大学英语考试复习资料大学英语四级分类模拟题264

[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题264[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题2641/1[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题264大学英语四级分类模拟题264

ReadingComprehension

SugarIsNowEnemyNumberOneintheWesternDiet

ActiononSugariskeentomakethepublicawareofthedangersandformanufacturerstofaceregulation.

A.In2012,theUnitedNationsWorldHealthAssemblyadvocatedasignificantnewhealthgoal:toreduceavoidabledeathsfromnon-communicable(非传染性的)diseasesby25%by2025.Cardiovascular(心血管的)disease,diabetes,cancerandrespiratory(呼吸的)diseasekill35millionperyear.TheUNhasidentifiedtobacco,alcoholandpoordietascentralriskfactors.Thefirsttwohavebeenregulatedbygovernmentsinordertoprotectpublichealth,butpoordietisactuallyresponsibleformorediseasethansmoking,alcoholandphysicalinactivitycombined.

B.Butwhatcomponentofthewesterndietshouldbetargeted?Theevidencesuggestingthataddedsugarshouldbethetargetisnowoverwhelming.Unlikefatandprotein,refinedsugarsoffernonutritional(营养的)valueand,contrarytowhatthefoodindustrywantyoutobelieve,thebodydoesnotrequireanycarbohydrate(碳水化合物)fromaddedsugarforenergy.Thusitisasourceofcompletelyunnecessarycalories.

C.SugarsareaddedtothemajorityofprocessedfoodsintheUK.Yetdisturbingly,manyconsumersareunawareofitspresenceinsuchlargequantities.IntheUKandEuropeguidelinedailyamountsforsugarhavenotbeenupdatedsince2003.Theseobsolete(过时的)guidelinesstillsuggestonecanconsumeasurprising22teaspoonsofsugardaily.TheWorldHealthOrganisationhasrecentlybeenadvisedbyscientificexpertsthataddedsugarshouldconstitutenomorethan5%ofenergy.Thatwouldgivealimittotheaveragemanofamaximumofeightteaspoonsadayandtheaveragewomansixteaspoonsaday.Andthatwouldincludesugarsfromfruitjuiceandhoney.

D.Themisleadinglabellingandhealthclaimson"lowfat"foodsthatactuallyhaveshockinglevelsofaddedsugarisascandal.Worsestill,ithascreatedtheperfectstormforpublichealth.Therefore,severaldaysago,agroupofUKandinternationalexperts,includingmyself,launchedActionOnSugar.Themainaimistopressurethefoodindustrytoreduceaddedsugarinfoodsby40%overfouryears.Thatwouldmean100fewercaloriesperperson,whichaccordingtotheUKDepartmentofHealthwouldreversetheobesity(肥胖)epidemic.

E.However,theindustryremainsindenial.BarbaraGallani,directorofregulationattheFoodandDrinkFederation,madeastatementofimmediateresistance,denyingsugar'sroleinobesityandfailingtoacknowledgethemultitudeofscientificstudiestothecontrary.Wemustn'tforgetthatittook50yearsfromwhenthefirstscientificstudiesbetweensmokingandlungcancerweremadebeforeanyeffectivelegislationwasintroducedthroughregulation.Why?BecauseBigTobaccoverysuccessfullyadoptedacorporatestrategyofdenial.Byplantingdoubt,confusingthepublic,bribingpoliticalalliesandevenbuyingtheloyaltyofsomescientists.

F.Thecomparisonswiththesugarindustryarequitechilling.LeaderoftheCommonsAndrewLansley'saggressiveinterventioninparliamentwasthusinteresting.HeattemptedtorubbishrespectedpublichealthexpertProfessorSimonCapewell'sstatementthatsugaristhenewtobacco.LansleythencompoundedhiserrorsbyignorantlyassertingintheHousethat"sugarisessentialtofood".Itisnot.Hewouldhavebeenmoreaccurateinsaying"sugarisessentialtofoodindustryprofitsandliningthepocketsofitscooptedpartners".LansleywasapaiddirectorofmarketingcompanyProferototheendof2009.Profero'sclientshaveincludedPepsi,Mars,PizzaHutandDiageo'sGuinness.Duringhisunhappytimeashealthsecretary,LansleypromotedtheResponsibilityDeal.There,heinvitedfast-foodcompaniesinforcosydiscussionsonhowtotackleobesity,cynicallygeneratingtheimpressionofprogress,butonlyachievingweakandmeaninglessvoluntarycaloriereductionpledges.

G.Thefoodindustryspendsbillionsinjunkfoodandsugarydrinkadvertising,targetingthemostvulnerablemembersofsociety,includingchildren.Worse,theindustrycynicallyassociatesfitnessandsportwithjunkFoodandsugarydrinks.ThusMarsisoneoftheofficialsponsorsoftheEnglandfootballteam.Yetoneregularsizedbarcontainseightteaspoonsofsugar,almosttripletheamountrecommendedasalimitforafour-toeight-year-oldchildbytheUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices'dietaryguidelines.Thecommonestcauseofchronicpaininchildrenistoothdecaywithsugarasthenumberoneriskfactor.Regularphysicalactivityhasamultitudeofhealthbenefits;however,itseffectonsustainedweightlossisoftenweak.Furthermore,activitylevelshavechangedlittleinthepast30yearsasobesityhasrocketed.

H.Weareallvulnerable,becauseyoudon'thavetobeoverweighttobeaffectedbydiet-relateddisease.Ofallthechronicdiseases,type2diabetes,whichisentirelypreventable,isperhapsthemostdamaging.Diabetesincreasestheriskofheartattack,stroke,kidneyfailureandeyedisease.Uptohalfofalldiabeticpatientsgoontosufferacuteorchronicpain,andtwo-thirdswillultimatelydevelopdementia(痴呆).ThedirectandindirectcoststotheUKofdiabetesisover24billionandprojectedtoapproach40billionby2030.Ifwedonothing,thiswillcrippletheNationalHealthService.

I.Howdoessugarcomparetotobacco?Ateaspoonofsugaroronecigarettewillnotharmyou.Butovertime,thehabitcanbefatal.UnlikeBigTobacco,BigSugardeliberatelytargetschildren,Andaddedsugarhasbecomesocommonwithinthefoodenvironmentthatwecan'tavoiditevenifwewantedto.Itisthusnotsimplyamatterofpersonalchoice.Butperhapsmostdisturbingofallthesimilaritiesisthefinancialandpoliticalmusclethatbothindustrieshaveexertedtotryandprotecttheirprofits,attheexpenseofourhealth.It'stimetowindbacktheharmsoftoomuchsugar,reversethe"diabesity"epidemicandtheunspeakablesufferingitcauses.It'stimeforActionOnSugar.

1.Thehabitofsmokingcanbefatal,andsimilarlytakingtoomuchsugarforalongtimecancausedeath.

答案:I题干意为，正如习惯性吸烟可能危及生命，长时间地食用太多的糖也可以致死、注意抓住题干中的关键词smokingcanbefatal。原文I段中提到了烟草和糖的共同点，该段前三句中指出，怎么把糖比作烟草呢？一茶匙糖或者一根烟不会伤害你。但是时间长了，这个习惯会致命。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

2.MostoftheprocessedfoodsinBritainareaddedsugars.

答案:C题干意为，英国大多数的加工食品中均添加了糖。注意抓住题干中的关键词MostoftheprocessedfoodsinBritain。原文C段提到了英国加工食品中含糖的情况，该段首句中指出，在英国，糖被添加到大部分加工食品中。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

3.TheResponsibilityDealdidlittletodealwiththeproblemofobesity.

答案:F题干意为，“责任协议”对解决肥胖问题并没有起到多大作用。注意抓住题干中的关键词TheResponsibilityDeal和obesity。原文F段中提到了“责任协议”与肥胖相关的内容，该段最后两句中指出，在担任卫生部长的那段不愉快的日子里，兰斯里推行了“责任协议”。他邀请了各快餐公司就如何处理肥胖进行了愉快的探讨，讽刺性地营造了进步的假象，但只是获得了微弱而毫无意义的自愿降低卡路里的保证。可见“责任协议”成效甚微，并没有对解决肥胖问题起到多大作用。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选F。

4.Tobacco,alcoholandpoordiethavebeenrecognizedbytheUNasmainriskfactors.

答案:A题干意为，烟草、酒精和不良饮食已经被联合国认定为主要的健康风险因素。注意抓住题干中的关键词theUN和mainriskfactors。原文A段中提到了联合国所认定的三种主要健康风险因素，该段第三句中指出，联合国已将烟草、酒精和不良饮食认定为主要风险因素。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选A。

5.People'sactivitylevelsbarelychangedinthepast30yearswhilethenumberofobesepeoplehasincreasedalot.

答案:G题干意为，在过去的30年里，人们的运动水平几乎没有改变，而肥胖的人数却大幅增加。注意抓住题干中的关键词inthepast30years。原文G段提到了过去30年间的情况，该段最后一句中指出，此外，在过去的三十年里肥胖的人大量增加，而运动水平改变甚微。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选G。

6.ActionOnSugaraimstoforcethefoodindustrytocuttheuseofsugarinfoodsby40%infouryears.

答案:D题干意为，“限糖运动”的目的在于迫使食品业在四年内将其在食物中糖的用量减少40%。注意抓住题干中的关键词ActionOnSugaraims和40%。原文D段中提到了“限糖运动”的目的，该段第三句中指出专家们发起了“限糖运动”，随后在第四句中说到，主要目标是给食品行业施压，以使其在四年时间内将添加的糖分含量降低40%。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选D。

7.Amongallthechronicdiseases,thepreventabletype2diabetesmayaffectpeople'shealththemost.

答案:H题干意为，在所有的慢性疾病中，可以预防的Ⅱ型糖尿病可能对人的身体健康影响最大。注意抓住题干中的关键词type2diabetes。原文H段提到了Ⅱ型糖尿病的影响，该段第二句中指出，所有的慢性病中，完全能够预防的Ⅱ型糖尿病或许是最具破坏性的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选H。

8.Refinedsugarscanprovideuswithcaloriesthatweactuallydonotneed.

答案:B题干意为，精制的糖提供给我们的热量是我们事实上并不需要的。注意抓住题干中的关键词Refinedsugars和donotneed。原文B段中提到了精制的糖所能为人体提供的东西，该段第三句和第四句中指出，身体并不需要从添加的糖所提供的任何碳水化合物中获取能量。因此它是一个完全不必要的热量来源。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

9.Thoughphysicalactivityisbeneficialtohealthinvariousaspects,itisnotsohelpfulwhenitcomestolosingweight.

答案:G题干意为，虽然锻炼身体在很多方面有助于健康，但是说到减肥，它就不那么有帮助了。注意抓住题干中的关键词physicalactivity和loseweight。原文G段中提到了锻炼身体和减肥相关的内容，该段倒数第二句中指出，经常锻炼身体对健康有很多益处；然而对于持续的减肥则效果甚微。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选G。

10.BarbaraGallanidoesnotthinkthatsugarisassociatedwithobesity.

答案:E题干意为，芭芭拉·加拉尼并不认为糖与肥胖有美。注意抓住题干中的关键词BarbaraGallani。原文E段提到了与芭芭拉·加拉尼相关的内容，该段第二句中指出，食品饮料联合会管理经理芭芭拉·加拉尼即刻发表了抗议声明，否认糖对于肥胖的影响，也拒不承认与之相反的大量科学研究。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

ComputerPassword

Computerpasswordsneedtobememorableandsecure.Mostpeople'sarethefirstbutnotthesecond.Researchersaretryingtomakeiteasierforthemtobeboth.

A.Passwordsarewidelyusedincomputersecurity.Alltoooften,theyarealsoineffective.Agoodpasswordhastobebotheasytorememberandhardtoguess,butinpracticepeopleseemtochoosetheformeroverthelatter.Namesofwives,husbandsandchildrenarepopular.Sometakesimplicitytoextremes:oneofmyfriendsused"z"formanyyears.Andwhenhackersstole32mpasswordsfromasocial-gamingwebsitecalledRockYou,itemergedthat1.1%ofthesite'susers—365,000people—hadchoseneitherfor"123456"orfor"12345".

B.Thatpredictabilityletssecurityresearcherscreatedictionarieswhichlistcommonpasswords,goodnewstothoseseekingtobreakin.Butalthoughresearchersknowthatpasswordsareinsecure,workingoutjusthowinsecurehasbeendifficult.Manystudieshaveonlysmallsamplestoworkon—afewthousandpasswordsatmost.HackedwebsitessuchasRockYouhaveprovidedlongerlists,butthereareethical(伦理的)problemswithusinghackedinformation,anditsavailabilityisunpredictable.

C.However,apapertobepresentedatasecurityconferenceheldwiththesupportoftheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,aNewYork-basedprofessionalbody,inMay2012,shedssomelight.WiththecooperationofYahoo!,alargeInternetcompany,JosephBonneauofCambridgeUniversityobtainedthebiggestsampletodate—70mpasswordsthat,thoughanonymised(隐去姓名),camewithusefuldemographicdataabouttheirowners.Mr.Bonneaufoundsomeinterestingvariations.Olderusershadbetterpasswordsthanyoungones.PeoplewhosepreferredlanguagewasKoreanorGermanchosethemostsecurepasswords;thosewhospokeIndonesiantheleast.Passwordsdesignedtohidesensitiveinformationsuchascredit-cardnumberswereonlyslightlymoresecurethanthoseprotectinglessimportantthings,likeaccesstogames."Nagscreens"thattolduserstheyhadchosenaweakpasswordmadevirtuallynodifference.Anduserswhoseaccountshadbeenhackedinthepastdidnotmakedramaticallymoresecurechoicesthanthosewhohadneverbeenhacked.

D.Butitisthebroaderanalysisofthesamplethatisofmostinteresttosecurityresearchers.For,despitetheirdifferences,the70muserswerestillpredictableenoughthatagenericpassworddictionarywaseffectiveagainstboththeentiresampleandanydemographicallyorganisedsliceofit.Mr.Bonneauisblunt:"Anattackerwhocanmanagetenguessesperaccount...willcompromisearound1%ofaccounts."Andthat,fromthehacker'spointofview,isaworthwhileoutcome.

E.Oneobviousanswerwouldbeforsitestolimitthenumberofguessesthatcanbemadebeforeaccessisblocked,ascashmachinesdo.Yetwhereasthebiggestsites,suchasGoogleandMicrosoft,dotakesuchmeasures,manydonot.Asampleof150bigwebsitesexaminedin2010byMr.BonneauandhiscolleaguePreibuschfoundthat126madenoattempttolimitguessing.Howthisstateofaffairsaroseisobscure.Forsomesites,laxity(松懈)mayberational,sincetheirpasswordsarenotprotectinganythingparticularlyvaluable,suchascredit-carddetails.Butpasswordlaxityimposescostsevenonsiteswithgoodsecurity,sincepeopleoftenusethesamepasswordforseveraldifferentplaces.

F.Onesuggestionisthatlaxpasswordsecurityisaculturalremnant(残余)oftheInternet'sinnocentyouth—anacademicresearchnetworkhasfewreasonstoworryabouthackers.Anotherpossibilityisthatbecausemanysitesbeginascash-strappedstart-ups,forwhichimplementingextrapasswordsecuritywouldtakeupvaluableprogrammingtime,theyskimponitatthebeginningandthenneverbothertochange.Butwhateverthereason,thosewhoareunwillingtowaitforwebsitesshouldgettheiractstogethertoconsiderthealternativestotraditionalpasswords.

G.Onesuchismulti-wordpasswordscalledpassphrases.Usingseveralwordsinsteadofonemeansanattackerhastoguessmoreletters,whichcreatesmoresecurity—butonlyifthephrasechosenisnotonelikelytoturnup,throughfamiliarusage,inadictionaryofphrases.Which,ofcourse,itoftenis.Mr.BonneauandhiscolleagueEkaterinaShutovahaveanalysedareal-worldpassphrasesystememployedbyAmazon,anonlineretailerthatalloweditsAmericanuserstoemploypassphrasesbetweenOctober2009andFebruary2012.Theyfoundthat,althoughpassphrasesdoofferbettersecuritythanpasswords,theyarenotasgoodashadbeenhoped.Aphraseoffourorfiverandomly(随机地)chosenwordsisfairlysecure.Butrememberingseveralsuchphrasesisnoeasierthanrememberingseveralrandomlychosenpasswords.Onceagain,theneedformemorabilityisgoodnewstoattackers.ByscrapingtheInternetforlistsofthingslikefilmtitles,sportingphrasesandslang,Mr.BonneauandDr.Shutovawereabletoconstructa20,656-worddictionarythatbrokeinto1.13%oftheaccountsinAmazon'sdatabase.

H.Theresearchersalsosuspectedthateventhosewhodonotusefamousphraseswouldstillpreferpatternsfoundinnaturallanguageovertruerandomness.Sotheycomparedtheircollectionofpassphraseswithtwo-wordphrasesextractedatrandomfromtheBritishNationalCorpus,andfromtheGoogleNGramCorpus.Sureenough,theyfoundconsiderableoverlap(重叠)betweenstructurescommoninordinaryEnglishandthephraseschosenbyAmazon'susers.Some13%oftheadjective-nounconstructionswhichtheresearcherstriedwereonthemoney,aswere5%ofadverb-verbmixes.

I.Onewayroundthatistocombinetheideasofapasswordandapassphraseintoaso-calledmnemonic(帮助记忆的)password.Thisisastringofapparentnonsensewhichisnotactuallytoohardtoremember.Itcanbeformed,forexample,byusingthefirstletterofeachwordinaphrase,varyingupperandlowercase,andsubstitutingsomesymbolsforothers—"8"for"B",forinstance.Evenmnemonicpasswords,however,arenotalwayssafe.Astudypublishedin2006cracked4%ofthemnemonicsinasampleusingadictionarybasedonsonglyrics,filmtitlesandthelike.

J.Thefinalresultisthatthereisprobablynorightanswer.Allsecurityisannoying,andthereisaconstanttensionbetweenpeople'sdesiretobesafeandtheirdesireforthingstobesimple.Whilethattensionpersists,thehackerwillalwaysgetthrough.

11.Mr.Bonneaufoundthatthepasswordsusedbyolderusersweremoresecurethantheonesusedbyyoungusers.

答案:C题干意为，波诺先生发现，老龄用户采用的密码比年轻用户采用的密码安全性更高。注意抓住题干中的关键词olderusers和youngusers。原文C段中提到了老龄用户和年轻用户相关的内容，该段第三句和第四句中指出，波诺先生在该样本中发现了一些有趣的差异。与年轻用户相比，老龄用户设置的密码更安全。原文中的better具体指的就是全文都在讨论的密码安全性，由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

12.AmazononcetriedtoallowitsAmericanuserstousepassphrasesbutitdidn'tworkoutwell.

答案:G题干意为，亚马逊曾经试图允许其美国用户使用口令短语(作为密码)，但是其结果不是很理想。注意抓住题干中的关键词Amazon和Americanusers。原文G段提到了亚马逊的美国用户，该段第四句中提到了亚马逊曾于2009年10月至2012年2月期间允许其美国用户使用口令短语作为密码，紧接着在后面一句中说到，口令短语虽然比一般密码安全性更高，但实际效果并不如预期的好。didn'tworkout对应原文中的arenotasgoodashadbeenhoped，故选G。

13.Apasswordwhichiseasyfortheusertorememberandhardforotherpeopletoguesscanbecalledagoodpassword.

答案:A题干意为，便于用户记忆且不容易被他人猜到的密码可以称之为一个好的密码。注意抓住题干中的关键词agoodpassword。原文A段中明确地给出了好密码的标准，该段第三句中指出，一个好的密码必须具备容易记忆和不容易被猜到这两个特征。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选A。

14.Manynewly-establishedsitesdonotwanttospendmuchtimeonpasswordsecurity.

答案:F题干意为，许多新创建的网站不想在密码安全方面花费太多时间。注意抓住题干中的关键词Manynewly-establishedsites。原文F段讲到了与初建网站相关的内容，该段第二句中指出，另外一种可能是由于许多网站在建立初期都面临资金短缺的问题，采取额外的密码安全保护措施会占用宝贵的编程时间，因此他们从一开始就将这一步敷衍过去，以后也不会大费周章地去更换了。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选F。

15.Amnemonicpasswordseemslikenonsensebutitisnottoohardtoremember.

答案:I题干意为，易记密码看起来像是无意义的词语，但是记忆起来并不是很难。注意抓住关键词mnemonicpassword。原文I段中对易记密码展开了详细论述，该段前两句中指出，一个折中的解决办法就是将普通密码和口令的概念融合成一种所谓的易记密码。这种字符串看起来没有什么意义，但实际上要记住它并不太难。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

16.Ithasbeenquitehardforresearcherstofigureouthowinsecurethepasswordsare.

答案:B题干意为，研究者想要弄清楚密码有多不安全一直都很困难。注意抓住题干中的关键词tofigureouthowinsecure。原文B段中讲到了研究人员弄清楚密码有多不安全相关的内容，该段第二句中指出，不过即使研究人员知道密码是不安全的，但要计算出不安全系数却一直是个难题。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

17.StructurescommoninordinaryEnglishandthephraseschosenbyAmazon'susershavealotincommon.

答案:H题干意为，常用英语和亚马逊用户所选的短语有很多的共同之处。原文H段提到了研究人员对英国国家语料库和亚马逊用户所选的短语进行的对比，该段第三句中指出，果然，他们发现常用英语与亚马逊用户所选的短语之间出现了大量的重合。题干中的havealotincommon对应原文中的considerableoverlap。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选H。

18.Sitescanmaketheaccountsmoresecurebylimitingthenumberofguessesbeforeaccessisblocked.

答案:E题干意为，网站可以通过在冻结账户前限制输错密码的次数来提升账户的安全性。注意抓住题干中的关键词Sites和limitingthenumberofguesses。原文E段提到了网站加强账户安全性可以采取的措施，该段首句中指出，很显然的一个解决办法是：各网站可以在冻结账户前限制输错密码的次数，就像自动取款机所做的那样。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

19.Aslongaspeoplewantthingstobesimplewhilebeingsafe,hackerswillalwaysbeabletofindawaytobreakin.

答案:J题干意为，只要人们希望在安全的同时还能一切从简，黑客就总是能够找到办法入侵。注意抓住题干中的关键词wantthingstobesimple和beingsafe。原文J段提到了希望一切从简和安全相关的内容，该段第二句和第三句中指出，人们既希望安全，又渴望一切从简，这二者之间的矛盾是一直存在的。只要这种矛盾存在，黑客们就总是有可乘之机。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选J。

20.Userswhohadbeenhackedbeforedidnotpaymuchmoreattentiontoaccountsecuritythanthosewhohadn't.

答案:C题干意为，那些被黑过的用户并没有比那些没有被黑过的用户更注意账户安全问题。注意抓住题干中的关键词Userswhohadbeenhackedbefore和thosewhohadn't。原文C段提到了被黑过的用户与没有被黑过的用户相关的内容，该段最后一句中指出，和那些账户从没被黑过的用户相比，有过被黑经历的用户的安全防范意识也并没得到明显的提高。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

WanttoLearnQuicker?UseYourBody

A.Everdealtwithaproblem?Pickedupanewskill?Graspedadifficultconcept?Thelanguageoflearningisfullofreferencestopartsofthebodyoutsidethebrain.Researchersdiscoverthatlearningiseasier,quickerandmorelong-lastingiflessonsinvolvethebodyaswellasthemind—whetherit'sgesturingwiththearmsormovingaroundaroom.Cantheseinsightsenhanceteachingandlearninginthefuture?Andshoulditinformthewaytechnologyisemployedintheclassroom?

B."Inthepast,peoplehavearguedthataswelearnwebecomemoreabletothinkabstractly,"saysAndrewManches,apsychologistattheUniversityofEdinburghintheUK.Conventionalthinkingmightsuggestthatteachersshouldhelpchildrengetridofphysicalobjectsandbodygesturestopreparethemfortheadultworld.Butintruth,thephysicalworldneverreallyleavesourthinking.Forexample,whenweprocessverbssuchaslick,kickandpick,medicalscannersshowthatthepartsofourbrainthatcontrolthemusclesinourface,legsandhands,respectively,lightupwithactivity.Andeventhemostabstractofconceptsmayhavegroundingintherealworld.

C.Bodyandmind—Thistheoryiscalledembodiedcognition(体验认知),anditsuggeststhatwhatgoesoninourmindsstemsfromouractionsandinteractionswiththeworldaroundus.Itmeansthatencouragingchildrentothinkandlearninapurelyabstractwaymightactuallymakelessonsharderforthemtounderstandandremember.Scienceisbeginningtobackuptheideathatactionsreallymightspeaklouderthanwordsintheclassroom.

D.SpencerKelly,apsychologistatColgateUniversityinHamilton,NewYork,hasfoundthatpeoplespendthreetimesasmuchtimegesturingwhentheythinkitisparticularlyimportantthattheygetamessageacross,suggestingthatevenatthesubconsciouslevel,weappreciatethecommunicativevalueofourbodylanguage.Studiesshowthatyoungchildrenlearnmoreiftheirteacherusesgestureswhenexplainingaconcept.

E.Meanwhile,SusanWagnerCook,apsychologistattheUniversityofIowainIowaCity,hasfoundthatchildrenpickupnewconceptsmoreeffectivelyiftheyaretaughttomirrorandrepeatthegesturestheirteacheruses,andthatlessonsinvolvingwordsandgestureslivelongerinastudent'smemorythanlessonsusingwordsalone.

F.There'saplacefortechnology—particularlywiththeriseofgesture-recognitiondevicesliketheNintendoWii(任天堂游戏机),Microsoft'sKinectadd-on(外设设备)fortheXboxandtouchscreentabletPCs.ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,turnedtwoWii-motevideogamecontrollersintoadevicethathelpschildrenvisualizeequivalenceratios(等值比)—forinstance,understandinghowifoneplantgrowstwiceasfastasanother,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectiveheightswillbecomelargerovertime.Thiscanbeatrickyconceptforchildrentounderstand.Whenaskedtousetheirhandstorepresentthedifferentgrowthrates,somestudentswillplaceonehandslightlyhigherthantheother,butthenraisebothhandsatthesamespeed.TheBerkeleyteam'sdevicegivesthechildreninstantfeedback,helpingthemworkoutwhentheirhandgesturescorrectlymatchwhatwouldhappenasthetwoplantsgrow.Afterwards,almostallstudentssaythattheyactuallyunderstandwhymovingtheirhandsatdifferentspeedsisthecorrectresponse.

G.TheKinectsensor,meanwhile,isbeingusedinstudiestohelpchildrenlearntomoreaccuratelymapnumbersontophysicalspace—asimpleskillbatonethatisfundamentaltoourunderstandingofmathematics.Mostpeopleknow,forinstance,toplacethenumber50exactlymidwayalongalinemarked"0"atoneendand"100"attheother.ResearchersatEberhardKarlsUniversityinTuebingen,Germany,foundthatseven-year-oldscanplacenumbersalongsuchalinemoreaccuratelyiftheyphysicallywalkthelineonthefloor—withtheirmotioncapturedandanalysedbytheKinectsensor—thaniftheyuseamousetointeractwithacomputerscreenrepresentationoftheline.MancheshasbegunexploringwhetherKinectoffersawaytore-imaginetraditionalchildren'sblocks(积木).Thetechnologyallowschildrentopickupandmanipulatevirtualblocksonthescreenusingthesamegesturestheywouldusetoplaywithrealblocks—butthevirtualblockscandonewthingslikechangecolourastheyarepulledapartintosmallerunits,givingchildrenfreshideasaboutthewaynumberscanbebrokendown.

H.Inlightofallthis,it'stemptingtoconcludethatteachers,andtheirstudents,shouldbejumpingupanddown,orwavingtheirarmsaboutduringlessons.Manches,however,advisescaution.Thetroubleis,sciencehasnotquiteworkedoutexactlyhowtherelationshipbetweenbodyandmindeffectswork."Youcan'tjumpintothepredictionandinterventionstagetooearly,"saysManches.

I.Thisisn'ttosaytherearen'tworkingtheoriesforwhat'sgoingon,particularlywhenitcomestounderstandingwhygesturinghelpsstoreinformationmorefirmlyinthemind,saysCook.Thelessonswelearnatschoolusuallyinvolvedeclarativememory(陈述性记忆)—thesearethefactsthatwecanconsciouslyrecallor"declare"atalaterdate.Butsomeofourmemoriesarenon-declarative—thingswecanrememberwithoutreallybeingabletoexplainwhy.

J.Theclassicexampleishowweneverreallyforgethowtorideabike.Physicalmovementsseemtobeparticularlysuitablefodder(素材)formakingnon-declarativememories,andsobybothspeakingandgesturing,wemayencourageourbrainstomaketwoindependentmemoriesofanevent,boostingourchancesofrememberingtheeventlater.

K.EventhoughresearcherslikeManchesandCookremainreluctanttosetoutprescriptiveguidelinesforteachers,theircautionisbeginningtoweaken."FiveyearsagoImighthavesaidthere'spotentialforrealharmingivingteachersinstructionsfromthisresearch,"saysCook.Today,sheislessworriedofthepotentialtododamage—inpartbecausenoneofherstudiesto-datehasuncoveredanyevidenceofsideeffects.

21.Youngchildrencanlearnmoreiftheirteacherusesgestureswhenexplainingaconcept.

答案:D题干意为，如果老师在解释一个概念时采用手势，那么年幼的孩子能够学到更多。注意抓住题干中的关键词Youngchildren。原文D段中提到了与年幼的孩子相关的内容，该段最后一句中指出，研究表明，如果老师们在解释某一概念时使用了肢体语言，年幼的孩子们会学到更多。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选D。

22.Researchersfindthatpeoplecanlearninaneasierandquickerwayifthebodyandthemindarebothusedinlearning.

答案:A题干意为，研究人员发现，如果在学习时把身体和大脑都用上的话，人们学习起来会更容易，学习速度也会更快。注意抓住题干中的关键词Researchers和easierandquicker。原文A段中提到了与学习更容易和更快相关的内容，该段第五句指出，研究者发现，如果课程中既用到大脑又用到身体，无论是用手臂示意还是在房间里走动，学习起来都会更容易，更快速，学习持续的时间也会越长。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选A。

23.Accordingtothetheoryofembodiedcognition,ourthoughtscomefromactionsandinteractionswiththeworldaroundus.

答案:C题干意为，依据体验认知理论，我们的思想来源于行动和与周围世界的互动。注意抓住题干中的关键词embodiedcognition。原文C段中提到了与体验认知理论相关的内容，该段首句中指出，身体与头脑——这个理论被称为体验认知，它表明我们头脑中的思想活动均源自于我们的行动和与周围世界的互动。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

24.Peoplewillneverreallyforgethowtorideabike.

答案:J题干意为，人们永远都不会真的忘了怎么骑自行车。注意抓住题干中的关键词howtorideabike。原文J段提到了与骑自行车相关的内容，该段首句中指出，一个经典的例子就是我们从来不会忘记怎么骑自行车。由此可知，题干的表述与原文相符，故选J。

25.Non-declarativememoriesrefertothethingsthatwecanrememberwithoutreallyknowingthereason.

答案:I题干意为，非陈述性记忆指的是那些我们不知道什么原因但是却能够记住的事情。注意抓住题干中的关键词Non-declarativememories。原文I段提到了与非陈述性记忆相关的内容，该段最后一句中指出，但有些记忆是非陈述性的，即那些我们无法解释原因却还是能记得的事情。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

26.Sofar,noevidenceofsideeffectshasbeenshowninCook'sstudies.

答案:K题干意为，迄今为止，库克的研究中还没有发现表明其有副作用证据。注意抓住题干中的关键词sideeffects和inCook'sstudies。原文K段中提到了与副作用相关的内容，该段最后一句中指出，如今，她不再那么担心那种潜在的可能性了，部分原因在于，她的研究至今从未发现任何副作用的证据。该句中的“她”指的即是库克。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选K。

27.SusanWagnerCookhasfoundthatstudentscanbettermemorizethelessonsthatusingwordsandgestures.

答案:E题干意为，苏珊·瓦格纳·库克发现学生在(老师)使用语言和肢体语言教授的情况下能够更好地记忆所学课程。注意抓住题干中的关键词SusanWagnerCook和studentscanbettermemorize。原文E段中提到了库克发现的关于学生可以更好地记忆的相关内容，该段中最后一个分句中指出，苏珊·瓦格纳·库克发现融合了言语和动作的课程比只是用言语教授的课程能够让学生记忆得更加长久。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

28.Scienceisbeginningtosupporttheideathatactionsmightbemoreeffectivethanwordsintheclassroom.

答案:C题干意为，科学开始支持这样一种观点：在课堂上，动作或许比言语更为有效。注意抓住题干中的关键词Scienceisbeginningtosupport。原文C段中提到了科学开始支持的观点，该段最后一句中指出，科学开始支持在课堂上动作或许真的胜过语言这一观点。题干中的bemoreeffe