6版 Project 23 课文及翻译

电子与通信技术专业英语电子信息工程学院Project23Self-DrivingCar

Self-DrivingCarAself-drivingcaruseacombinationofcomputervision,imagerecognitionanddeeplearningtobuildautomatedskillatpilotingavehiclewhilestayinginagivenlaneandavoidingunexpectedobstructions,suchaspedestrians.Essentially,aself-drivingcarneedstoperformthreeactionstobeabletoreplaceahumandriver:toperceive,tothink,andtoact.Thesetasksaremadepossiblebyanetworkofhigh-techdevicessuchascameras,computersandcontrollers(asshowninFig.23-1).自动驾驶汽车自动驾驶汽车是结合计算机视觉、图像识别和深度学习而建立的自动驾驶技能，它能使汽车自动在给定车道上驾驶和避开意外障碍物,例如行人。从本质上讲,一辆自动驾驶汽车需要执行三个动作才能取代人类驾驶员:感知、思考和行动。这些任务是由高科技设备组成的网络实现的，如摄像头、计算机和控制器（如图23-1所示）。

Aself-drivingcar's"sight"or"perceptionisachievedviaseveralmechanisms.Camerasareinstalledontheroofandinotherplacesaroundthecarfor360°vision(asshowninFig.23-2).Whilecamerasaregoodforidentifyingshapesandcolorsintheenvironment,theyarenothelpfulinfindingthedistancetoanobject.自动驾驶汽车的“视觉”或“感知”是通过几种机制实现的。摄像头安装在车顶和汽车周围的其他地方，可实现360°视野（如图23-2所示)。虽然摄像头有利于识别环境中的形状和颜色，但它们对于确定与物体的距离没有帮助。Fortunately,self-drivingcarsalsohavehigh-techsensors,calledLIDARs,thataremuchbetteratdeterminingthelocationofpeopleandobjectsaroundthecar.LIDAR(LightDetectionandRanging)isadevicewithaconstantlyrotatinglaserbeam.Itsendsinvisiblelightpulsesallaroundit.Bymeasuringthetraveltimeandlocationofthereflectedlaserlight,itcandiscriminatetheshapeandlocationofsurroundingobjects.InadditiontocamerasandLIDARs,self-drivingcarsoftenhaveconventionalradarstectingmovingobjectsandaremuchcheaperthantheotherdevices.幸运的是,自动驾驶汽车还配备了高科技传感器,称为激光雷达(即光探测和测距)。可以更好地确定汽车周围人和物体的位置。激光雷达是一种具有不断旋转的激光束的装置。它向四周发送不可见的光脉冲。通过测量反射激光的传播时间和位置,它可以识别周围物体的形状和位置。除了摄像头和激光雷达，自动驾驶汽车通常还配备有传统的雷达。虽然雷达只能看到非常模糊的东西,但它们非常擅长探测移动的物体,而且比其他设备便宜得多。Onceaself-drivingcar"sees"itssurroundings,thecameras,LIDARsandradarsallsendtheinformationtheyperceivetothe"brain"ofthecar.The"brain"ofaself-drivingcarisapowerfulcomputerthatoftensitsinthetrunkandcontrolsthecar'sthoughtsandactions.ByuseofGPS.Itinitiallyhasaroughideaoftherouteitmustfollowtogettoadestination.Thisisnotenough,however.tonavigatealongabusystreet,tochangelanesortostopatatrafficlightwhennecessary.Therefore,thecomputertakesincamera,LIDAR,radarandGPSdataanddeterminesthepreciselocationofthecaraswellastheobjectsaroundit.Programmershavedevelopedverysmartalgorithmsthatcanbe"trained"toidentifyobjectsinthecar'ssurroundings.一旦一辆自动驾驶汽车“看到”周围的环境,摄像头、激光雷达和雷达都会将它们感知到的信息发送到汽车的“大脑”。自动驾驶汽车的“大脑”是一台功能强大的计算机,它通常位于后备箱里,控制着汽车的思想和行动。通过使用全球定位系统，它最初对到达目的地必须遵循的路线有一个大致的概念。然面，这还不足以在繁忙的街道上行驶、变换车道或在必要时在红绿灯处停车。因此，计算机接收摄像头、激光雷达、雷达和GPS的数据,并确定汽车及其周围物体的精确位置。程序员已经开发出非常智能的算法,可以“训练”识别汽车周围环境中的物体。Oncethecomputerhasdeterminedwhichobjectssurroundthecarandhowfarawaytheyare,itmustdecidehowtoactandthenexecuteitsdecision.Oncethecar'scomputerdecideswhatactiontotake,itsendselectroniccommandstocontrollersthatturnthesteeringwheelandcontrolthethrottleandbrakes.

一旦计算机确定了哪些物体围绕在汽车周围以及它们离汽车有多远,它就必须决定如何行动,然后执行它的决定。一旦汽车的计算机决定采取什么行动,它就会向控制器发送电子指令，由这些控制器转动方向盘，并控制油门和刹车。Self-drivingcarswillpotentiallyhaveahugepositiveimpactonoursafetyandlifestyle.Thehigh-techvisionsystemhasthepotentialtooutperformhumansindetectingdangeroussituations.Additionally,thesmartalgorithmswillfindfasterroutestoourdestinations,drivemoreefficientlyandconsumelessfuel.Self-drivingcarsareanexcitingnewtechnologythathasthepotentialtodeeplytransformtransportation,