a
co-fbunderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretirees
shouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.
“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimately
retiring,Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelieve
theycan'tretire.”
26.ThestudyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.
[A]morethanhalfretireesarephysicallyfitforjob
fB]theoldworkerisasactiveasyoungpeople
[C]oneinthreeAmericaswanttoretireearlier
fD]moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement
27.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.
[A]retirementmaycauseproblemsforthem
[BJboredomcanberelievedafterretirement
[C]thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked
ID]unretirementcontributestotheeconomy
28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.
[A]laborshortages
[B]populationgrowth
[C]longerlifeexpectancy
[D]risinglivingcosts
29.Many“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingby.
(A]increasingupinstocks
(Bjtakingupoddjobs
[Clgettingwell-paidwork
fD]spendingless
30.Withregardtotheretirement,BrentWeissthinkthatmanypeopleare.
[A]unprepared
[B]unafraid
[C]disappointed
[D]enthusiastic
Text3
Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthe
timesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssignup
processbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbe
complicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseare
examplesofdarkpatterns.
Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,"darkpatternsnisacatch-all
termforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.
Ondark,Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrom
misdirectionandhiddencoststo“roachmotel,^^whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitive
atthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000product
pagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.
Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessand
nonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.
Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshould
engageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,
andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsiblefor
thecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,
checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingor
avoiding"digitaldeception.,,
Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,
mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapproval
ofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethat
consumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.^^The
regulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusing
languageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistento
reasonswhytheyshouldn'toptout.”
Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreater
accountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedona
self-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegal
requirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.
31.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns.
(A]improveuserexperiences
(Bjleakuserinformationforprofit
[Clundermineusers'decision-making
fD]remindusersofhiddencosts
32.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.
[A]theirmajorflaws
[B]theircomplexdesigns
[C]theirseveredamage
[D]theirstrongpresence
33.Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.
[A]listentocustomerfeedback
[B]talkwithrelevantteams
[CJturntoindependentagencies
[D]relyonprofessionaltraining
34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.
[A]guideusersthroughopt-outprocesses
[B]protectconsumersfrombeingtricked
[C]grantcompany'sdataprivacyrights
[D]restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent
35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.
[A]newlegalrequirements
[B]businesses5self-discipline
[C]strictregulatorystandards
[D]consumers9safetyawareness
Text4
Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessons
canactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsor
sometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleast
onereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.
Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethis
particularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,a
philosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students5attitudesonthetopicarevariable
andunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatingless
meatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsin
fourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionally
watchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalf
focusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unbeknownsttothestudents,theresearchersstudied
theiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500
students."It'sanawesomedataset,“saysNinaStrohminger,apsychologistwhoteachesbusiness
ethicsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy.
Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthat
ethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvoting
rates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeat
ethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent—andthiseffectheld
steadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52
percent.
“That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,Schwitzgebelsays.
Strohmingeragrees:"Thethingthatstillblowsmymindisthattheonlythingthat'sdifferent
betweenthesetwocasesisjustthatonedayinclass."Shesaysshewantstheeffecttoberealbut
cannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,Strohmingernotes,itmightbe
reversiblebyanothernudge:"Easycome,easygo.^^
Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesor
teachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitas
achievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,
hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authors(UniversityofKansas'sBradford
CokeletandPrincetonUniversity'sPeterSinger)sayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowthe
researchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,T.A.s'eatinghabitsandstudents,
videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel一whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghis
words.
36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.
[A]hardtodetermine
[B]narrowlyinterpreted
[C]difficulttoignore
fD]poorlysummarized
37.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforresearcherstostudymeateating?
[A]Itiscommonamongstudents.
fB]Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.
[C]Itisimportantforstudents9health
fD]Itisahottopicinethicclasses
38.EricSchwitzgelbePspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicprofessors.
[A]areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents
IBJarelesssociablethanotherprofessors
[C]arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues
fD]arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter
39.NinaStrohmingerthinkstheeffectoftheinterventionis.
[A]permanent
IB]predictable
[C]uncertain
ID]unrepeatable
40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents*changeinbehavior.
[A]canbringpsychologicalbenefits
fB]canbeanalyzedstatistically
[Clisaresultofmultiplefactors
fD]isasignofself-development
PartB
Directions:
Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfrom
thelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhich
youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
A.Makeitahabit.
B.Don'tgoitalone.
C.Talktoadoctor.
D.Listentoyourbody.
E.Startlow,goslow.
F.Gothroughthemotions.
G.Roundoutyourroutine.
HowtoGetActiveAgainAfteraBreak
Whetheryou'verecentlylostyourroutineorarejustlookingtogetbackinshape,thesesimple
strategieswillhelp.
Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-person
exerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbe
trickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.<4Toomuchtoosoon
eitherresultsininjuryorburnout,“saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiology
departmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.
Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.
41.
Don'ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3miles
aday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof
10reps,reduceactivitytoVimileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshort
walksonotherdays,oruse5pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,and
intensitygradually."Thisisn'tsomethingyoucandoovernight,“Denaysays.Butyou'llreap
benefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.
42.
Ifyou'rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goa
littlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalertto
serioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,or
faintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.
43.
Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutes
ofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistatthe
UniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendingwalking
becauseit'stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,
ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoa
greatfirststep.
44.
Evenifyoucan'tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithouta
cluborracket,swinglikeyou'rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou'reinakayakorcanoe.Mimic
yourfavor
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