专题21 上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛（原题版）

►专题21上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛_________________________________________________________________________________________考点精考点精讲【考情链接】上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理议论文体裁主要阅读技巧。【要点梳理】[方法1]把握文章的论点、论据和论证。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。【典例】（2023闵行区一模）Buildinggoodtransportationisagoodidea.Tohaveenvironmentalvalue,newtransportationhastosufficientlyreplaceoreliminatedrivingtocutenergyconsumptionoverall.Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionincaruse.Trafficlanesshouldbeeliminatedorconvertedintobikeorbuslanes.Ideally,theseshouldbecombinedwithhigherfueltaxes,andparkingfees.Needlesstosay,Ihavetostruggletomakemyselfextensivelyunderstood.Butthey’renecessary,becauseyoucan’tmakepeopledriveless,inthelongrun,bytakingstepsthatmakedrivingmorepleasant,economical,andproductive.……Oneoftheargumentsthatcitiesinevitablymakeinpromotingtransportationplansisthatthenewsystem,byrelievingautomobilecongestion,willimprovethelivesofthosewhocontinuetodrive.Nooneeverpromotesatransportationsystembyarguingthatitwouldmaketravellinglessconvenient—eventhough,fromanenvironmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.Theauthorwrotethismassagemainlyto______.A.supporttheclaimthateffortstoreducetrafficactuallyincreasetraffic.B.opposethebeliefthatimprovingmasstransportationsystemsisgoodfortheenvironment.C.provideabalancebetweensuburbanexpansionandtrafficcongestion.D.indicatethatmakingdrivinglessagreeableisawaytoreducenegativeeffectsoftraffic.[方法2]互推法在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。【典例】It’struethatquiteafewmostrespectedscientificauthoritieshaveconfirmedthattheworldisbecominghotterandhotter.There’salsostrongevidencethathumansarecontributingtothewarming.Countlessrecentreportshaveprovedthesamething.Forinstance,a2010summaryabouttheclimatesciencebytheRoyalSocietynotedthat:Theglobalwarmingoverthelasthalf-centuryhasbeencausedmainlybyhumanactivity.……Ofcourse,theearth’sclimatehasalwaysbeenchangingdueto“natural”factorssuchasvolcaniceruptionorchangesinsolar,orcyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun.Accordingtothescientificresearch,however,thewarmingobservedbynowmatchesthepatternofwarmingwewouldexpectfromabuild-upofgreenhousegasintheatmosphere-notthewarmingwewouldexpectfromotherpossiblecauses.Whichofthefollowingisnotthecauseofclimatechange?A.volcaniceruptionB.floodsariddroughtsC.changesinsolarD.cyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun[方法3]深推法推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。【典例】SomepeopleprefertodoalmosteverythingovertheInternet.Tothem,dealingwithanactualhumanislikeanevolutionarystepbackward.Itfeelsveryslowbecausehumansdon'tworkat4Gspeeds.Whenyouhavedinnerwithfriends,youwilloftennoticesomeonepayingmoreattentiontohismobilephone.Wehaveprogrammedourselvestothinkthateverynewmessagebringslife－changingnews,sotakingcallsandcheckingourtextsaremoreimportantthantalkingtothepeoplewearewith.Whatisworse,somepeopleeventendtosendanonymous(匿名的)rudemessagesbye­mail.Somepeoplearelesswillingtodealwithhumansbecause________.A．theyarebecominglesspatientB．theyaregrowingtooindependentC．theyhavetohandlemanyimportantmessagesD．theyhavetofollowanevolutionarystepbackward_____真题操练真题操练2016年上海秋季高考英语真题Enough“meaninglessdrivel”.That’sthemessagefromagroupofmembersoftheUKgovernmentwhohavebeenexamininghowsocialmediafirmslikeLinkedIngatherandusesocialmediadata.TheHouseofCommonsScienceandTechnologyCommittee’sreport,releasedlastweek,hasblamedfirmsformakingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontractsandcallsforaninternationalstandardorkitemark(认证标记)toidentifysitesthathavecleartermsandconditions.“Thetermandconditionsstatementthatweallcarelesslyagreetoismeaninglessdriveltoanyone,”saysAndrewMiller,thechairofthecommittee.Instead,hesays,firmsshouldprovideaplain-Englishversionoftheirterms.Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdpartyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccuratereflectionoftheoriginal.Itisnotyetclearwhowouldadministerthescheme,buttheUKgovernmentislookingatintroducingitonavoluntarybasis.“weneedtothinkthroughhowwemakethatworkinpractice,”saysMiller.Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?“Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,”saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,whostudiesopendata.“Wedoknowpeopleworryalotabouttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation.”Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeisanothermatter,hesays.Otherorganisationssuchasbanksaskcustomerstosignlongcontractstheymaynotreadorunderstand,butMillerbelievessocialmediarequiresspecialattentionbecauseitissonew.“Westilldon’tknowhowsignificantthelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin20years’time,”hesays.Shadbolt,

who

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the

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we

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their

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Large

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information

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recently,

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says.Theshockandangerwhenasocialmediafirmdoessomethingwithdatathatpeopledon’texpect,evenifusershaveapparentlypermission,showthatthecurrentsituationisn’tworking.Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkontermsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhavetoactuallyreadthem.73.Whatdoesthephrase“meaninglessdrivel”inparagraphs1and3referto?A.Legalcontractsthatsocialmediafirmsmakepeoplesignupto.B.WarningsfromtheUKgovernmentagainstunsafewebsites.C.Guidelinesonhowtousesocialmediawebsitesproperly.D.Insignificantdatacollectedbysocialmediafirms.74.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNigelShadboltdoubtswhether_______.A.socialmediafirmswouldconductasurveyonthekitemarkschemeB.peoplewouldpayasmuchattentiontoakitemarkastheythinkC.akitemarkschemewouldbeworkableonanationwidescaleD.thekitemarkwouldhelpcompaniesdeveloptheirbusinessmodels75.AndrewMillerthinkssocialmedianeedsmoreattentionthanbanksmainlybecause_______.A.theirusersconsistlargelyofkidsunder20yearsoldB.thelanguageintheircontractsisusuallyhardertounderstandC.theinformationtheycollectedcouldbecomemorevaluableinfutureD.itremainsunknownhowusers’datawillbetakenadvantageof76.Thewriteradvisesusersofsocialmediato_______.A.thinkcarefullybeforepostinganythingontosuchwebsitesB.readthetermsandconditionsevenifthereisakitemarkC.takenofurtheractioniftheycanfindakitemarkD.avoidprovidingtoomuchpersonalinformation77.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Saynotosocialmedia?B.Newsecurityrulesinoperation?C.Acceptwithoutreading?D.Administrationmatters!2015年上海秋季高考英语真题OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-longleadershipworkshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthedeathofJuliusCaesar.“Brutuswasnotanhonorableman,”hesaid.“Hewasatraitor（叛徒）.Andhemurderedsomeoneincoldblood.”TheagreementwasthatBrutushadactedwithcrueltywhenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadeabaddecision,theysaid—atleastasitwaspresentedbyShakespeare—totaketheleadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.AndthoughoneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthatBrutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,Caesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.“Youhavetounderstand,”theexecutivessaid,“ourpolicyistoobeythechainofcommand.” Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingforanewwaytoadvisecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeare’swisdomforprofitableends.NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarolAdelman,well-knownadviserstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatrainingcompanycalled“MoversandShakespeares”.TheyareamateurShakespearescholarsandShakespearelovers,andtheyhavecombinedtheirpassionandtheirhighlevelcontactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,focusingonhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,butalsoforgovernmentagencies. Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindofcasestudy,andusingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,forexample,Cassius’sslyprovocation（狡诈的挑唆）ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainstCaesarwasabasisforadiscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassrootsorganising. AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,theprogrammescontainplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.TheirworkshoponHenryV,forexample,includesahelpfulexplanationofHenry’swinningstrategyattheBattleofAgincourt.Buttheydocometothetextwithafewbiases(偏向):theirreadingofHenryVminimizeshismisuseofpower.Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.AdelmanshadlittlegoodtosayaboutBrutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall”couldn’tmakehismindupaboutthings. Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecificelementsintheplaythattheyfelttoberelated.Caesar’spride,whichledtohismurder,andBrutus’smistakesinleadingthe

traitorsafterthemurder,theysaid,raisevitalquestionsforanyoneservinginabusiness:whenandhowdoyouresisttheboss?73.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatdidalltheexecutivesthinkofBrutus? A.Cruel.

B.Superior.

C.Honorable.

D.Rude74.Accordingtothepassage,theAdelmanssetup“MoversandShakespeares”to________. A.helpexecutivestounderstandShakespeare’splaysbetter B.giveadviceonleadershipbyanalyzingShakespeare’splays C.providecasestudiesofShakespeare’splaysinliteratureworkshops

D.guidegovernmentagenciestofollowthecharactersinShakespeare’splays.75.WhydotheAdelmansconductaworkshoponHenryV? A.Tohighlighttheimportanceofcatchingopportunities. B.Toencouragemasterfulleaderstoplanstrategiestowin. C.Toillustratetheharmofprejudicesinmanagement.

D.Towarnexecutivesagainstpowermisuse.76.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____. A.theAdelmans’programmeprovesbiasedastherolesofcharactersaremaximized. B.executivesfeelboredwithtoomanyspecificelementsofShakespeare’splays. C.theAdelmanswillmakemoreprofitsiftheyareprofessionalscholars. D.Shakespearehasplayedanimportantroleinthemanagementfield.77.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____. A.Shakespeare’splays:Executivesreconsidercorporateculture B.Shakespeare’splays:Anessentialkeytobusinesssuccess C.Shakespeare’splays:alessonforbusinessmotivation D.Shakespeare’splays:Dramatictrainingbringsdramaticresults____好题必好题必测【上海市复兴高级中学2022-2023学年高三上学期期中英语试卷】Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharmhumanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedtotalkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsomeofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogleAssistantthatshewouldn’ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutoursecrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreatedeviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter—butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.Thesevehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thuspreventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumansthepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),theywillalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey’vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey’vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers—orexternalities,asthey’reoftencalled—intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAI’spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.43.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAI.44.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecline”referstothedeclinein________.A.drivers’interactionwiththecarsB.drivers’exhaustionanddistractionC.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledrivingD.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving45.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.46.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.上海市第三女子中学2021学年第二学期高三年级英语学科线上教学评估Thetendencytolookforsomeoutsidegrouptoblameforourmisfortunesiscertainlycommonanditisoftenstrengthenedbysocialprejudice.Thereseemstobelittledoubtthatoneoftheprincipalcausesofprejudiceisfear—inparticularthefearthattheinterestsofourowngrouparegoingtobeendangeredbytheactionsofanother.Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachotherandknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.Intimesofrapidracialandeconomicchange,however,newoccupationsandnewsocialrolesappear,andpeoplestartlookingjealouslyateachothertoseewhethertheirowngroupisbeingleftbehind.Whenacommunitybeginstofeelunsureofitsfuture,itbecomesespeciallylikelytoturninuponitself,toimaginethatsurroundinggroupsarethreateningandunfriendly.Atatimelikethis,distorted(扭曲的)ideasabouttheothercommunityarereadilybelievedandarepassedonasstatementsoffact.Oneofthetragicthingsaboutintercommunal(社区间的)conflictisthatbothpartiesquicklyfindthemselves“moralrationalization(合理化解释).”Eachsideinsistsandbelievesthatitsownactionsareinspiredbynobleideals,evenwhentheyarereallyactingoutofpureself-interest.Toathirdparty,neutraltotheconflict,itmayseemobviousthatbotharebehavingunreasonably;butwhenone’semotionsareinvolved,andespeciallytheemotionoffear,itisextremelydifficulttoremainsensible.Onceprejudicedevelops,itishardtostop,becausethereareoftensocialforcesatworkwhichactivelyencourageunfoundedattitudesofunfriendlinessandfeartowardsothergroups.Onesuchforceiseducation:Weallknowthatchildrencanbetaughthistoryinsuchawayastokeepaliveoldhatredandoldprejudicesbetweenracialandpoliticalgroups.Anothersocialinfluencethathastobetakenseriouslyisthepressureofpublicopinion.Peopleoftenthinkandactdifferentlyingroupsfromthewaytheywoulddoasindividuals.Ittakesaconsiderableeffortofwill,andoftencallsforgreatcourage,tostandoutagainstone’sfellowsandinsistthattheyarewrong.Whyisitthatwehearsomuchmoreaboutthefailuresofrelationshipsbetweencommunitiesthanwedoaboutthesuccesses?Iamafraiditispartlyduetotheincreaseincommunicationwhichradio,televisionandthepopularpresshavebroughtabout.Inthosecountrieswherethemediaofmasscommunicationarecommercialenterprises,theytendtomeasuresuccessbythesizeoftheiraudience;andpeoplearemorelikelytobuyanewspaper,forinstance,iftheirattentioniscaughtbysomethingdramatic,orsomethingthatcanarousetheiranxietyorinterestasmuchasfailuresofintercommunalrelationshipsdo.Andpopularpublicspeakers,especiallyiftheyarepoliticiansaddressingarelativelyinnocentaudience,knowthatthebestwaytoarousesuchanaudienceistofrightenthem.Wherethereisarealorimaginarythreattoeconomicsecurity,thisisespeciallylikelytoarousegroupprejudice.Itisimportanttoremembereconomicfactorsifwewishtolessenprejudicebetweengroups,becauseunlesstheyaredealtwithdirectly,itwillbelittleusesimplyadvisingpeoplenottobeprejudicedagainstothergroupswhomtheyseeastheircompetitors,ifnottheirenemies.43.Peopleinasocietyofrapidracialandeconomicchange______.A.blameothersfortheirrecentmisfortunesB.fearthelossofinterestsendangeredbyprejudiceC.areatalossastowhattoexpectofothersandthemselvesD.arejealousofthenewoccupationsandsocialroles44.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutacommunityfeelingunsureofitsfuture?A.Distortedideasabouttheothercommunityareconsideredasfacts.B.It’sextremelydifficultforathirdpartytoremainsensibleandfearless.C.Oldhatredandprejudicesarepassedonthroughhistoryeducation.D.Thepressureofpublicopinionmakespeoplethinkandactingroups.45.Thefailuresofrelationshipsbetweencommunitiesare______.A.commercialproductsofthemediaofmasscommunicationB.considereddramaticandarousingC.lessenedduetorealorimaginarythreattoeconomicsecurityD.dealtwithdirectlybyadvisingpeoplenottobeprejudiced46.Thepassageismainlyabout______.A.howtoeliminatesocialprejudice B.whatasensiblesocietyislikeC.whatcausessocialprejudice D.howtobuildasensiblesociety上海市格致中学高三年级2022年4月英语阶段测试InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inaddition,thisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpactsontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctions,thetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge—theimparting(传授)oftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward.Withregardtothis,perhapstheirmosttraditionallyacknowledgedtask,collegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.Ontheonehand,thereistheAmericancommitment,enteredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarII,toprovidehighe