哈工大考博英语真题以及答案

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.program(HarbinInstituteofTechnology)PassageOneQuestions1-7arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Accordingtoarecenttheory,Archean-agegold-quartzveinsystemswereformedovertwobillionyearsagofrommagmaticfluidsthatoriginatedfrommoltengranitelikebodiesdeepbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth.Thistheoryiscontrarytothewidelyheldviewthatthesystemsweredepositedfrommetamorphicfluids,thatis,fromfluidsthatformedduringthedehydrationofwetsedimentaryrocks.Therecentlydevelopedtheoryhasconsiderablepracticalimportance.MostofthegolddepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrusheswereexposedattheEarth’ssurfaceandwerefoundbecausetheyhadshedtrailsofalluvialgoldthatwereeasilytracedbysimpleprospectingmethods.Althoughthesesamemethodsstillleastoanoccasionaldiscovery,mostdepositsnotyetdiscoveredhavegoneundetectedbecausetheyareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression.Thechallengeinexplorationisthereforetounravelthesubsurfacegeologyofanareaandpinpointthepositionofburiedminerals.Methodswidelyusedtodayincludeanalysisofaerialimagesthatyieldabroadgeologicaloverview,geophysicaltechniquesthatprovidedataonthemagnetic,electrical,andmineralogicalpropertiesoftherocksbeinginvestigated,andsensitivechemicalteststhatareabletodetect:thesubtlechemicalhalosthatoftenenvelopmineralization.However,noneofthesehigh-technologymethodsareofanyvalueifthesitestowhichtheyareappliedhavenevermineralized,andtomaximizethechancesofdiscoverytheexplorermustthereforepayparticularattentiontoselectingthegroundformationsmostlikelytobemineralized.Suchgroundselectionreliestovaryingdegreesonconceptualmodels,whichtakeintoaccounttheoreticalstudiesofrelevantfactors.Thesemodelsareconstructedprimarilyfromempiricalobservationsofknownmineraldepositsandfromtheoriesofore-formingprocesses.Theexplorerusesthemodelstoidentifythosegeologicalfeaturesthatarecriticaltotheformationofthemineralizationbeingmodeled,andthentriestoselectareasforexplorationthatexhibitasmanyofthecriticalfeaturesaspossible.1.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.A.advocatingareturntoanoldermethodology.B.explainingtheimportanceofarecenttheory.C.enumeratingdifferencesbetweentwowidelyusedmethodsD.describingeventsleadingtoadiscovery2.Accordingtopassage,thewidelyheldviewofArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemsisthatsuchsystemsAwereformedfrommetamorphicfluids.BoriginatedinmoltengranitelikebodiesCwereformedfromalluvialdepositsDgenerallyhavesurfaceexpression3.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingstepswouldbethefirstperformedbyexplorerswhowishtomaximizetheirchancesofdiscoveringgold?ASurveyingseveralsitesknowntohavebeenformedmorethantwobillionyearsago.BLimitingexplorationtositesknowntohavebeenformedformmetamorphicfluid.CUsinganappropriateconceptualmodeltoselectasiteforfurtherexploration.DUsinggeophysicalmethodstoanalyzerocksoverabroadarea.4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdiscoveriesofgolddepositsissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?AThenumberofgolddiscovermadeannuallyhasincreasedbetweenthetimeoftheoriginalgoldrushesandthepresentBNewdiscoveriesofgolddepositsarelikelytobetheresultofexplorationtechniquesdesignedtolocateburiedmineralizationCItisunlikelythatnewlydiscoveredgolddepositswilleveryieldasmuchasdidthosedepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrushes.DModernexplorersaredividedonthequestionoftheutilityofsimpleprospectingmethodsasasourceofnewdiscoveriesofgolddeposits.5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingiseasiesttodetect?AAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmagmaticfluids.BAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmetamorphicfluids.CAgolddepositthatismixedwithgranite.DAgolddepositthathasshedalluvialgold.6.ThetheorymentionedinlineIrelatestotheconceptualmodelsdiscussedinthepassageinwhichofthefollowingways?AItmayfurnishavalidaccountofore-formingprocesses,andhence,cansupportconceptualmodelsthathavegreatpracticalsignificance.BItsuggeststhatcertaingeologicalformations,longbelievedtobemineralized,areinfactmineralizedthusconfirmingcurrentconceptualmodels.C.ItsuggeststhattheremaynotbeenoughsimilarityacrossArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemstowarranttheformulationofconceptualmodels.DItcorrectsexistingtheoriesaboutthechemicalhalosofgolddeposits,andthusprovidesabasisforcorrectingcurrentconceptualmodels.7.Accordingtothepassagemethodsofexploringforgoldthatarewidelyusedtodayarebasedonwhichofthefollowingfacts?20percent.AtassociatedBritishPorts.labordisruptionscommoninthe1970’sandearly1980’shavenowvirtuallydisappeared.AtBritishTelecom,thereisnolongerawaitinglist—astherealwayswasbeforeprivatization—tohaveatelephoneinstalled.Partofthisimprovedproductivityhascomeaboutbecausetheemployeesofprivatizedindustriesweregiventheopportunitytobuysharesintheirowncompanies.Theyrespondedenthusiasticallytotheofferofshares;atBritishAerospace89percentoftheeligibleworkforceboughtshares;atAssociatedBritishPorts90percent;andatBritishTelecom92percent.Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething,theythinkaboutit,careaboutit,worktomakeitprosper.AttheNationalFreightConsortium,thenewemployee-ownersgrewsoconcernedabouttheircompany’sprofitsthatduringwagenegotiationstheyactuallypressedtheiruniontoloweritswagedemands.Someeconomistshavesuggestedthatgivingawayfreeshareswouldprovideaneededaccelerationoftheprivatizationprocess.YettheymissThomasPaine’spointthat“whatweobtaintoocheapweesteemtoolightly”Inorderforthefar-rangingbenefitsofindividualownershiptobeachievedbyowners,companies,andcountries,employeesandotherindividualsmustmaketheirowndecisionstobuy,andtheymustcommitsomeoftheirownresourcestothechoice.16.AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingwerebenefitsofprivatizingstateownedindustriesintheUnitedKingdomEXCEPTPrivatizedindustriespaidtaxestothegovernmentThegovernmentgainedrevenuefromsellingstate-ownedindustriesThegovernmentrepaidsomeofitsnationaldebtProfitsfromindustriesthatwerestillstate-ownedincreased17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingresultedinincreasedproductivityincompaniesthathavebeenprivatized?Alargenumberofemployeeschosetopurchasesharesintheircompanies.Freeshareswerewidelydistributedtoindividualshareholders.Thegovernmentceasedtoregulatemajorindustries.Unionsconductedwagenegotiationsfroemployees.18.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsiderslabordisruptionstobeaninevitableprobleminaweaknationaleconomyapositivesignofemployeeconcernaboutacompanyapredictorofemployeereactionstoacompany’soffertosellsharestothemadeterrencetohighperformancelevelsinanindustry.19.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutemployeesbuyingsharesintheirwoncompanies?Atthreedifferentcompanies,approximatelynineouttenoftheworkerswereeligibletobuysharesintheircompanies.Approximately90%oftheeligibleworkersatthreedifferentcompanieschosetobuysharesintheircompanies.Theopportunitytobuyshareswasdiscouragedbyatleastsomelaborunions.Companiesthatdemonstratedthehighestproductivitywerethefirsttoallowtheiremployeestheopportunitytobuyshares.20.WhichofthefollowingstatementsismostconsistentwiththeprincipledescribedinL25-26?Ademocraticgovernmentthatdecidesitisinappropriatetoownaparticularindustryhasinnowayabdicateditsresponsibilitiesasguardianofthepublicinterest.Theidealwayforagovernmenttoprotectemployeeinterestsistoforcecompaniestomaintaintheirshareofacompetitivemarketwithoutgovernmentsubsidies.Thefailuretoharnessthepowerofself-interestisanimportantreasonthatstate-ownedindustriesperformpoorlyGovernmentsthatwanttoimplementprivatizationprogramsmusttrytoeliminateallresistancetothefree-marketsystem.21.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheprivatizationprocessintheUnitedKingdom?Itdependstoapotentiallydangerousdegreeonindividualownershipofshares.ItconformsinitsmostgeneraloutlinestoThomasPaine’sprescriptionforbusinessownership.Itwasoriginallyconceivedtoincludesomegivingawayoffreeshares.Itistakingplacemoreslowlythansomeeconomistssuggestisnecessary.22.ThequotationinL32-33ismostprobablyusedto.counterapositionthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesisincorrect.Stateasolutiontoaproblemdescribedintheprevioussentence.Showhowopponentsoftheviewpointoftheauthorofthepassagehavesupportedtheirarguments.pointoutaparadoxcontainedinacontroversialviewpoint.PassageFourQuestions23-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Historiansofwomen’slaborintheUnitedStatesatfirstlargelydisregardedthestoryoffemaleserviceworkers—womenearningwagesinoccupationssuchassalesclerk,domesticservant,andofficesecretary.Thesehistoriansfocusedinsteadonfactorywork,primarilybecauseitseemedsodifferentfromtraditional,unpaid“women’swork”inthehome,andbecausetheunderlyingeconomicforcesofindustrialismwerepresumedtobegender-blindandhenceemancipationineffect.Unfortunately,emancipationhasbeenlessprofoundthanexpected,fornotevenindustrialwagelaborhasescapedcontinuedsexsegregationintheworkplace.Toexplainthisunfinishedrevolutioninthestatusofwomen,historianshaverecentlybeguntoemphasizethewayaprevailingdefinitionoffemininityoftendeterminesthekindsofworkallocatedtowomen,evenwhensuchallocationisinappropriatetonewconditions.Forinstance,earlytextile-millentrepreneurs,injustifyingwomen’semploymentinwagelabor,mademuchoftheassumptionthatwomenwerebynatureskillfulatdetailedtasksandpatientincarryingoutrepetitivechores;themillownersthusimportedintothenewindustrialorderhoarystereotypesassociatedwiththehomemakingactivitiestheypresumedtohavebeenthepurviewofwomen.Becausewomenacceptedthemoreunattractivenewindustrialtasksmorereadilythandidmen,suchjobscametoberegardedasfemalejobs.Andemployers,whoassumedthatwomen’s“real”aspirationswereformarriageandfamilylife,declinedtopaywomenwagescommensuratewiththoseofmen.Thusmanylower-skilled,lower-paid,lesssecurejobscametobeperceivedas“female.”Moreremarkablethantheoriginhasbeenthepersistenceofsuchsexsegregationintwentieth-centuryindustry.Onceanoccupationcametobeperceivedas“female”,employersshowedsurprisinglylittleinterestinchangingthatperception,evenwhenhigherprofitsbeckoned.AnddespitetheurgentneedoftheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartomobilizeitshumanresourcesfully,jobsegregationbysexcharacterizedevenhemostimportantwarindustries.Moreover,oncethewarended,employersquicklyreturnedtomenmostofthe“male”jobsthatwomenhadbeenpermittedtomaster.23.Accordingtothepassage,jobsegregationbysexintheUnitedStateswas.greatlydiminlatedbylabormobilizationduringtheSecondWorldWar.perpetuatedbythosetextile-millownerswhoarguedinfavorofwomen’semploymentinwagelaboronemeansbywhichwomenachievedgreaterjobsecurityreluctantlychallengedbyemployersexceptwhentheeconomicadvantageswereobvious24.Accordingtothepassage,historiansofwomen’slaborfocusedonfactoryworkasamorepromisingareaofresearchthanservice-sectorworkbecausefactoryworkinvolvedthepaymentofhigherwagesrequiredskillindetailedtaskswasassumedtobelesscharacterizedbysexsegregationwasmorereadilyacceptedbywomenthanbymen25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagetheearlyhistoriansofwomen’slaborintheUnitedStatespaidlittleattentiontowomen’semploymentintheservicesectoroftheeconomybecausefewerwomenfoundemploymentintheservicesectorthaninfactoryworkthewagespaidtoworkersintheservicesectorweremuchmoreshort-termthaninfactoryworkwomen’semploymentintheservicesectortendedtobemuchmoreshort-termthaninfactoryworkemploymentintheservicesectorseemedtohavemuchincommonwiththeunpaidworkassociatedwithhomemaking26.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheearlymillownersmentionedinthesecondparagraph?Theyhopedthatbycreatingrelativelyunattractive“female”jobstheywoulddiscouragewomenfromlosinginterestinmarriageandfamilylife.Theysoughttoincreasethesizeoftheavailablelaborforceasameanstokeepmen’swageslow.TheyarguedthatwomenwereinherentlysuitedtodowellinparticularkindsoffactoryworkTheyfeltguiltyaboutdisturbingthetraditionaldivisionoflaborinfamily.27.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“unfinishedrevolution”theauthormentionsinL11referstotheentryofwomenintotheindustriallabormarket.DevelopmentofanewdefinitionoffemininityunrelatedtotheeconomicforcesofindustrialismIntroductionofequalpayforequalworkinallprofessionsEmancipationofwomenwageearnersfromgender-determinedjoballocation28.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthiringpoliciesintheUnitedStates?Afteracrisismanyformerly“male”jobsarereclassifiedas“female”jobs.IndustrialemployersgenerallyprefertohirewomenwithpreviousexperienceashomemakersPost-SecondWorldWarhiringpoliciescausedwomentolosemanyoftheirwartimegainsinemploymentopportunity.EvenwarindustriesduringtheSecondWorldWarwerereluctanttohirewomenforfactorywork.29.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestexpressestheopinionoftheauthorofthepassageconcerningthenotionthatwomenaremoreskillfulthanmenincarryingoutdetailstasks?“patient”(line17)“repetitive”(line18)“hoary”(line19)“homemaking”(line19)30.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipofthefinalparagraphtothepassageasawhole?Thecentralideaisreinforcedbythecitationofevidencedrawnfromtwentieth-centuryhistory.ThecentralideaisrestatedinsuchawayastoformatransitiontoanewtopicfordiscussionThecentralideaisrestatedandjuxtaposedwithevidencethatmightappeartocontradictit.Apartialexceptiontothegeneralizationsofthecentralideaisdismissedunimportant.PassageFiveQuestions31-36arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe“relational”feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof“equalityindifference”,orequityasdistinctforequality.Theypositthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysociety,tothedisadvantageofwomen.Bycontrast,theindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcelebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomy,whiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcentury,theseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovement,oftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.Between1890and1920,however,relationalfeminism,whichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthought,andwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-westernfeminists,lostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-Saxonlegalandpoliticaltradition,individualistfeminismcametopredominateinEngland-speakingcountries.Atthesametime,thegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomen,continuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers;theydemandedspecialtreatmentincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkers.State-sponsoredmaternitybenefits,andpaidcompensationforhousework.Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctiveness,theyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.Buttheindividualistapproach,byattackinggenderroles,denyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifference,andcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchal,hasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframework,withitsclaimforwomen’sautonomy,couldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeminists,amorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge.31.Theauthorofthepassagealludestothewell-establishednatureoftheconceptofindividualrightsintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditioninordertoillustratetheinfluenceofindividualistfeministthoughtonmoregeneralintellectualtrendsinEnglishhistory.ArguethatfeminismwasalreadyapartofthelargerAnglo-Saxonintellectualtradition,eventhoughthishasoftengoneunnoticedbycriticsofwomen’semancipationExplainthedeclineinindividualistthinkingamongfeministsinnon-English-speakingcountries.HelpaccountforanincreasingshifttowardindividualistfeminismamongfeministsinEnglish-speakingcountries.32.Thepassagesuggeststhattheauthorofthepassagebelieveswhichofthefollowing?ThepredominanceofindividualistfeminisminEnglish-speakingcountriesisahistoricalphenomenon,thecausesofwhichhavenotyetbeeninvestigated.Theindividualistandrelationalfeministviewsareirreconcilable,giventheirtheoreticaldifferencesconcerningthefoundationsofsociety.Aconsensusconcerningthedirectionoffuturefeministpoliticswillprobablysoonemerge,giventheawarenessamongfeministsoftheneedforcooperationamongwomen.Politicaladversariesoffeminismoftenmisuseargumentspredicatedondifferencesbetweenthesexestoarguethattheexistingsocialsystemshouldbemaintained.33.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheindividualistfeministtraditiondeniesthevalidityofwhichofthefollowingcausalstatements?Adivisionoflaborinasocialgroupcanresultinincreasedefficiencywithregardtotheperformanceofgrouptasks.Adivisionoflaborinasocialgroupcausesinthedistributionofopportunitiesandbenefitsamonggroupmembers.Adivisionoflaboronthebasisofgenderinasocialgroupisnecessitatedbytheexistenceofsex-linkedbiologicaldifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalemembersofthegroup.Culturallydetermineddistinctionsbasedongenderinasocialgroupfostertheexistenceofdifferingattitudesandopinionsamonggroupmembers.34.Accordingtothepassage,relationalfeministsandindividualistfeministsagreethatindividualhumanrightstakeprecedenceovermostothersocialclaimsthegender-baseddivisionoflaborinsocietyshouldbeeliminatedlawsguaranteeingequaltreatmentforallcitizensregardlessofgendershouldbepassedthesameeducationalandeconomicopportunitiesshouldbeavailabletobothsexes.35.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingwastrueoffeministthoughtinWesternsocietiesbefore1890?Individualistfeministargumentswerenotfoundinthethoughtorwritingofnon-English-speakingfeminists.Individualistfeminismwasastraininfeministthought,butanotherstrain,relationalfeminism,predominated.Relationalandindividualistapproacheswereequallyprevalentinfeministthoughtandwriting.Thepredominantviewamongfeministsheldthatthewelfareofwomenwasultimatelylessimportantthanthewelfareofchildren.36.TheauthorimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwastrueofmostfeministthinkersinEnglandandtheUnitedStatesafter1920?Theywerelessconcernedwithpoliticsthanwithintellectualissues.Theybegantoreachabroaderaudienceandtheirprogramsbegantobeadoptedbymainstreampoliticalparties.Theycalledrepeatedlyforinternationalcooperationamongwomen’sgroupstoachievetheirgoals.Theydidnotattempttounitethetwodifferentfeministapproachesintheirthought.PassageSixQuestions37-40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemostskied.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernment,“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”37.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause.ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoalitsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbeforethewaranddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitorstheunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy.38.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmericanTVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarketSemiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprisesMachine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactionsAutoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket.39.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.40.theauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtotheturningofthebusinesscyclerestructuringofindustryimprovedbusinessmanagementsuccessineducationPartIITranslatethefollowingpassagesintoChinese:PassageOneThetechnologynowbeingusedbytheautoworkersontheassemblylinesisnothingshortofrevolutionary.Today’sworkersnowusesmart,microprocessorcontrolledtoolsthatperformwithaprecisionunheardofadecadeago.Thetoolsoperatetotheexactinch-poundoftorquerequired,andevenhavetheabilitytostopthelineiftheirperformancedeteriorates.TheintelligenttoolsandassemblysystemsbeingusedbytheU.S.autoindustryreflectthechallengestheindustryhasfacedandconqueredoverthepast100years.PassageTwoIneachgenerationforthousandsofyearsafewindividualshavehadtheperception,thecuriosity,andtheimaginationtodomorethanjustlookatthephysicalprocessestakingplaceintheatmosphere.Theseindividualshaveasked“Why?”aboutsuchthingsasthese:theblueofthesky;thesplendoroftherainbow;theinfinitevarietyandmarvelousdetailofsnowflakes;thechangesoftemperaturefromseasontoseason;theshortlifeofacloudasitforms,grows,decays,anddisappearsonasummerafternoon.PassageThreeAEuropeanindustrialistlearnedbychancethattheUnitedStateswassingingcontractswithscientistsinothercountries,callingf