推理判断公开刘巧芬

阅读理解高三解题指导Readingcomprehensionwelcome主旨大意型事实细节型

词义猜测型命题类有关阅读理解题目主要有以下四种：推理判断型ReadingComprehension-InferenceQuestions阅读理解专题--推理判断题考纲解读

推理判断题主要考察考生在理解全文的基础之上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的跨学科知识进行分析，推理，判断的能力。推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，在近几年高考中所占比例有逐渐加大的趋势。2005-2009湖南考卷题量分布2005200620072008200941676题量题型推理判断题年份2.推断作者观点或态度3.推断写作目的4.推断文章出处5.推断文脉逻辑关系6.推断人物性格阅读推理判断题推断题分类1.

推断隐含意义

1.Questionforms:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

.Fromthetextweknowthat…ismostlikely

.Whenthewritertalksabout…,whatthewriterreallymeansis

.Thewritersuggeststhat

.Thestoryimpliesthat

.Wecaninfer[conclude]fromthepassagethat

.

这类题干中通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等标志性词语。一、如何推断隐含意义(lastparagraph)

Withsomefine-tuning,adevicelikethee-nosecouldonedaybeusedingreenhousestoquicklyspotharmfulbugs,theresearcherssay.Adevicelikethiscouldalsobeusedtoidentifyfruitsthatareperfectlyripeandreadytopickandeat,saysNataliaDudareva,abiochemistatPurdueUniversityinWestLafayette,Ind.whostudiessmellsofflowersandplants.Hopefully,scientistsbelieve,thedevicecouldbringlargebenefitstogreenhousemanagersinthenearfuture.(2009浙江C)

●Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatthee-nose________.

A.isunabletotellthesmellofflowersB.isnotyetusedingreenhousesC.isdesignedbyscientistsatPurdueD.ishelpfulinkillingharmfulinsectsPractice:(Paragraph4)

MyresponsibilitiesinthefamilyincreasedalotsinceIknewEnglishbetterthaneveryoneelseathome.Iwroteletters,filledoutforms,translatedatinterviewswithImmigrationofficers,tookmygrandparentstothedoctorandtranslatedthereandevendiscussedtelephonebillswithcompanyrepresentatives.(2009北京A)●WhatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromParagraph4?

A.Sheworkedasatranslator.B.Sheattendedalotofjobsinterviews.C.Shepaidtelephonesbillsforherfamily.D.ShehelpedherfamilywithherEnglish.

FindWhichDirectionIsSouth(Para1)

Doyouhaveagoodsenseofdirection?Ifnot,pleasetakewithyouacompass.Butifyouforgettotakeacompass,youcanstillfindyourway.(2009福建D)

●Thepassagewouldprobablybemosthelpfulto_________.

A.thosewhodrawmapsB.thosewhogetlostC.thosewhomakecompassesD.thosewhodoexperiments

EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.ItwastheHatches’wishthattheirlegacy(遗产)---alegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofdollarsandcents---shouldenrichthewholecommunityandlastforgenerationstocome.

(lastparagraph)Neighbourshelpingneighbours----thatwasIshandArleneHatch’sstory.(2009山东A)

●Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?

A.ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.B.Thesummercampwasattractivetotheparents.C.SandyVanWeeldengotalegacyfromtheHatches.D.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.1.干扰项的设置特点

在通常情况下，这类试题的干扰项具有以下特点：或是文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，或是与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。2.答题误区

同学们在做此类题目时，很容易误选文段中直接用于表达信息的选项或表示片面结论的选项。3.技巧点拔

一是要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。二是要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。三是注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。

二、如何推断作者观点和态度：Questionforms:作者态度题Whatisthemood(tone)ofthepassage?Theauthor’sattitudetowards…is_____.Theauthorismostcriticalof_____.(2)作者观点题Accordingtotheauthor,_______.Intheauthor’sopinion,_______.Whatistheauthor’sopinion(idea)about…?Theauthorthinks(believes/suggests)that____.Intheauthor’seyes,_______.

AllthishasbeenonmymindbecauseofthetalkaboutTheRiseandFallofHandwriting,abookbyFlorey.Sheshowsinherbookadeepconcernaboutthefallofhandwritingandthefailureofschoolstoteachthechildrentowritewell,butmanyothersarguethatpeopleinadigitalagecan’tbeexpectedtolearntoholdapen.Idon’tbuyit.Idon’twanttoseeanyonecutofffromtheexpressive,personalassociationsthatapenstillpromotesbetterthanadigitalkeyboarddoes.Formanyabiographer,partofreallygettingtoknowtheirsubjectsislearningtoreadtheirhandwriting.(2009广东，C)●Accordingtotheauthor,handwrittennotes_____.

A.arehardertoteachinschoolsB.attractmoreattentionC.areusedonlybetweenfriendsD.carrymoremessagePractice:(lastparagraph)

Perhapsnot,buttheriseoftheinternet,whichhasmadethedailynewspaperlookslowandoutofstepwiththeworld,hasbroughtaboutarealsenseofdeath.SomeAmericannewspapershavelost42%oftheirmarketvalueinthepastthreeyears.TheNewYorkTimesCompanyhasseenitsstockdropby54%sincetheendof2004,withmuchofthelosscominginthepastyear.AmanageratDeutscheBanksuggestedthatstock-holderssellofftheirTimesstock.TheWashingtonPostCompanyhaspreventedthetroubleonlybychangingpartofitsbusinesstoeducation;itstestingandtest-preparationservicenowbringsinatleasthalfthecompany’sincome.(2009全国II,D)●Howdoestheauthorseemtofeelaboutthefutureofnewspapers?

A.SatisfiedB.HopefulC.WorriedD.Surprised(Para1)

Mostyoungarchitects---particularlythoseinbigcities---canonlydreamaboutworkinginabuildingoftheirown.Andmakingthatdreamcometrueoftenmeansfindingabuildingnooneelseseemtowant,whichisexactlywhathappenedtoDavidYocumandhispartner,BrianBell.Theirbuildingisaformerautomobileelectrical-partfirminAtlanta.Fromtheoutside,itlookstooold,evensomethinghorrible,butopenthedoorandyouareinawide,opencourtyard,linedonthreesideswithrusting(生锈的)walls.(2008湖南，B)

●Accordingtothepassage,itis____formostyoungarchitectsinbigcitiestoworkinabuildingoftheirown.

A.easyB.unnecessaryC.unrealisticD.common说明文中作者的态度:objective

neutral在议论文中，有：(1)positive(2)negative(3)neutral(4)approval

(5)disapproval(6)indifferent(7)ironic(8)critical(9)optimistic(10)pessimisticsupporting,admiring,concerned,intolerable,doubtful,compromising,worried,hostile,etc.客观的消极的漠不关心的赞成的不赞成的乐观的悲观的中立的积极的讽刺的批评的中立的2.干扰选项

此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点：或是自己的某种看法或观点，或是社会的一种普遍倾向，或是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等。

3.答题误区

容易误选与自己的看法相吻合但与题干无关的选项。

特别说明：阅读理解中的推断题通常涉及的是作者的看法、意图与态度，即作者本人在文章字里行间所表达的观点或看法，此时千万不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法。1.新闻报道中，作者往往持中立或客观的态度，而对于议论文，作者的态度要么支持，要么反对;2.

注意区分作者态度或观点和引用的别人的态度或观点；3.根据作者使用的词语的褒贬性去判断作者态度，注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。

4.技巧点拨三、如何推断写作目的1.Questionforms:(1)

考查整篇文章的写作目的A.Thewriter’s

purposeofwritingthispassageisto_____.B.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?C.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_____.(Para3)

Findingtherightcollegecanbedifficult.Fortunately,JohnsonReviewisheretohelpyoueverystepoftheway.*ResearchingSchools.…*ApplyingtoSchool.…*RaisingYourScores.…*PayingforSchools.……Formoreinformation,call600—3681orvisitJohnsonR.Whereveryougo,haveanicetrip!

(2009四川,C)

●What’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthistext?

A.Tosuggestwaystoprepareforcollegelearning.B.TohelpreadersfindtherightcollegeC.TomakeJohnsonReviewpopularD.Tointroducecollegelife技巧点拨:根据文体类别推断写作目的

常见的写作目的归纳不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的,但写作目的通常有以下三种：(1)toentertainreaders（娱乐读者，让人发笑）(2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点）(3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息）常见于故事类的文章。tomakepeoplelaugh;totellaninterestingexperience常见于广告类的文章。tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章.totellthereaderanewstudy…(2)

考查某处细节的写作意图A.Thewriterusestheexampleof…toshowthat_____.B.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_____.C.…arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_____.（广东卷）

“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.

●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.

A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwaves

B.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopic

C.showJamieTaylor’simportance

D.invitethereaderstoanswerthem

【分析】作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或是简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，目的往往是为了引出主题（todrawthereaders’attentiontothetopic/toserveasanintroductiontothediscussion），故选B。(Para3)

Therearemanyenvironmentally-friendlysports.Powerwalkingisoneofthemthatyoucouldtakeuptoday.Youdidn’tneedanyspecialequipmentexceptagoodpairofshoes;andyoudon’thavetoworryaboutresourcesandyourpurse.Simpleandfree,powerwalkingcanalsokeepyoufit.Ifyouwalkregularly,itwillbegoodforyourheartandbones.Expertssaythat20minutesofpowerwalkingdailycanmakeyoufeellessanxious,sleepwellandhavebetterweightcontrol.(2009重庆,C)●Theauthorusespowerwalkingasanexamplemainlybecause_______.A.itisanoutdoorsportB.itimprovesourhealthC.itusesfewerresourcesD.itisrecommendedbyexperts技巧点拨:

从写作手法来推断写作目的

1.Questionforms:Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom______.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof___.四、如何推断文章出处(Para1)Whenpeoplehearapresidentspeak,theyseldomthinkaboutothershelpingtoshapethepresentation(报告).Today,however,presidentsdependonwriterssuchasJ.TerryEdmondstohelpthemcommunicateeffectively.EdmondsisthefirstAfricanAmericanevertoworkasafull-timespeechwriterforaU.S.president;heisalsothefirstAfricanAmericantoserveasdirectorofspeechwritingfortheWhiteHouse.Hisisanall-Americanstoryofsuccess.(2009陕西B)●Thetextismostlikelytobefoundinabookabout_______.

A.PopularscienceB.HistoricaleventsC.SuccessfulpeopleD.Politicalsystems(Para1)

AvolcaniceruptioninIcelandhassentashacrossnorthernEurope.AirlineshavestoppedorchangedtheflightsacrosstheAtlanticOcean,leavinghundredsofpassengersstuckinairports.(2009辽宁，C)

●Thistextismostprobablytakenfrom_____.

A.aresearchpaperB.anewspaperreportC.aclasspresentationD.ageographytextbook2.解题技巧这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称

(2)广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认(3)产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等2.解题技巧推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。推测下文的内容：根据作者思路或最后一段进行推理。五．推断文脉逻辑关系

1)推断上下文内容1.Questionforms:Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith_______Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss______.(Para2)Tenyearsago,thisthoughtcameintothemindofAriandeBondt,aDutchengineer.Hefinallypersuadedhisbosstofollowitup.Theresultisthattheirbuildingisnowheatedinwinterandcooledinsummerbythesystemthatreliesonthesurfaceoftheroadoutside.(2009安徽，C)…(Lastparagraph)Inwinter,theworkingsystemischangedslightly.Waterispumpedthroughtheheatexchangers(交换器)topickuptheheatstoredduringsummer.Thiswatergoesintothebuildingandisusedtowarmtheplaceup.Afterperformingthetask,itispumpedundertheasphalt(柏油)anditsremainingheatkeepstheroadfreeofsnowandice.

●Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?A.Whatweshalldoifthesystemgoeswrong.B.Whatweshalldoiftherearenoasphaltroads.C.Howthesystemcoolsthebuildinginsummer.D.Howthesystemcollectsheatinspringandautumn.2.解题技巧：按段落的组织方法理解文章结构按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章结构2)推断篇章组织结构1.Questionforms:Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?(Para1)

WhenIwasachild,IoftendreamedofthetimewhenIcouldleavehomeandescapetothecity.…(2008安徽，A)(Para2)Onebigdisadvantageismoney----itcostsomuchto…(Para3)Ofcoursethereareadvantages.First,thereissomuch...(Para4)Islifebetterthen,inthecity?Perhapsitis,whenyouareinyourteens(十几岁)ortwenties.However,asyougetolder,andespeciallyifyouhavesmallchildren,thepeaceofthecountrysidemayseempreferable.Icertainlyhopetomovebacktheresoon.●Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?

A.ByinferringB.BylistingexamplesC.BycomparingD.BygivingexplanationsAwell-knownoldmanwasbeinginterviewedandwasaskedifitwascorrectthathehadjustcelebratedhisninety-ninthbirthday."That'sright,"saidtheoldman."Ninety-nineyearsold,andIhaven'tanenemyintheworld.They'realldead.""Well,sir,"saidtheinterviewer,"Ihopeverymuchtohavethehonourofinterviewingyouonyourhundredthbirthday."Theoldmanlookedattheyoungmanclosely,andsaid,"Ican'tseewhyyoushouldn't.Youlookfitandhealthytome!"

●

Whatkindofmanwouldyousaythe