译林版新教材高中英语选择性必修二全册单词语境记忆（复习必背）

选择性必修二

Unit1Wishyouwerehere

Canadaislikeabloomingflower,unfoldingwithbreathtakingbeautyandrichnesstowintheheartofthosewhoenjoywhatithastooffer.

Itisalsooneofthemostethnicallydiversenationsintheworldwithdistinctcultures.

InthetenprovincesandthreeterritorieswhichmakeupCanada,thereisgreatdiversityingeography.

TotheeastofthePacificcoastrisethegrandRockyMountains,whicharehometohighpeaksanddeepvalleyscarvedbyiceandwater.

Ancient,slow-movingglaciershugthelandandahugevarietyofwildlifewanderstheremoteforests.

OnetrulyuniquescenicspotinCanadaisthemightyNiagaraFallswithwaterrushingoveritsedgeinasplendiddisplayofsightsandsounds.

Apartfromitsgeographicaldiversity,Canada’smanyruralareasandurbancentersreflectthediversityofitsresidents.

SomeofCanada’searliestsettlers,whoarethoughttobeancestorsoftheindigenouspeoples,crossedtheBeringStraitbymeansofalandbridgefromaplacenowknownasSiberia.

Themajorethnicgroups,forexample,includetheEnglish,ScottishandFrench,whiletheminoritygroupsincluderesidentsfromSingaporeandthePacificIslands.

Shouldyoufindyourselfinoneofthesesubstances,languages,cuisine,architecture,artandmusicwilldefineyourencounter.

Forexample,inVancouver,adynamiccitywiththehighestpercentageofChineseCanadiansinthecountry,youcanparticipateinthecelebrationsoftheChineseNewYear,oryoumaytaketeaintheDrSunYat-SenClassicalChineseGarden.

InMontreal,oneofthelargestFrench-speakingcitiesintheworld,youcansamplethefloodwithatypicalFrenchflavorandseetheoriginalbuildingsintheFrenchstyleofarchitecture.

Finally,ifyouarelookingforsomethingoffthebeatentrack,youmayvisitCapeBretonIslandintheprovinceofNovaScotia,whereyoucandancetofiddletunesandenjoytheculturesandtraditionsofCelticsettlers.

Giventheseculturaldifferences,itcomesasnosurprisethatCanadahasbeencelebratingMulticulturalismDaysince2002.

Fromthetoweringmountainpeakstothedepthsoftheforeststotheurbancenters,Canada’sgeographicalwonders,ethnicgroupsandtheirculturesmakeitauniqueplacetoliveandvisit.

16、Asanexchangestudent,I’mstayingwithanicehostfamilyinthesuburbsfortwoweeks.

17、Apartfromenjoyingmyschoollifeatalocalhighschool,I’vebeenshownaroundthesightsofCalgary,suchastheBotanicalGardensofSilverSprings.

18、ClovispeoplearebelievedtobetheancestorsintheCalgaryarea.

19、There’sathickblanketofsnowinsomemountainareasovermuchofthewinter.

20、Ialsocan’twaittohaveagoatthenationalwintersport--icehockey.

21、Yourniece.

22、Theseindustries,inturngivejobstothelocalpopulation,whosewelfaredependsontourism.

23、Thepricesoftouristessentialssuchastransport,accommodationandfoodusuallyincreasetoo,whichbringsevenmorewealthtothesurroundingcommunity.

24、Morenature-centredtouristattractions,wheremanandnatureliveinharmony,canbegreatlyimpactedorevendestroyedbythefloodoftourists.

25、Asresourcesareusedmorerapidlythantheycanbesustained,wildlifehabitatsarelikelytosuffer,whichcouldendangerthelocalplantsandanimals.

26、Itisimportanttotravelinanenvironmentallyfriendlymanner.

27、Whenatthehotel,wecanreduceourimpactbycuttingbackonwaterconsumptionandnothavingourbeddingandtowelswashedeveryday.

28、Whenvisitingtemplesorchurches,whereastrictdresscodemayberequired,weshoulddressappropriately.

29、Insummarybeingasustainabletouristcomesdowntorespect--fornature,cultureandpeople.

30、Whomaymakealivingbysellinghandmadeitem.

31、WalkalongleafystreetsandvisitelegantcafésinFrench-styleareas.

32、Makeyourwaytothemainhallandadmirethe8.8-metre-highstatueoftheBuddha.

33、Dosomesouvenirshoppingandtrythelocalsnacks.

34、Appreciateamazingantiques,includingMingvasesandQingfurniture.

35、BeforeusstretchedtheunendingsanddunesthatmarkedthebeginningoftheSahara.

36、AsmallboywalkedpastwithagroupofnoisygoatsasItookalonglookattheyellowroadsidesignthattolduswewereenteringa“fragilenaturalenvironment”.

37、ImadearesolutiontorespectandprotectthisuniquelandscapewhileIwashere.

38、Thewindwasblowinggrainsofsandfromthetopsofthedunes,thesunwasbeatingdownhardandbright,andtheskywasadeepshadeofbluethatIhadneverseenbefore.

39、Thecoloursofthedunescontrastedstrikinglywiththeblueofthecloudlesssky.

40、Eventually,asthelastraysofsunlightwerefallingonthesand,wearrivedatourdesertcamp.

41、Threecamels,slowlychewing,wererestingontheirkneesandwatchingourarrivalwithinterest.

42、Iwasstarvingandrushedtoputasteakonthebarbecue.

43、Afewdaysafterourdeparturefromthecamp,ourcarwaswellandtrulystuckinthemud.

WewereveryneartoourrestcampinAmboseliNationalParklocatedontheborderofKenyawhenmyfather,againstmymother’sadvice,decidedtodrivethroughalargepoolofwaterthatstretchedacrossthedirtroad.

Wefoundaparkingspacenexttoourhut,whichwasaroundandmadefrombrick.

Tallgrassesandtreesdottedtheplains,whichwerealivewiththeAfricanwildlifewehadcometosee.

Inthedistance,elephantswereeatinggrass,earsflappinglazilyastheymovedslowlyovertheplains.

Iplacedhamsandwiches,sausagesandabunchofbananasonasmallwoodentable.

Ireturnedtothecarandfetchedmorepossessions.

Hewaslookingatmeintentlyasheenjoyedthefinalmouthful.

Thereisalottoexploreonyourhikes:breathtakingmountains,awesomeglaciers,crashingwaterfallsandblacksandbeaches.

Youcantakeanadventuretourofanactivevolcano,whereyouwillseethehotliquidrocksflow.

Youmightalsobefortunateenoughtoseenativewildlife,forinstance,theArcticfox.

YoumightevenspotapolarbearpayingavisitfromGreenland!

WhileyouareinIceland,youmaywanttovisitlocalrestaurantandtrylocaldelicaciessuchasfreshfishorsmokedlamb.

Unit2Outofthisworld

Livinginspaceiseverywould-beastronaut’sdream.

Ibetyou’dlovetoknowwhatdailylifeislikeupinspaceandhowitdiffersfromthatontheEarth--thelowgravitydefinitelymakesordinarythingsstrange!

Duetothenearabsenceofgravityinspace,wehavetoattachourselvessothatwedon’tfloataround.

Weusuallysleepinprivatequarters,whicharemorelikelargecupboards,orinsleepingbagsattachedtothewallsortheceiling.

It’sstrangethatwetrytosleepwithnopressureagainstourback,buttheunusualbedsdon’tbotherusanymore.

Theroutinetasksthatoccupymostofthedayaredemanding,buttheycanalsobeextremelyrewarding.

Ourmainmissionistoconductscientificresearch.

Weneedtoevaluatetheeffectsoflowgravityonanimalsandplants.

Creaturessuchasmice,fishandmosquitoeshavealsobeensenttothestation!

Inalow-gravityenvironment,wecanlearnmoreaboutchangesincellsandmicroorganismsunderthemicroscope.

Hopefully,itwillcastnewlightontheEarth’sclimateandleadtobetterlighteningprotection.

Withsomuchgoingon,thespacestationneedsalotofmaintenance,soweconstantlychecksupportsystemsanddosomecleaning.

Inthecircumstances,it’stimeforaspacewallk.

First,weputonourspacesuits,whichallowustobreatheinspaceandprotectusfromexposuretothecoldandradiation.

Thenweheadout,andsometimesperformtasksforhoursatatime,withthebeautifulEarthvisiblebelow.

Inviewofthelow-gravityenvironment,eatingisalsodifferentinspace.

It’saluxurytoeatfreshfood,becausefreshproducesuchasfruitandvegetablescanonlybedeliveredtothespacestationfromtheEartheverycoupleofmonths.

Wemustdrinkwateroranyotherliquidsoutofabagthroughathintubeofplastic.

Furthermore,tokeepourbodyhealthy,wemustensureabalancedsupplyofnutrientsbytakingpills.

Spendingsometimeinthegymisofvitalimportancetoastronauts’health.

Consideringthesenegativeeffectslowgravityhasonthehumanbody,wedisciplineourselvestodoatleasttwohoursofexerciseeveryday.

Duringourleisuretime,there’snothingwelikemorethantositbackwiththerestofthecrewandwatchourremarkableplanetgoby,takingpicturesforourfamilyandfriendsbackhome.

Hopefully,thisexperimentwillcastnewlightonspacefarmingandallowustosetuppermanentbasesonotherplanets,suchasMars.

OnechallengeisthattheenvironmentinspaceisaltogetherdifferentfromthatbackontheEarth.

Fortunately,aspacialkithasbeendeveloped.

Intheearly1600s,Galileowasthefirsttousehistelescopetoexploretheskyandsincethen,telescopeshavecontinuallyimproved.

ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,anditallowsscientiststolearnmoreabouttheuniverse.

Hubbleobservationshaveplayedacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergy.

Kepler’sscientificgoalistosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstars.

Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthatdevelopingtherequiredtechnologywillhelpastronomersallovertheworldmakeexcitingdiscoveries.

Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.

RunbytheChinaNationalSpaceAdministration,China’sspaceagency,itcomprisesthreestages:orbiting,landingandreturning.

ItsuccessfullyorbitedandscannedtheMoon.

ThelandingofChang’e3provedtobeasuccessandhowitlaidthefoundationforfutureexplorationwasplaintosee.

Somepeoplebelievethatwhilespaceexplorationexpandsourunderstandingoftheuniverse,itisawasteofthepublicpurseanddoesnothingtoenhancethequalityofourliveshereontheEarth.

Thatwearefascinatedbytheskyisevidentinancienttalesfromaroundtheworld,suchasthatofChang’s.

Theresultsofthesespaceinvestigationshavemademajorcontributionstoanunderstandingoftheorigin,evolution,andlikelyfutureortheuniverse,suchasplanets,stars,andallotherformsofmatterandenergy.

Shockabsorbersoriginallyappliedtothespaceshuttlelaunchhavealsobeensetupinthecitieswithahighfrequencyofearthquakesinordertoprotectbuildingsandsavelives.

Forexample,liquidhydrogenisacleanalternativeenergysourcethatisusedwidelyasrocketfuel,anditislikelythathydrogenfuelcellvehicleswillbemass-producedandlaunchedinthenearfuture.

Thisshouldbeastrongmotiveforcontinuingtoexplorespace.

Althoughspaceexplorationdemandshugeinvestment,thespaceindustrycanactuallybringgreateconomicvalue.

Ithasbeencalculatedthattheglobalspaceeconomyisincreasingbymillionsofdollarseveryyear.

Jobsinthespaceindustrygofarbeyondtheastronautsthatreceivewidespreadmediacoverage.

Therearemanysupportstaffontheground,suchasengineers,mechanicsandresearchassistants.

SuchwondersasaspaceshuttlelaunchorastronautwalkingontheMoonareincrediblyexcitingandinspiringtowitness,anditcanbethesemomentsthatshapechildren’slivesforeverandmotivatethemtobecomethescientistsandengineersofthefuture.

Perhapsmoreimportantly,thesestorms,madeupoffinedustcaughtintheatmosphere,canaffectenergyproductionforlongperiods.

Weshouldfindpermanentshelterthatofferslong-termprotectionfromradiation.

Itwouldprotectusagainstradiationandkeepinneratmospherepressureconstantaswell.

Ifthesolarenergycouldnotmeetourenergyneeds,wecouldconstructnuclearpowerstations.

Unit3Backtothepast

Length,BreadthandThicknessdonotpass.

“Itisclear,”hesaid,“thatthereisonlyonewaytoconvinceyou.

Inthesummerof1405,ZhengHe,oneofChina’sgreatestexplorers,setsailfromTaicangonhisfirstvoyage.

Afleetofover200shipsnavigatedtheblueareas,withalmost28,00peopleonboard,whichwasasplendidscene.

Between1405and1433,onbehalfoftheMingDynasty,ZhengHemadeatotalofsevenvoyages.

Hisshipswereloadedwithchina,silk,teaandothertreasuresasgiftsforforeignrulers,andthefleetpaidfriendlyvisitstomorethan30countriesandregions.

Astheysaid,thenavigatorstookcompassreadings,keptlogsoftheirvoyagesandchartedthecoast.

ZhengHe’seffortshelpeddevelopandstrengthenharmoniousrelationswiththesecountriesandregions,exposingforeignpeopletoChineseculture,andallowingtheChinesetobetterunderstandoverseaslands.

Formanyyears,somehistoriansdismissedtherecordsofthesevoyagesaslegends.

ThefinalproofcamewhenanenormousshipyardwasdiscoveredinNanjing,wherethefleethadbeenbuilt.

ZhengHe’saccomplishmentsarenowwidelyacknowledged,andheisrememberedasoneofChina’smostinfluentialexplorers.

ColumbusinsistedonsearchingforadirectsearoutetotheEastIndiesbysailingacrosstheAtlanticOcean.

Aftercontinuousattempts,hereceivedfinancialsupportfromtheKingandQueenofSpain.

On3August1492,hedepartedfromSpainwiththreeshipscarryingabout90crewmen.

Thejourneywasfullofchallenges:ittooklongerthanexpected,theyfacedashortageoffood,andoneoftheshipswasleakingbadly,whichputeveryoneonthisshipingravedanger.

Themenonboardwereinpanic.

Regardlessofallthechallenges,Columbusmanagedtokeepeveryoneoutofdangerwithhisknowledgeandbraveryacrosstheocean.

However,theshorestheyhadreachedwereoftheCaribbean,nottheEastIndies.

Between1493and1504,Columbusfoundmorelandoverthecourseofhisthreesubsequentvoyages.

HisdiscoveryinspiredexplorerssuchasCaptainJamesCooktoexploreanddiscovermorevastareasoftheworld.

Thisperiodalsoallowedforaninternationalexchangeofideasandcultures.

OneofthestatesmentionedinthehistoricalrecordswasBoni(present-dayBrunei),asmallkingdominSouth-EastAsia.

TherecordsshowthatthevisitorswereastonishedbyhowrichandtechnologicallyadvancedtheMingDynastywas.

TheyreceivedaroyalwelcomefromtheYongleEmperor.

Onhisdeathbed,heaskedtobeburiedinChina,andinlinewithhiswilltheemperorbuiltatombforhim.

HelearntChineseclassicsfromgreatliterarymasters,andattheageof20,hebegantravellingextensivelyacrossthecountry.

Afterhisfatherdied,SimaQiansucceededhisfatherasGrandHistorian,whichfacilitatedhisaccesstoofficialbooksandfiles.

However,hisworkproveddifficult,becausesortingoutalltheavailableresourcesandcheckingfactsofhistoricalmaterialsrequiredpainstakingefforts.

Hewasputinprison,wherehesufferedalotofpainphysicallyandmentally.

Whatmakesthisbookremarkableincontentisthatitonlyincludesvividdescriptionsofhistoricalfiguressuchasemperors,ministersorotherexceptionalfigures,butalsolistsimportanteventsindifferentperiods.

Someofthephrasesemployedinthisbookarestillinconstantuse.

Laterhistorianswrote23moreofficialhistoriesinasimilarformat.

Therearemorepopularhistorybooksonourshelvesthanbefore.

Theauthorsadoptanatural,chattystyleofwritingthatopensupthesubjectmattertotheordinaryreader.

Also,theyoftenusestoriesandinterestingcomparisonstodescribehistoricalfiguresoreventsvividly,thusengagingthereader’sinterest.

Packedwithvividdescriptionsandfunfacts,thistypeofhistorybookishighlyreadableandtruetolife.

Contrarytopopularhistorybooks,mostacademicbookstendtoadoptamoreanalyticalandseriousapproachtostudyinghistory.

HellcomestoPearlHarbor.

ThemenaboardthewarshipUSSArizonastretchedandrubbedtheireyes.

Themenwenttothewashroom,dressedintheiruniformsandsatdowntobreakfast.

Theshipshookviolentlyandthemenlookedateachotherinhorror.

Abovetheirheads,hundredsofJapaneseplanescircledlikeeagles.

TheyweredivingdowntodropbombsonPearlHarbor.

Asbombsthunderedallaround,cloudsofblacksmokeroseintotheskyandhungoverthesea.

Russellfelthisbloodfreeze,buthequicklycametohimselfandrusheduptothedeck.

Louis,meanwhile,alsostandingonthedeck,wasluckynottobethrownintothesea.

Afterreceivingtheordertoabandonship,Louissavedmoremenfromthewater,draggingthemintothelifeboat.

Inthechaosandconfusionaftertheattack,theUSNavysentamessagetohisfamilythatLouishadbeenkilledintheattack.

Russellwassavedfromthewater,buthewasbadlyburnt,bleedingheavily.

JapanhadhatchedaplottolaunchasurpriseattackonPearlHarbor,sotheattackbeganwithoutwarningandwithoutdeclaringwarontheUnitedStates.

Thenextday,PresidentRooseveltdeliveredhisfamousPearlHarborSpeech,inwhichhedescribedDecember7as”adatewhichwillliveininfamy”andaskedthattheUsCongressdeclarewaronJapan.

Today,theUSSArizonalieswhereitsank:inthemiddleofthePacificOcean.

Eachyear,morethantwomillionpeoplevisitthememorial.

TheycometoseetheshadowoftheshipatthebottomofPearlHarbor,tolearnabouttheattack,toshowrespectforthosewhohadlosttheirlivesintheattackandtoprayforworldpeace.

Althoughabouteightdecadeshaspassed,theattackonPearlHarbor,oneofthedarkestepisodesinAmericanhistory,willneverbeforgotten.

ThisbeganwithimprovementsintextileproductioninnorthernEngland.

Machinedesignswerereformedandthetextileoutputincreasedconsiderably.

Previously,theworkwasdoneathome,butthankstothemachines,clothcouldbemadeinfactories,whereeachworkerhadaspecializedrole.

Theshiftfromthecottageindustrytothefactorysystem,combinedwiththeintroductionofnewmachines,newenergysourcesandnewformsoftransport,promotedeconomicgrowthandexpandedworldtrade.

Unit4Protectingourheritagesites

Whatdangersdoyouthinkculturalandnaturalheritagesitesarefacedwith?

Beforewebegin,Iwanttoaskyou:haveyoueverbeenawedbynaturalwonders?

Haveyoueverbeenfascinatedbyhumancivilization?

Ifso,youmightalreadyunderstandwhyUNESCOisfightingtopreservesitesofculturalandnaturalimportancetomankind.

Unfortunately,theyfaceavarietyofdangersandmanyofthemareinurgentneedofprotection.

Thelong-termnaturalforces,suchaswind,waterandtemperature,cangraduallyweardownheritagesites.

Forinstance,theGreatPyramidofGizaisnowseveralmetresshorterthanitwasoriginally.

Naturaldisasters,thesuddenandpowerfulnaturalforces,canleadtothedestructionofheritagesites:in2003,aterribleearthquakeshooksouth-easternIranandruinedlargepartsofthecityofBam,anincredibleUNESCOculturalheritagesite.

Sometimes,amazingancientclaysculpturesandbuildingsareaccidentallydestroyedbymissileattacksduringperiodsofviolence.

Insomeconflictareaswherecivilwarsoftenbreakout,fightershaveevendestroyedheritagesitesonpurpose.

Meanwhile,WorldHeritagestatusmaygiverisetoaseriesofproblems.

HeritageSiteseveryyear,soitisonlynaturalthatthesitessufferabitofwearandtear.

Everyday,thousandsoftouristsclimbingupthenarrowstonestepsarewearingdowntheseancientbuildingsandthelong-termconsequencescouldleadtoirreparabledestructionoftheinternalstructure.

Suchdangerscanhavedisastersoutcomesnotonlyforthesitesthemselves,butalsoforpeople.

Forinstance,theGreatBarrierReefoffthenorth-eastcoastofAustraliaisanaturalheritagesiteindanger.

Duetohighseawatertemperaturescausedbyglobalwarming,alargeamountofcoraliskilledandpartsofthereefareseriouslyaffected,whichharmsitsfragilenaturalecology.

Heritageprotectionisatthetopoftheagendaforthebenefitofallmankind.

TodayIlearntalotaboutthewoodenPagodaofYingxianCounty,ShanxiProvince.

Itisactuallyoneoftheoldestwoodenstructureswithoutasinglenailintheworldandattractsmillionsoftouristseveryyear!

Foryearsapanelofspecialistsdiscussedandassesseddifferentmeansofrepairingthepagoda.

Becausethepagodahadalreadystartedtotiptooneside,peoplewereworrieditwouldcollapseiftheytriedtomakeanymajorrepairs.

Aftercloseconsultationwiththespecialists,thelocalgovernmentcouldn’tagreeonhowtomaketherepairssafely.

Therefore,therepairworkwassuspended.

Therearedivisionsamonghistoriansoverwhenexactlytheconstructionofthetwintemplesstarted,butnoonecandenythefactthattheywereconstructedinthe13thcenturyBCE.

Theycouldnotpreventtheconstructionofthedamandtheyhadnoideawhetherthetemplescouldbesavedfromtherisingwaters.

UNESCOputtogetheraninternationalteamofarchitects,engineersandheavyequipmentoperators,wholookedatdifferentwaysofsavingthetemples.

However,theoperationwascarefullyplannedandtheteameventuallymanagedtorelocatealloftheAbuSimbeltempleswithoutincident.

Thissuccessdemonstratesthepowerofinternationalcooperationintimesofcrisis.

Itisdifficulttoforecastwhatthreatsourheritagesiteswillfaceinthefuture,butwehavethebeliefthatwewillneedthiskindofcooperationinheritagepreservation.

Sorrytointerruptyou,MissMa.

Itlinkstheconceptsofnatureconservationandthepreservationofculturalpropertiestogether.

ApartfromtheConvention,theWorldHeritageCommitteewasestablishedin1976andpassedthemotionthatweshouldprotectourculturalandnaturalheritagesites.

Forexample,itvotestodeterminewhichsitesaretobelistedasUNESCOheritagesitesandmonitorsthestateofconservation.

Forexample,theGrandCanal,theworld’slongestandoldestcanal,wasonthelistin2014.

ThegreatanimalmigrationacrosstheplainsoftheSerengetiorthetoweringpyramidsofEgyptaresuchexamples.

Itseesheritageas“ourlegacyfromthepast,whatwelivewithtoday,andwhatwepassontofuturegenerations”aswellas“irreplaceablesourcesoflifeandinspiration”.

Theincrediblesplendourofheritagesitesisareminderofthepowerofnatureandthegeniusofman.

Asanationalparkandnaturereserve,JiuzhaigouValley,justnorthoftheSichuanBasin,ishometomightysnow-cappedmountains,thickforestsalivewithwildlife,impressivewaterfallsandlakessobluethattheytakeourbreathaway.

Similarly,standingintheshadowoftheBorobudurTemple,asthesunrisesoverthisgrandhistoricbuilding,weareimpressedwiththeeffort,determinationandintensebeliefofthepeoplewhobuiltitwithonlyprimitivetools.

Itisinplaceslikethesethatwecannothelpbutbehumbled,cometounderstandourlimitationsashumanbeings,andknowthatourdutyistoprotectthemforfuturegenerations.

AkeysectionoftheextensiveSilkRoadnetworkis