加工中心刀柄结构说明

ToolHolders/刀夹系统Inthesystemofspindle+toolholder+cuttingtool,thetoolholderisthelinkthathasthemosteffectonoverallconcentricityandbalance.Don’tthinkofitascommodityhardware.Asspindlespeedincreases,thechoiceoftoolholderhasmoreimpactonprocesseffectiveness在主轴+刀柄+刀具这样的一个系统中，刀柄是影响同心度和动平衡一个关键环节，千万不能将它当成一般的部件来看待。随着主轴转速的增加，刀柄的选择对于加工的影响将显得越来越重要。1整理课件TwoFaceContact&HSKholders/两面接触HSK刀柄Centrifugalforcefromfastspindlespeedscancausethetoolholdertoretractwhenthespindleandholdertouchonlyalongthetaper.

Two-facecontactatthespindleinterfacecansolvethisproblem.HSKisawidelyusedtoolholderdesignthatfeaturestwo-facecontact

对于仅仅是锥度连接的刀夹系统来说，当主轴在高速旋转的情况下，因为主轴本身锥孔的膨胀，而主轴和刀柄的连接又仅仅是通过锥度面连接，此时刀柄受到拉力的影响会有一个回缩。两面接触的连接方式有助于解决该问题。HSK即是被广泛使用的一种两面接触的刀夹系统。2整理课件TwoFaceContactHolders/两面接触刀柄Commontoolholdersleaveagapbetweentheflangeandspindlenose.Sometoolholdersystemsclosethisgaptoachievetwo-facecontactwithaconventionaltaperTwosuchsystemsareshown.Bothdesignscombinespecialtoolholderswithaspecialormodifiedspindleinterface.Bothdesignsleaveintactthefreedomtouseregulartoolholderswhentwo-facecontactisn’tneededThedesignatupperrightmatestoolholdersthathaveextramaterialontheflangewithaspindleinterfacethathasextramaterialatthespindlenoseThedesignatlowerrightusesatoolholderwithaspring-liketaperthatstaysincontactevenifthespindleinterfaceopensup.Shimsattachedtothespindlenoseclosethegaptotheflange普通的刀柄连接在主轴法兰面留有一个间隙。有一些的刀柄采取封闭这段间隙的方法来到达两面接触的目的；该种设计如下图。这两种连接都需要有特殊的主轴端面设计，在需不需要两面接触会有一定的选择自由；如右上图所示。在刀柄与主轴紧密配合时会因为变形在主轴法兰连接面之间产生材料的挤压；如右以下图所示。使用带弹性锥面接触的刀柄。其中的垫片可以封闭主轴法兰的间隙。3整理课件Concentricity&Balance/同心度和动平衡Concentricity(Runout)determinesthatthecuttingedgestakenearlythesamebiteallthewayaroundthetool.Balancedeterminesthatweightisevenlydistributed,socentrifugalforcedoesnotcreateenoughvibrationtoimpairtheprocess.BothareimportantforHSM同心度可以决定刀具在旋转一周的情况下各切刃局部的切削量是否均匀；动平衡取决于旋转体上质量的分布是否均匀对称。各个方向离心力均衡，不至于产生震动减弱刀具加工能力；以上两者对于高速加工都是很重要的因素。4整理课件Concentricity/同心度Concentricitymeasureshowcloselythetoolholderalignsthetooltothecenterlineofthespindle.Aconcentricgriphelpsensurethatallcuttingedgesseethesamedepthofcut.同心度测量如右图，通过调整刀夹的中心轴线与主轴的中心轴线重合来调整痛心度。好的同心度控制可以确保所有切削刃在各个方向上有均匀的加工量5整理课件Balance/动平衡Balancemeasuresthedistributionofweightofthetoolandtoolholdertogether.Aperfectlybalancedtool/toolholdercombinationwouldnotgenerateanycentrifugalforceasitspins.Butinreality,somepartofthiscombinedweightwillbeunbalanced.TheunbalancewillproduceavibrationatafrequencyequaltothespindleRPM.Iftheunbalanceamountissmall,thisvibrationwillalsobesmall.

动平衡的测量需要将刀具和刀柄整体进行。在主轴旋转时好的动平衡刀柄和刀具结合不会产生任何的离心力。但是实际上完全的动平衡是不存在的。在主轴旋转时动不平衡将产生周期性的震动。如果动不平衡量很小，那么这种震动也会很微弱。6整理课件Balance&Concentricity/动平衡和同心度Weightdoesnothavetobesymmetricaltoreducecentrifugalforce,justbalanced.Anunbalancedweightcanbebalancedbyanycounterweighthavingthesameproductofmass×radius.Forexample,theweightsshownherebalanceoneanother.Themassesaredifferent,butwheretheyarepositionedmakesupforthisdifference.旋转体上质量并不一定要均匀分布才能减小离心力，只要平衡就可以了。一个不平衡的重量可以被任何的方向相反大小相等的平衡力(质量×半径)抵消。比方左图的一个例如。7整理课件Itispossibletoimagineatool/toolholdersystemthatisbalancedwithoutbeingconcentric.Inthisdrawing,thecuttingtoolisoffcenter,butthecounterweightcompensatesfortheresultingunbalance.Thistoolandtoolholdermaynotcutevenly,buttogethertheywillspinwithoutvibrationfromcentrifugalforce.可以想象同心度不好的刀具刀夹系统也可以有好的动平衡。在图中，刀具中心偏移，但是图中的红色部位可以补偿因此带来的动不平衡量。虽然像这种刀具切削不能进行均匀的切削，但是不会因为动平衡离心力的影响产生震动。Balance&Concentricity/动平衡和同心度8整理课件Itisalsopossibleforatool/toolholdersystemtobeconcentricbutnotbalanced.Atoolholderwithasetscrewisanexampleofthis.Evenifthetoolholderholdsthetoolperfectlyconcentric,theweightofthescrewitselfwouldnotbebalanced.Thistoolholderwillcausevibrationwhenspun.同样对于同心度好的刀具也可能动平衡不好。如下图的带紧固螺钉的刀柄。虽然它有很好的同心度，但是它在圆周上的质量分部不均匀，因此在高速旋转时会产生震动。Balance&Concentricity/动平衡和同心度9整理课件HoldersforGoodConcentricity/优良同心度ThoughahighqualityColletChuckcanachievetightconcentricity,therearealternativestotheColletChucksthatcanmakethisconcentricityeasiertoachieve.高质量的弹簧夹的适用可以获得好的同心度，但是的刀夹系统也可以获得同样的效果，比方烧结式的刀柄。10整理课件ShrinkFitHolders/热缩型刀柄1-

Thetoolholderisheatedpreciselyattheclampingareausingstate-of-the-artinductiontechnology.Theclampingdiameterexpands.2-Thecoldtoolshankisinsertedintotheheatedtoolholder.3-Theheatshrinktoolholderiscooled.Theclampingdiameterreturnstoitsoriginaldimensionandclampsthetoolshank.4-Toolchangesarecarriedoutinsecondsthankstoinductiveheating.Theheatshrinktoolholderandthetoolshankformahomogenousunit!

1、应用感应加热技术加热刀柄上刀具装夹部位，使它的直径会膨胀；2、再将冷的刀杆放入热的刀柄；3、冷却刀柄装夹部位，使其直径回复至初始尺寸并夹紧刀具；4、在取出时，由于刀具和刀柄一起进行感应加热，因此不能使用与刀柄有一样的热膨胀系数的刀具进行装夹。11整理课件Principleofshrinkfit/热缩型刀柄装夹原理⑤加热取出④冷却夹紧①环境温度②加热③装夹12整理课件HydraulicChucks/液压夹头A-TheclampingscrewisscrewedinuptothestopusinganAllenkey.B-TheclampingpistonpressesthehydraulicmediumintotheC-expansionchamberandcausesariseinpressureD-Thethin-walledexpansionbushisuniformlyarchedagainstthetoolshank.ThetoolshankiscenteredandthenclampedpowerfullyanduniformlyacrosstheentiresurfaceduringthisclampingprocessE-Specialsealingelement.Ensuresperfectsealingandahighservicelife.Theresult:Absolutelyprecise,powerfulandcentricclampingwithexcellentrunoutcharacteristicsandarun-outaccuracyof<0.003mmA-锁紧螺钉，使用内六角扳手将锁紧螺钉拧紧；B-锁紧活塞，将液压媒质压入膨胀室；C-膨胀室，受液体挤压产生压力；D-薄膨胀衬套，在锁紧过程中使刀具装夹杆中心定位并均匀包络。E-特殊密封件，确保理想的密封和长的使用寿命；特点：非常高的精度、锁紧力大、中心固定，具有很好的跳动值<0.003mm

13整理课件MechanicalDeformation/变形夹持刀柄Thetoolholdershownherefeaturesaborethatisnotround,butinsteadhasathree-lobedshapesuggestingatriangle.Aclampingdevicemechanicallydistortsthisboretomakeitround,allowingthetooltobeinserted.Thetoolholdersnapsbacktothethree-lobedshapewhentheforceisreleased,clampingthetoolwithoutheatingorcooling.这里的刀柄内径不是圆形的，而是类似三角形的叶形孔。利用一套机械夹紧变形装置使其变为圆形，适合刀具放入。当锁紧装置压力解除后，刀柄变形恢复，那么可锁紧刀具14整理课件BalanceableToolHoldersAbalanceabletoolholderisusedinco