高考英语语法总复习之词法与成分课件

观察例句判断下面句子中单词的词性Well,JamesandJohnhaddifferentopinionsabouttheirdestinations

whenthetwoclosefriendswentouthiking.词类又称词性（Partsofspeech），英语中有十种基本词性词类名词数词代词动词形容词副词介词连词冠词感叹词实词虚词观察例句观察下列句子中实词和虚词的区别Jimmyranksfirstintheclass.Thismeansthatheisthenumberonestudentamongallhisclassmates.Theharderhestudies,thehigherhisscoregets.实词虚词有形变无形变实词名词(noun)表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称代词(pronoun)主要用来代替名词或事件数词(numeral)表示数量或事物的顺序动词(verb)表示动作或状态形容词(adjective)表示人或事物的性质或特征副词(adverb)修饰动词、形容词、副词和句子，说明时间、地点、程度等练习1在下列句中空白处填入所给单词的恰当形式Fivehundredyearslater,aChineseemperor

(build)ahugezootoshowhispowerandwealth.Theteam’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate____(population)ofgiantpandas.Thiswill____(eventual)achieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.Thegirlranthe____(fast)ofallwhenshelookedbackandsawacheetahwaschasing____(she).Asaresult,therunnerwhowouldhavecomefirstjustrankedthe____(three)intheend.虚词介词(preposition)表示它后面名词性的词与其他句子成分的关系连词(conjunction)用来连接同类词、短语或句子冠词(article)用在名词前，帮助说明名词感叹词(interjection)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情练习2在下列句中空白处填入1个适当的单词Giantpandasalsoserve____anumbrellaspecies(物种),bringingprotectiontoahostofplantsandanimalsinthesouthwesternandnorthwesternpartsofChina.Theorganizationisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespecies____livewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.WhenIgavehim

sandwich,Inoticedhissmileashewasopeningthesandwich.Hesharedit

Bella.句子成分成分主语谓语宾语表语宾补定语状语同位语词在句子中充当的功能性成分，共有八种主干成分主语(Subject)句子所要说明的人或事物，名词/代词/数词/todo/doing/从句担任I’mMissGreen.谓语(Predicate)说明主语的动作或状态，只由动词担任Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或结果，通常由名词性的词/从句担任宾语分单宾语、双宾语（直+间）、复合宾语（宾+补）表语(Predicative)在系动词之后，表明主语的身份/特征/状态，由名词/代词/形容词/介词短语/数词/副词/非谓语/从句担任Mathsishard.(宾语)补足语(Complement)用来说明宾语怎么样/干什么，宾语是其逻辑主语，由形容词/动词/名词/副词/介词短语/非谓语等充当Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean.练习3判断下列句中哪些是主干成分Judyisveryclever.Sheworksveryhardandalwayshelpsmetostudy.主语谓语

(系动词)表语主语谓语谓语宾语补语____________________________________修饰成分定语(Attribute)修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词/非谓语/介词短语/名词/代词/数词/副词/从句担任Thelazymanisalivestreaminggamer.状语(Adverbialmodifier)修饰动词、形容词、副词，由副词/介词短语/非谓语/独立结构/少数形容词/名词/从句担任Hehardlyworkswhenothersareworkinghard.Shestoodthere,motionless.同位语(Appositive)通常紧跟在名词、代词后，进一步说明它的内容，由名词/代词/数词/从句充当Jerry,whereisyourfriendTom?练习4判断下列句中哪些是修饰成分Judy,

a

seniorstudent,isaveryclevergirl.Shealsoworksveryhard.同位语状语状语__________________________________________定语练习Countrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.Wearereadingbooks.HisjobistoteachEnglish.Ithink

(that)heisfitforhisoffice.HisfathernamedhimDavid.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Thebikeintheroomismine.HelivesinLondon.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.HisprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.合成法转化法构词法派生法截词法混成法首字母缩写法逆成法拟声法构词法直接合成spaceship,headache,playground,breakfast连词符合成breath-taking,hand-written,hard-working合成法形容词→动词dry→dry,clean→clean动词→名词look,walk,rest,work名词→动词hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)形容词→副词early→early,fast→fast副词→连词when(什么时候)→(当……时候)介词→副词in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行)转化法前缀词根后缀词派生法常用前缀a-(在…,…的):asleep,awake,abroada-/ab-(无,否,远离):amoral,abnormal,abuseanti-(反,防):anti-tank,anti-clockwise,anti-Warbi-(双,两):bicycle,bilingual,bi-colorco-/con-/com-(共同,聚集):co-exist,concentrate,comparede-(加强/削弱):deserve,depict;destruction,destroydi-/dis-(否定):discover,disappear,dislikein-/im-/il-/ir-(不,非):invisible,inconvenience,impolite,impossible,illogical,illegal,irregular,irresponsibleun-/non-(不,非):unhappy,unlucky,non-interference,non-governmentalorganizationmis-(错,误):mistake,misunderstand,

misjudgein-/im-(里,上,加):increase,inside,introduce,impact,improve,impulseex-/e-(外,前,出):exit,extraordinary,egress,emitinter-(相互,之间):international,inter-actionen-(使…可能,使…):encourage,enable,enlargeover-(过于):overdo,oversimplify,overlookre-(重复,往复):rewrite,repeat,return,retiresuper-(超越的):superstar,superman,supermarketsub-(下面的):subway,subconscious,suburbtele-(远程):telephone,telegraph,telescope前缀派生派生名词动词+er/or/ee:teacher,inventor,employee,trainee动词+ant:assistant,consultant,applicant动词+(t)ion:congratulation,education,confusion,organization动词+ment:movement,government动词+ance(y)/ence(y):acceptance,expectancy,influence,frequency动词+ing:swimming,meeting形容词+ness:

kindness,friendliness,loneliness名词/形容词+ist:scientist,specialist,artist名词/形容词+ian:magician,musician,technician名词/形容词+ship:friendship,hardship,relationship名词/形容词+dom:freedom,kingdom词根+ity:quality,quantity,ability后缀派生派生形容词-ful:helpful,cheerful,useful-ble:reasonable,horrible,possible-ous:serious,courageous,dangerous-less:careless,homeless,meaningless-al:practical,national,natural-ive:active,native,positive-ary:visionary,imaginary,revolutionary-y:rainy,dirty,hearty-ish:childish,bookish,English-an:American,European,African-ant/-ent:important,significant,different,efficient-some:troublesome,handsome,awesome-ern:southern,northern,eastern派生副词-ly:healthy-healthily,possible-possibly-wise:likewise,clockwise,otherwise-ward(s):backwards,afterwards,straightforward派生动词-fy:simplify,beautify,amplify,satisfy,electrify-en:strengthen,lengthen,widen,sharpen,deepen-ize:realize,modernize,apologize,organize-ate:educate,congratulate,concentrate,associate派生数词-teen:fourteen,fifteen,eighteen-ty:twenty,forty,thirty-th:twelfth,ninth,twentieth将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变截头telephone—phone,airplane—plane截尾mathematics—math(s),laboratory—lab截头和截尾influenza—flu,refrigerator—fridge截词法两个词分别或者其中一个取一部分构成新词smoke+fog=smognews+broadcast=newscast混成法首字母缩写法（Acronym）TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage=TOEFLUnitedStatesofAmerica=USA首字母缩写法通过去掉被误认的后缀构成新词automation—automategloomy—gloomgreedy—greed逆成法单词发音与现象存在声音上的天然联系cuckoo杜鹃(叫声)，mew猫叫，quack鸭叫拟声法巩固练习Thatmanwas______(care)enoughnottotellthemanagerthetruth.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis______(die)isheavierthanMountTai.Thechildlooked______(sad)athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.Stephensonbecamethe______(lead)railwayengineerintheworld.Whenthe