高考英语复习之定语从句学案

定语从句一、什么叫定语从句？定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。如：aredpen（red修饰名词pen，就是pen的前置定语）thebookonthedesk（onthedesk修饰名词book，就是book的后置定语）在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句。如：Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句的作用也就相当于形容词在修饰先行词。所以翻译定语从句时，从句要放到先行词前面去翻译。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又代替先行词在从句中的充当一个成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,who,whom,whose,which,as;引导定语从句的关系副词有：when,where,why.二、关系词的用法A）关系代词的用法1．作主语时指人用who或that，指物时用which或that，如：Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2．作宾语时指人用whom,who或that。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）指物时用which或that。在非正式文体中，用作宾语时，指人的关系代词who,whom,that通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom,不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。如：Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?3．作定语用whose,如：Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上第一句），又能作宾语（如上第二句）。whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与ofwhich结构互换，词序是：“名词+ofwhich”，如：Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vepletelyforgotten.(=whosename)4．作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.B）关系副词的用法1．when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词常是：time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如：IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注：表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedingfromthedayshefellill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place,street,house,room,city,town,country等，如：Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.3．why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注：why时常也可以省略。如：Thatistherealreasonhedidit.C）关系代词与关系副词1．三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.例如：IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2．如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置。含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等，如：Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.（正确）ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.（错误）3．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose，如：Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.（正确）Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.（错误）TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisveryfortable.（正确）TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisveryfortable.（错误）4．当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.5．用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（错误）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（错误）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.（正确）I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.（正确）6．when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who,whom,whose,which,when和where，不可以用that和why。另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3．当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.4．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.（只有一个）HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.（不止一个）5．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。如：HeseemsnottohaveunderstoodwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.注：（a）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.（b）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，从句中的关系代词只能用which。as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。 Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth. Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（c）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如：Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.6．在正式文体中，以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以inwhich或that引导，如：Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略inwhich或that:Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.四．关系词的选择1．在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。2．关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3．在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(a)当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如：Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.(b)当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如：Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.(c)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatestomindistheWestLake.(d)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.(e)当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.(f)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：Theguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysaw.Shedescribedinherpositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.(g)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?(h)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。如：Thereisaroominthebuildingthatisstillfree.4．在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：(a)当先行词是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等词时。如：Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.(b)当先行词是he,they,those,people,person等词时。如：Hewhowantstocatchfishjustdoesn’tmindgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.(c)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?(d)在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：AnewmasterwilletomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.(e)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.(f)在以Therebe…开头，先行词为人的句子中，常用who引导定语从句。如：Thereisaprettygirlwhowantstoseeyou.5．在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(a)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?(b)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：Heisthegreatestmanthathaseverlived.(c)当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast等词所修饰时。如：Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.6．当先行词被thesame所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.这里要注意的是：（1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.（2）在“thesame…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.但在“thesame…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。（3）当“thesame…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。如：HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?7．当先行词前有such,so,as时，关系词应当用as。如：Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.另需注意：ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.（定语从句）ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.（结果状语从句）五．区分定语从句和同位语从句1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。例如：TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.（定语从句）Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.（同位语从句）2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分Thenewshetoldmeistrue.（定语从句）Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位语从句）Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.（定语从句）Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（同位语从句）3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位语从句）Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.（同位语从句）Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.翻译练习超级练习ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting？Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheTshirtthatfitsmemost?Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,a