新SAT阅读电子讲义

SATSAT00/174目录一、 新SAT考试概述（SummaryoftheRedesignedSAT） 1二、 新SAT阅读介绍(IntroductiontotheReadingTest) 2三、 新SAT阅读特色（KeyFeaturesoftheReadingTest） 2四、 略(ReadingStrategies) 3五、 常考题型介绍(TypesofQuestions) 5附录一：新OG题型汇总（TypesofQuestionsofOG） 13附录二：过渡词汇总结(Transitionwords) 33汇总(ComplexSentencesofOG) 35：新OG拓展阅读(FurtherReadings) 49Section1Literature 49RL00001 49RL00002 54RL00003 60RL00004 66RL00005 72Section2SocialScience 77RSS00001 77RSS00002 83RSS00003 89RSS00004 95RSS00005 101Section3History 107RH00001 107RH00002 113RH00003 119RH00004 125RH00005 131Section4Science 137RS00001 137RS00002 144RS00003 151RS00004 157RS00005 163参考答案 169额外笔记区（AdditionalNotes） 170SATSATPAGEPAGE1/174一、新SAT考试概述（SummaryoftheRedesignedSAT）CategoryRedesignedSATComponentsEvidence-BasedReadingandWritingReadingTestWritingandLanguageTestMathEssay(OptionalandgivenattheendoftheSAT;postsecondaryinstitutionsdeterminewhethertheywillrequiretheEssayforadmission)LengthandTimingComponentTimeAllotted(min.)NumberofQuestions/TasksReading6552andLanguage3544Math8058Essay501Total180(230withEssay)154(155withEssay)ScoreReportingScalerangingfrom400to1600Scalerangingfrom200to800forEvidence-BasedReadingandWriting;200to800forMath;2to8oneachofthreetraitsforEssayFeaturesNopenaltyforwronganswersFouranswersforeveryquestionAvailableinpaperanddigitalforms二、新SAT阅读介绍(IntroductiontotheReadingTest) NumberofPassages: PassageLength: PassageSubject: QuestionsperPassage: 三、新SAT阅读特色（KeyFeaturesoftheReadingTest）文章类型简约化： 文章主题明确化： 文章内容图表化： 题目类型多元化： 词汇语境明晰化： 主旨题考察增多： 行号题考察减少： 答题时间相对多： 选项数量相对少： 答错不再倒扣分： SATSATPAGE4/174PAGE4/174四、新SAT阅读策略(ReadingStrategies)LSP(longsinglepassage)infoquantity： format： wordcount： timelimit: ※Strategypaired-passages)infoquantity： format： wordcount： timelimit: ※StrategySATSATPAGEPAGE10/174五、常考题型介绍(TypesofQuestions)一）信息观点类推理题ID：Solution:举证题ID：Solution:主旨题ID:Solution:词汇题ID:Solution:因果题ID:Solution:假设题ID:Solution:次序题ID:Solution:比对题ID:Solution:二）修辞手法类修辞题ID:Solution:作用题ID:Solution：视角题ID:Solution：态度题ID:Solution:SATSATPAGE12/174PAGE12/174三）综合能力类互联题ID:Solution:求同题ID:Solution:求异题ID:Solution:图文题ID:Solution:SATSATPAGEPAGE49/174附录一：新OG题型汇总（TypesofQuestionsofOG）题号题型错题分析（PQO）OG1-1概述题OG1-2修辞题OG1-3词汇题OG1-4推理题OG1-5举证题OG1-6态度题OG1-7作用题-段落OG1-8词汇题OG1-9因果题OG1-10举证题OG1-11作用题-例子OG1-12词汇题OG1-13因果题OG1-14举证题OG1-15态度题OG1-16态度题OG1-17举证题OG1-18词汇题OG1-19作用题-例子OG1-20图文题OG1-21因果题OG1-22作用题-词汇OG1-23举证题OG1-24推理题OG1-25作用题-例子OG1-26推理题OG1-27作用题-词汇OG1-28图文题OG1-29图文题OG1-30图文题OG1-31图文题OG1-32主旨题OG1-33主旨题OG1-34作用题-词汇OG1-35因果题OG1-36推理题OG1-37举证题OG1-38态度题OG1-39举证题OG1-40作用题-词汇OG1-41作用题-例子OG1-42作用题-例子OG1-43推理题OG1-44举证题OG1-45词汇题OG1-46作用题-例子OG1-47推理题OG1-48词汇题OG1-49互联题OG1-50互联题OG1-51举证题OG1-52求同题题号题型错题分析（PQO）OG2-1概述题OG2-2作用题-句子OG2-3作用题-段落OG2-4作用题-词汇OG2-5因果题OG2-6态度题OG2-7举证题OG2-8修辞题OG2-9态度题OG2-10举证题OG2-11主旨题OG2-12推理题OG2-13举证题OG2-14词汇题OG2-15作用题-段落OG2-16词汇题OG2-17举证题OG2-18作用题-段落OG2-19图文题OG2-20图文题OG2-21图文题OG2-22推理题OG2-23举证题OG2-24推理题OG2-25词汇题OG2-26作用题-例子OG2-27比对题OG2-28修辞题OG2-29主旨题OG2-30互联题OG2-31求同题OG2-32举证题OG2-33推理题OG2-34作用题-词汇OG2-35推理题OG2-36举证题OG2-37词汇题OG2-38作用题-词汇OG2-39词汇题OG2-40推理题OG2-41举证题OG2-42推理题OG2-43作用题-段落OG2-44词汇题OG2-45因果题OG2-46举证题OG2-47词汇题OG2-48推理题OG2-49举证题OG2-50图文题OG2-51图文题OG2-52图文题题号题型错题分析（PQO）OG3-1概述题OG3-2词汇题OG3-3态度题OG3-4举证题OG3-5作用题-例子OG3-6词汇题OG3-7推理题OG3-8推理题OG3-9态度题OG3-10举证题OG3-11作用题-段落OG3-12推理题OG3-13举证题OG3-14作用题-段落OG3-15举证题OG3-16词汇题OG3-17词汇题OG3-18举证题OG3-19图文题OG3-20图文题OG3-21次序题OG3-22词汇题OG3-23推理题OG3-24举证题OG3-25作用题-例子OG3-26次序题OG3-27推理题OG3-28词汇题OG3-29推理题OG3-30举证题OG3-31词汇题OG3-32推理题OG3-33举证题OG3-34推理题OG3-35词汇题OG3-36推理题OG3-37举证题OG3-38作用题-例子OG3-39互联题OG3-40求同题OG3-41互联题OG3-42作用题-词汇OG3-43假设题OG3-44举证题OG3-45推理题OG3-46举证题OG3-47词汇题OG3-48作用题-段落OG3-49假设题OG3-50图文题OG3-51图文题OG3-52图文题题号题型错题分析（PQO）OG4-1态度题OG4-2举证题OG4-3词汇题OG4-4作用题-句子OG4-5推理题OG4-6举证题OG4-7态度题OG4-8推理题OG4-9词汇题OG4-10词汇题OG4-11概述题OG4-12推理题OG4-13词汇题OG4-14推理题OG4-15举证题OG4-16推理题OG4-17举证题OG4-18词汇题OG4-19图文题OG4-20图文题OG4-21图文题OG4-22主旨题OG4-23态度题OG4-24词汇题OG4-25推理题OG4-26举证题OG4-27推理题OG4-28举证题OG4-29推理题OG4-30作用题-符号OG4-31推理题OG4-32求异题OG4-33词汇题OG4-34词汇题OG4-35推理题OG4-36互联题OG4-37举证题OG4-38互联题OG4-39举证题OG4-40互联题OG4-41求同题OG4-42主旨题OG4-43作用题-全文OG4-44举证题OG4-45作用题-词汇OG4-46推理题OG4-47举证题OG4-48推理题OG4-49举证题OG4-50图文题OG4-51图文题OG4-52图文题附录二：过渡词汇总结(Transitionwords)Transitionsthatshowaddition:And,also,too,inaddition,moreover,besides,furthermore,notonly…butalso,aboveall,aswellas,togetherwith,alongwith,nextTransitionsthatshowtime:before,after,soon,atthetime,when,while,until,during,immediately,then,now,currently,atpresentTransitionsthatshowillustration:forexample,forinstance,suchas,thatis,inthiscase,inotherwords,infact,e.g.,i.e.,punctuationmarks(colons,commas,dashes,parentheses)Transitionsthatshowcomparison:like,as,similarly,inthesameway,aswell,too,equally,justas…so,as…as,both…and,neither...nor,likewise.Transitionsthatshowcontrast:unlike,differfrom,differentfrom,incontrastwith(to),whereas,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,instead,but,however,yet,although,nevertheless,eventhough,inspiteof,despite,ratherthan.Transitionsthatshowcauses:since,because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,for,as,onaccountof,resultfrom,bringabout,leadtoTransitionsthatshowresults(consequences):asaresult,therefore,thus,hence,so,consequently,so…that,resultin,Transitionsthatshowpurpose:inorderto,inthehopethat,soasto,sothat,inthehopeof.Transitionsthatshowsummary:inaword,inconclusion,onthewhole,inshort,toconclude,letmesummarize,tosumup,finally,atlast,inanutshell,inthefinalanalysis,Transitionsthatshowsequence:first,second,third,next,then,afterthat,finally,lastofall,atthebeginning,one,another,stillanother,soon,later,initially,intheend,atlast,eventually,Transitionsthatshowcondition:if,unless,onconditionthat,provided(that),aslongas,incase,suppose,onlyif,Transitionsthatshowtheauthor’sopinion:Ithink,itseemstome,myopinionis,itshouldbenoted,fortunately,unfortunately,happily,itisworthnoting,Ibelieve,Isuggest.Transitionsthatshowchanges:itseemsthat,Itappears,theoretically,traditionally,atthefirstglance,it’scommonlythought,contrarytopopularopinion,unexpectedly,unfortunately,surprisingly,paradoxically,ironically,Note1:sometransitionwordshavethesamemeaningsuchas:also,moreover,furthermore=inaddition.Note2:Sometransitionwords,insomecases,cansignalmorethanonetypeoflogicalrelationship.Forinstance:Whilecanshowtimeandcontrast.Sothatcanshowpurposeandresult.附录三：新OG难句汇总(ComplexSentencesofOG)官方指南OG1LydiaMinitoya,TheStrangenessofBeautyHadhefollowedform—hadheaskedhismothertospeaktohisfathertoapproachago-between–wouldChiehavebeenmorereceptive?Indeed,weproposethatgift-recipientswillbelessinclinedtobasetheirfeelingsofappreciationonthemagnitudeofagiftthangiversassume.Thenotionofgift-giversandgift-recipientsbeingunabletoaccountfortheotherparty’sperspectiveseemspuzzlingbecausepeopleslipinandoutoftheseroleseveryday,and,insomecases,multipletimesinthecourseofthesameday.Thefirstfeatureofourstructurewhichisofbiologicalinterestisthatitconsistsnotofonechain,butoftwo.Thusonechainis,asitwere,thecomplementoftheother,anditisthisfeaturewhichsuggestshowthedeoxyribonucleicacidmoleculemightduplicateitself.VirginiaWoolf,ThreeGuineas,1938Wewhohavelookedsolongatthepageantinbooks,orfromacurtainedwindowwatchededucatedmenleavingthehouseataboutnine-thirtytogotoanoffice,returningtothehouseataboutsix-thirtyfromanoffice,needlookpassivelynolonger.Whocansaywhether,astimegoeson,wemaynotdressinmilitaryuniform,withgoldlaceonourbreasts,swordsatoursides,andsomethingliketheoldfamilycoal-scuttleonourheads,savethatthatvenerableobjectwasneverdecoratedwithplumesofwhitehorsehair.Theforumcomeshotontheheelsofthe2012unveilingoftwoprivateasteroid-miningfirms.Theyalsohopetobuildanoff-planeteconomyfreeofanybondswithEarth,inwhichthematerialsextractedandprocessedfromthemoonandasteroidsaredeliveredforspace-basedprojects.Questionsoftheirstewardshiphavebarelybeenbroached–andtherelevantlegalandregulatoryframeworkisfragmentary,toputitmildly.官方指南OG21857年，CharlotteBronte的《教授》TheProfessorThethingitself－theworkofcopyingandtranslatingbusinessletterswasadryandtedioustaskenough,buthadthatbeenall,Ishouldlonghavebornewiththenuisance.Iamnotofanimpatientnature,and,influencedbythedoubledesireofgettingmylivingandjustifyingtomyselfandotherstheresolutionIhadtakentobecomeatradesman,Ishouldhaveenduredinsilencetherustandcrampofmybestfaculties.Ishouldhavepentineverysighbywhichmyheartmighthaveventuredtointimateitsdistressunderthecloseness,smoke,monotony,andjoylesstumultofBigbenClose,anditspantingdesireforfreerandfresherscenes.IshouldhavesetuptheimageofDuty,thefetishofPerseverance,inmysmallbedroomatMrs.King'slodgings,andtheytwoshouldhavebeenmyhouseholdgods,fromwhichmydarling,mycherished-in-secret,Imagination,thetenderandthemighty,shouldnever,eitherbysoftnessorstrength,haveseveredme.Butthiswasnotall.Theantipathywhichhadsprungupbetweenmyselfandmyemployerstrikingdeeperrootandspreadingdensershadedaily,excludedmefromeveryglimpseofthesunshineoflife;andIbegantofeellikeaplantgrowinginhumiddarknessoutoftheslimywallsofawell.HadIbeeninanythinginferiortohim,hewouldnothavehatedmesothoroughly;butIknewallthatheknew,and,whatwasworse,hesuspectedthatIkeptthepadlockofsilenceonmentalwealthinwhichhewasnosharer.Ifhecouldhaveonceplacedmeinaridiculousormortifyingposition,hewouldhaveforgivenmemuch,butIwasguardedbythreefaculties－caution,tact,observation;andprowlingandpryingaswasEdward'smalignity,itcouldneverbafflethelynx-eyesofthese,mynaturalsentinels.Daybydaydidhismalicewatchmytact,hopingitwouldsleep,andpreparedtostealsnake-likeonitsslumber;buttact,ifitbegenuine,neversleeps.2013年，LainKing《经济可以爱道德吗》Insteadofjudgingconsequences,Aristotlesaidethicswasabouthavingtherightcharacter–displayingvirtueslikecourageandhonesty.Insteadofrootingethicsincharacterortheconsequencesofactions,wecanfocusonouractionsthemselves.1.Genuinemultitasking,too,hasbeenexposedasamyth,notjustbylaboratorystudiesbutbythefamiliarsightofanSUVundulatingbetweenlanesasthedrivercutdealsonhiscellphones.背景介绍：Women'srightspioneerElizabethCadyStanton(1815-1902gavethispowerfulspeechin1868attheWomen'sSuffrageConventioninWashington,D.C.Twentyyearsearlier,atSenecaFalls,NewYork,shehadhelpedtolaunchthewomen'srightsmovementinAmerica.StantonworkedtirelesslyformorethanhalfacenturytoobtainvotingrightsforAmericanwomenandalsoquestionedthesocialandpoliticalnormsofherdaywhichexcludedwomen.Themaleelementisadestructiveforce,stern,selfish,aggrandizing,lovingwar,violence,conquest,acquisition,breedinginthematerialandmoralworldalikediscord,disorder,disease,anddeath.Themaleelementhasheldhighcarnivalthusfar;ithasfairlyrunriotfromthebeginning,overpoweringthefeminineelementeverywhere,crushingoutallthedivinerqualitiesinhumannature,untilweknowbutlittleoftruemanhoodandwomanhood,ofthelattercomparativelynothing,forithasscarcebeenrecognizedasapoweruntilwithinthelastcentury.Herethatgreatconservatorofwoman'slove,ifpermittedtoassertitself,asitnaturallywouldinfreedomagainstoppression,violence,andwar,wouldholdallthesedestructiveforcesincheck,forwomanknowsthecostoflifebetterthanmandoes,andnotwithherconsentwouldonedropofbloodeverbeshed,onelifesacrificedinvain.InternalWavesUnlikeotherlargewaves,theserollers,calledinternalwaves,donotridetheoceansurfaces.Asthesewavesmovetowardland,theybecomesteeper—muchthesamewaywavesatthebeachbecometallerbeforetheyhittheshore—untiltheybreakonacontinentalshelf.官方指南OG3shortstoryTheSchartz-MetterklumeMethodLadyCarlottasteppedoutontotheplatformofthesmallwaysidestationandtookaturnortwoupanddownitsuninterestinglength,tokilltimetillthetrainshouldbepleasedtoproceedonitsway.Then,intheroadwaybeyond,shesawahorsestrugglingwithamorethanampleload,andacarterofthesortthatseemstobearasullenhatredagainsttheanimalthathelpshimtoearnaliving.Certainofheracquaintanceswerewonttogiveherplentifuladmonitionastotheundesirabilityofinterferingonbehalfofadistressedanimal,suchinterferencebeing“noneofherbusiness.”Onlyoncehadsheputthedoctrineofnon-interferenceintopractice,whenoneofitsmosteloquentexponentshadbeenbesiegedfornearlythreehoursinasmallandextremelyuncomfortablemay-treebyanangryboar-pig,whileLadyCarlotta,ontheothersideofthefence,hadproceededwiththewater-coloursketchshewasengagedon,andrefusedtointerferebetweentheboarandhisprisoner.Beforeshehadtimetothinkwhathernextmovemightbeshewasconfrontedbyanimposinglyattiredlady,whoseemedtobetakingaprolongedmentalinventoryofherclothesandlooks.DuringthedrivetotheQuabarlmansionLadyCarlottawasimpressivelyintroducedtothenatureofthechargethathadbeenthrustuponher;shelearnedthatClaudeandWilfridweredelicate,sensitiveyoungpeople,thatIrenehadtheartistictemperamenthighlydeveloped,andthatViolawassomethingorotherelseofamouldequallycommonplaceamongchildrenofthatclassandtypeinthetwentiethcentury.Mrs.Quabarl,touseacolloquialexpression,wasknockedoffherperch.Shewasoneofthoseimperfectlyself-assuredindividualswhoaremagnificentandautocraticaslongastheyarenotseriouslyopposed.,Straphanger:SavingOurcitiesandOurselvesfromtheAutomobile,2012Andyetpublictransportation,inmanyminds,istheoppositeofglamour–asqualidlastresortforthosewithonetoomanyimpaireddrivingcharges,toopoortoaffordinsurance,ortoodecrepittogetbehindthewheelofacar.Anybodywhohaswaitedfartoolongonastreetcornerfortheprivilegeofboardingalurching,overcrowdedbus,orwrestledluggageontosubwaysandshuttlestogettoabitcityairport,knowsthattransitonthiscontinenttendstobeunderfunded,ill-maintained,andill-planned.The“Millenials,”whoreachedadulthoodaroundtheturnofthecenturyandnowoutnumberbabyboomers,tendtofavorcitiesoversuburbs,andarefarmorewillingthantheirparentstoridebusesandsubways.TheexperienceofEuropeanandAsiancitiesshowsthatifyoumakebuses,subways,andtrainsconvenient,comfortable,fast,andsafe,asurprisinglylargepercentageofcitizenswillopttorideratherthandrive.KensettledontheChukarPartridgeasamodelspecies,buthemightnothavemadehisdiscoverywithoutakeypieceofadvicefromthelocalrancherinMontanawhowassupplyinghimwithbirds.Thebirdsweredoingtheverysamethingwiththeirwingstohelpthemscrambleupotherwiseimpossibleslopes.Itnotonlyallowedyoungbirdstoclimbverticalsurfaceswithinthefirstfewweeksoflifebutalsogaveadultsanenergy-efficientalternativetoflying.Thathalfthehumanraceisexcludedbytheotherhalffromanyparticipationingovernment;thattheyarenativebybirthbutforeignbylawintheverylandwheretheywereborn;andthattheyareproperty-ownersyethavenodirectinfluenceorrepresentation:areallpoliticalphenomenaapparentlyimpossibletoexplainonabstractprinciple.Isitnotapparent,thattheirdelicateconstitution,theirpeacefulinclinations,andthemanydutiesofmotherhood,setthemapartfromstrenuoushabitsandonerousduties,andsummonthemtogentleoccupationsandthecaresofthehome?AndisitnotevidentthatthegreatconservingprincipleofSocieties,whichmakesthedivisionofpowersasourceofharmony,hasbeenexpressedandrevealedbynatureitself,whenitdividedthefunctionsofthetwosexesinsoobviouslydistinctamanner?Youmust,youtrulymustallowthepersistenceofaunionthatnointerest,norivalry,canpossiblyundo.Howcanwomanbeexpectedtoco-operateunlesssheknowwhysheoughttobevirtuous?Unlessfreedomstrengthenherreasontillshecomprehendherduty,andseeinwhatmanneritisconnectedwithherrealgood?Iftheabstractrightsofmanwillbeardiscussionandexplanation,thoseofwoman,byaparityofreasoning,willnotshrinkfromthesametest:thoughadifferentopinionprevailsinthiscountry,builtontheveryargumentswhichyouusetojustifytheoppressionofwoman－prescription.1.Without,atleast,intermittentfeedingonthepyrethrumproducingplants,beecoloniesaresusceptibletomiteinfestationswhichcanbecomefataleitherdirectlyorduetoasecondaryinfectionofimmune-compromisedornutritionallydeficientbees.OG4年,MacDonaldHarris的TheBalloonist(NationalBookAwardsWinnerin1977)ForthefirsttimethereisborneinuponmethefulltruthofwhatImyselfsaidtothedoctoronlyanhourago:thatmymotivesinthisundertakingarenotentirelyclear.Risingslowlyfromtheearththatboremeandgavemesustenance,Iamcarriedhelplesslytowardanuninhabitedandhostile,oratbestindifferent,partoftheearth,litteredwiththebonesofexplorersandthewrecksofships,frozensupplycaches,messagesscrawledwithchilledfingersandhiddenincairnsthatnoeyewilleversee.Itisn’tclearhowthisdoctrineistobeinterpreted,exceptthatthePoleissomethingdifficultorimpossiblebesoughtfor,becausemaniscondemnedtoseekoutandknoweverythingwhetherornottheknowledgegivesthempleasure.1.Butthereisnoreasontobelievethatthedemographictrendsprevailingpriortotheconstructionbustwillnotresumeoncethatbustisover.EmilyAnthes,Frankenstein’sCat1.Instead,mostresearchersenvisionedfarmoreconsequentialapplications,hopingtocreategeneticallyengineeredanimalsthatsavedhumanlives.Toavoid…theevilsofinconstancyandversatility,tenthousandtimesworsethanthoseofobstinacyandtheblindestprejudice,wehaveconsecratedthestate,thatnomanshouldapproachtolookintoitsdefectsorcorruptionsbutwithduecaution;thatheshouldneverdreamofbeginningitsreformationbyitssubversion;thatheshouldapproachtothefaultsofthestateastothewoundsofafather,withpiousaweandtremblingsolicitude.Bythiswiseprejudicewearetaughttolookwithhorroronthosechildrenoftheircountrywhoarepromptrashlytohackthatagedparentinpieces,andputhimintothekettleofmagicians,inhopesthatbytheirpoisonousweeks,andwildincantations,theymayregeneratethepaternalconstitution,andrenovatetheirfather’slife.Subordinatecontractsforobjectsofmereoccasionalinterestmaybedissolvedatpleasure—butthestateoughtnottobeconsideredasnothingbetterthanapartnershipagreementinatradeofpepperandcoffee,calicoortobacco,orsomeothersuchlowconcern,tobetakenupforalittletemporaryinterest,andtobedissolvedbythefancyoftheparties.Themunicipalcorporationsofthatuniversalkingdomarenotmorallyatlibertyattheirpleasure,andontheirspeculationsofacontingentimprovement,whollytoseparateandtearasunderthebandsoftheirsubordinatecommunityandtodissolveitintoanunsocial,uncivil,unconnectedchaosofelementaryprinciples.TheParliamentorthepeopleof1688,orofanyotherperiod,hadnomorerighttodisposeofthepeopleofthepresentday,ortobindortocontroltheminanyshapewhatever,thantheparliamentorthepeopleofthepresentdayhavetodisposeof,bind,orcontrolthosewhoaretoliveahundredorathousandyearshence.Thosewhohavequittedtheworld,andthosewhoarenotyetarrivedatit,areasremotefromeachother,astheutmoststretchofmortalimaginationcanconceive.Whatpossibleobligation,then,canexistbetweenthem;whatruleorprinciplecanbelaiddown,thattwononentities,theoneoutofexistence,andtheothernotin,andwhonevercanmeetinthisworld,thattheoneshouldcontroltheothertotheendoftime?...2013,AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.In2012,ateamofscientistsledbygeochemistGiffordMillerstrengthenedthelinkbetweenthemysteryeruptionandtheonsetoftheLittleIceAgebyusingradiocarbondatingofdeadplantmaterialfrombeneaththeicecapsonBaffinIslandandIceland,aswellasiceandsedimentcoredate,todeterminethatthecoldsummersandicegrowthbeganabruptlybetween1275and1300C.E.(andbecameintensifiedbetween1430and1455C.E.)ButwhenLavigne’steamexaminedshardsofvolcanicglassfromthisvolcano,theyfoundthattheydidn’tmatchthechemicalcompositionoftheglassfoundinpolaricecores,whereastheSamalasglassisamuchclosermatch.附录四：新OG拓展阅读(FurtherReadings)Section1LiteratureRL00001ThispassageisadaptedfromSirArthurConanDoyle,"TheAdventuresofSherlockHolmes,"originallypublishedin1892.ItistoldfromthepointofviewofDr.Watson,whoworkscloselywithdetectiveSherlockHolmes.Theportlyclientpuffedouthischestwithanappearanceofsomelittleprideandpulledadirtyandwrinklednewspaperfromtheinsidepocketofhisgreatcoat.Asheglanceddowntheadvertisementcolumn,withhisheadthrust5 forwardandthepaperflattenedoutuponhisknee,Itookagoodlookatthemanandendeavored,afterthefashionofmycompanion,toreadtheindicationswhichmightbepresentedbyhisdressorappearance.Ididnotgainverymuch,however,bymyinspection.Our10 visitorboreeverymarkofbeinganaveragecommonplaceBritishtradesman,obese,pompous,andslow.Heworeratherbaggygreyshepherd’schecktrousers,anotover-cleanblackfrock-coat,unbuttonedinthefront,andadrabwaistcoatwithaheavybrassyAlbertchain,andasquarepiercedbitofmetal15 danglingdownasanornament.Afrayedtop-hatandafadedbrownovercoatwithawrinkledvelvetcollarlayuponachairbesidehim.Altogether,lookasIwould,therewasnothingremarkableaboutthemansavehisblazingredhead,andtheexpressionofextremechagrinanddiscontentuponhisfeatures.20 SherlockHolmes’quickeyetookinmyoccupation,andheshookhisheadwithasmileashenoticedmyquestioningglances.“Beyondtheobviousfactsthathehasatsometimedonemanuallabour,thatheisaFreemason,thathehasbeeninChina,andthathehasdoneaconsiderableamountof25writinglately,Icandeducenothingelse.”Mr.JabezWilsonstartedupinhischair,withhisforefingeruponthepaper,buthiseyesuponmycompanion.“How,inthenameofgood-fortune,didyouknowallthat,Mr.Holmes?”heasked.“Howdidyouknow,forexample,30 thatIdidmanuallabour?It’sastrueasgospel,forIbeganasaship’scarpenter.”“Yourhands,mydearsir.Yourrighthandisquiteasizelargerthanyourleft.Youhaveworkedwithit,andthemusclesaremoredeveloped.”35 “Well,then,andtheFreemasonry?”“Iwon’tinsultyourintelligencebytellingyouhowIreadthat,especiallyas,ratheragainstthestrictrulesofyourorder,youuseanarc-and-compassbreastpin.”“Ah,ofcourse,Iforgotthat.Butthewriting?”40 “Whatelsecanbeindicatedbythatrightcuffsoveryshinyforfiveinches,andtheleftonewiththesmoothpatchneartheelbowwhereyourestituponthedesk?”“Well,butChina?”“Thefishthatyouhavetattooedimmediatelyaboveyour45 rightwristcouldonlyhavebeendoneinChina.Ihavemadeasmallstudyoftattoomarksandhaveevencontributedtotheliteratureofthesubject.Thattrickofstainingthefishes’scalesofadelicatepinkisquitepeculiartoChina.When,inaddition,IseeaChinesecoinhangingfromyourwatch-50 chain,thematterbecomesevenmoresimple.”Mr.JabezWilsonlaughedheavily.“Well,Inever!”saidhe.“Ithoughtatfirstthatyouhaddonesomethingclever,butIseethattherewasnothinginitafterall.”“Ibegintothink,Watson,”saidHolmes,“thatImakea55 mistakeinexplaining.‘Omneignotumpromagnifico,’*youknow,andmypoorlittlereputation,suchasitis,willsuffershipwreckifIamsocandid.Canyounotfindtheadvertisement,Mr.Wilson?”“Yes,Ihavegotitnow,”heansweredwithhisthickred60 fingerplantedhalfwaydownthecolumn.“Hereitis.Thisiswhatbeganitall.Youjustreaditforyourself,sir.*Roughlytranslatedas“Everythingunknownis/seemsmagnificent.”Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsfromA．anabstractdescriptionprovidedbythenarratortoaconcretedescriptionprovidedbytheclient.B．adetailedstudyofSherlockHolmestoanoutsider’sstudyofhisclient.C．thedescriptionofacharacter’souterappearancetoadescriptionofhisinnerbeliefs.D．theintroductionofonecharactertotherevelationofanothercharacter’sastuteobservations.Asusedinline6,“fashion”mostnearlymeansA．construction.B．appearance.C．manner.D．clothing.Themainpurposeofthesecondparagraphistoshowthattheclientislessvethatthenarratorisinherentlybiasedagainsttheclient.C．demonstratethatthenarratorismistakeninhisviewoftheworld.D．presentthenarrator’sassessmentoftheclientbasedonhisappearance.Bytheendofthepassage,theclientviewsHolmes’riguing.astonishing.insulting.ThepassageimpliesthatHolmesknowsthatWatsonA．hasbeentryingtomakehisowninferencesabouttheclient.B．recognizestheclientfromapreviousmeeting.C．cannotunderstandwhytheclienthaschosentocometothem.D．understandstheclientbetterthanHolmesdoes.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?15–17(“Afrayed...him”)lines17–20(“Altogether...features”)lines21–23(“Sherlock...glances”)lines23–26(“Beyond...else”)Inlines46–48,thewords“study,”and“literature”primarilyservetodemonstratethedepthofHolmes’videafalsesenseofauthoritytoHolmes’vethatHolmesfeelsthatheisintellectuallysuperiortoWatson.Accordingtothepassage,HolmesdeducesthattheclientreceivedhistattooinChinabecausetheclienthassaidthathehasspenttimeinChina.thetattooistheChinesesymbolfortheFreemasons.Holmeswroteabookaboutthetypeoffishdepictedinthetattoo.thecoloringtechniqueusedinthetattooisuniquetoChina.SherlockHolmes’sdeductionsabouttheclientservetointroducetheclientironicallytosetthetonefortherestofthepassage.characterizeHolmesasunusuallyperceptiveandknowledgeable.showtheextentofWatson’serrorstoestablishhimasincapable.highlightsthedifferenceinsocialclassbetweenthedetectiveandtheclient.Itcanbereasonablyinferredthat,afterhearingHomesexplainhisobservat