SAT真题汇编：201805北美

2018年5月

北美SAT真题

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ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

DIRECTIONS

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromTheodoreDreiser,SisterCarrie.Originallypublishedin1900.

Itwasnotoftenthatshecametotheplaystirredtoherheart’scorebyactualities.To-dayalowsongoflonginghadbeensetsinginginherheartbythe

Linefinery,themerriment,thebeautyshehadseen.Oh,

5thesewomenwhohadpassedherby,hundredsandhundredsstrong,whowerethey?Whencecametherich,elegantdresses,theastonishinglycolouredbuttons,theknick-knacksofsilverandgold?Whereweretheselovelycreatureshoused?Amidwhat

10eleganciesofcarvedfurniture,decoratedwalls,elaboratetapestriesdidtheymove?Whereweretheirrichapartments,loadedwithallthatmoneycouldprovide?Inwhatstableschampedthesesleek,nervoushorsesandrestedthegorgeouscarriages?

15Whereloungedtherichlygroomedfootmen?Oh,themansions,thelights,theperfume,theloadedboudoirsandtables!NewYorkmustbefilledwithsuchbowers,orthebeautiful,insolent,superciliouscreaturescouldnotbe.Somehothousesheldthem.

20Itachedhertoknowthatshewasnotoneofthem—that,alas,shehaddreamedadreamandithadnotcometrue.Shewonderedatherownsolitudethesetwoyearspast—herindifferencetothefactthatshehadneverachievedwhatshehadexpected.

amidgildedsurroundings.Suchbon-motsareeverenticingtothosewhohavealltheirdayslongedfor

30suchmaterialsurroundingsandhaveneverhadthemgratified.Theyhavethecharmofshowingsufferingunderidealconditions.Whowouldnotgrieveuponagildedchair?Whowouldnotsufferamidperfumedtapestries,cushionedfurniture,andliveriedservants?

35Griefundersuchcircumstancesbecomesanenticingthing.Carrielongedtobeofit.Shewantedtotakehersufferings,whatevertheywere,insuchaworld,orfailingthat,atleasttosimulatethemundersuchcharmingconditionsuponthestage.Soaffectedwas

40hermindbywhatshehadseen,thattheplaynowseemedanextraordinarilybeautifulthing.Shewassoonlostintheworlditrepresented,andwishedthatshemightneverreturn.Betweentheactsshestudiedthegalaxyofmatineeattendantsinfrontrowsand

45boxes,andconceivedanewideaofthepossibilitiesofNewYork.Shewassureshehadnotseenitall—thatthecitywasonewhirlofpleasureanddelight.

Goingout,thesameBroadwaytaughtherasharperlesson.Thesceneshehadwitnessedcoming

50downwasnowaugmentedandatitsheight.Suchacrushoffineryandfollyshehadneverseen.Itclinchedherconvictionsconcerningherstate.Shehadnotlived,couldnotlayclaimtohavinglived,untilsomethingofthishadcomeintoherownlife.

55Womenwerespendingmoneylikewater;shecould

seethatineveryelegantshopshepassed.Flowers,

25 Theplaywasoneofthosedrawing-room

concoctionsinwhichcharminglyoverdressedladiesandgentlemensufferthepangsofloveandjealousy

candy,jewelry,seemedtheprincipalthingsinwhichtheelegantdameswereinterested.Andshe—shehad

scarcelyenoughpinmoneytoindulgeinsuch

60outingsasthisafewtimesamonth.

Thatnighttheprettylittleflatseemedacommonplacething.Itwasnotwhattherestoftheworldwasenjoying.Shesawtheservantworkingatdinnerwithanindifferenteye.Inhermindwere

65runningscenesoftheplay.Particularlysherememberedonebeautifulactress—thesweetheartwhohadbeenwooedandwon.ThegraceofthiswomanhadwonCarrie’sheart.Herdresseshadbeenallthatartcouldsuggest,hersufferingshadbeenso

70real.TheanguishwhichshehadportrayedCarriecouldfeel.Itwasdoneasshewassureshecoulddoit.Therewereplacesinwhichshecouldevendobetter.Hencesherepeatedthelinestoherself.Oh,ifshecouldonlyhavesuchapart,howbroadwouldbe

75herlife!She,too,couldactappealingly.

1

Throughoutthepassage,thenarratorprovidesinsightintoCarrie’scharactermainlyby

explaininghowCarrieissimilartoacharactersheseesinaplay.

developingacontrastbetweenhowCarrieperceivesherselfandhowsheisperceivedbyothers.

comparingCarrie’sactualappearancetoherperceptionsofherappearance.

juxtaposingCarrie’sperceptionsofthecityandherimpressionsatthetheater.

2

Oneimportantthemeofthepassagedevelopedthroughthenarrator’spresentationofCarrieisthat

naturaltalentwilllanguishifitremainsunnourished.

imaginedpleasureshavethepowertomakeeverydaylifeseemunacceptable.

nogoalisunfeasiblesolongasitispursuedwithstubbornpersistence.

relationshipsareultimatelymoreimportantthanmoneyindetermininganindividual’shappiness.

3

Asusedinline1,“stirred”mostnearlymeans

moved.

angered.

prodded.

encouraged.

4

Whatmaineffectdothewords“knick-knacks”(line8)and“concoctions”(line26)haveonthepassage?

Theyunderscorethewidespreadpopularityofthethingsbeingdescribed.

TheyprovideinsightintothecausesunderlyingCarrie’smaterialisticmind-set.

TheyemphasizehowlittlevalueCarrieactuallyattachestothethingssheappearstocovet.

TheysuggestthatthethingsCarrieisobservingoughttoberegardedastrivial.

5

7

Themainpurposeoftheseriesofquestionsinthefirstparagraphisto

revealCarrie’signoranceofthewomen’sprivatestruggles.

capturethescene’sauthenticitybyprovidingdetaileddescriptionsofthewomen.

emphasizethenarrator’scontemptforthewomen’sdisplaysofaffluence.

developthenarrator’sportrayalofCarrie’sintenseadmirationofprivilegedwomen.

6

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencethatthenarratordoesnotshareCarrie’sviewofthetypeofplaythatCarrieattends?

lines20-22(“Itached...true”)

lines28-31(“Such...gratified”)

lines39-41(“Soaffected...thing”)

lines41-43(“Shewas...return”)

Basedonthepassage,Carrieregardsherday-to-daylifestyleasonethathas

notbeenconducivetohelpingherachieveherambitions.

followedarepetitivebutproductivepattern.

allowedforinteractionwitharangeofinterestingpeople.

facilitatedhergoalsasanactress.

8

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines22-24(“Shewondered...expected”)

lines36-39(“Shewanted...stage”)

lines49-50(“Thescene...height”)

lines56-68(“Flowers...interested”)

9

10

Accordingtothepassage,asCarrieviewstheplay,sheenvieswhichaspectofthecharacters’lives?

Theirlackofeverydayproblems

Theirabilitytoforgetthepasteasilyandfocusonthepresent

Theiropportunitytobeartheirsufferingsinfortunatecircumstances

Theiropenindifferencetomaterialpossessions

Accordingtothepassage,Carriejudgestheperformanceoftheactresswhoplayedthehero’ssweetheartas

inferiorincertainrespectstotheperformancethatshebelievesherselftobecapableofgiving.

dissatisfyinginitsemphasisonphysicalgraceoveremotionalauthenticity.

clumsyandmelodramaticyetsuperiortotheotheractors’performances.

difficulttowatchbecauseoftheintensesufferingitevoked.

Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageandaccompanyingfiguresareadaptedfromGiovanniFrazzetto,Joy,Guilt,Anger,Love:WhatNeuroscienceCan—andCan’t—TellUsaboutHowWeFeel.©2013byGiovanniFrazzetto.

Dr.AnnaAbrahamwantedtofindoutwhetherthebrainoperatesbydifferentmechanismswhenitisexposedtoasituationthatisrealasopposedtoone

Linethatisentirelyfictional.Soshedesignedan

5interestingfMRI-based1experimentthatexploredthebrain’sreactionstosituationsthatinvolvedeitherrealorfictionalcharacters.

Participantswereshownone-sentencewrittenscenariosinwhicharealpersonnamedPeterwas

10involvedinsituationsthatincludedGeorgeBushorCinderella.Inonesetofsituations,Petersimplyreceivedinformationaboutbothcharacters.Theothersetofsituationsinvolveddirectinteractionswiththecharacters.Whatparticipantshadtodowas

15simple.Theyhadtodecidewhetherthescenariosportrayedwerepossibleornot—thatis,iftheycouldindeedhappeninthephysicalrealityoftheworldwelivein.

Howdoesthebrainoperatewhenassessingthese

20twodifferenttypesofscenarios?Theresultswereintriguing.Commontobothtypesofsituationwassomelevelofmentalactivityinpartsofthebrain,suchasthehippocampus,thatareatworkwhenweingeneralrecallfactsorevents.Suchactivitywas

25detectableregardlessofthenatureofthescenario—thatis,whetherthescenariowasinformative(whenPeteronlyheardaboutthecharacters)orinteractive(whenheactuallymetthecharacters).However,therewereafewstrikingfinerdistinctionsinactivity

30relativetothetwoscenariosandthesedependedonthetypeofcharacterinvolved.

WhenexposedtoscenariosfeaturingGeorgeBush—afamousrealperson—thebraininvolvedtheanteriormedialprefrontalcortex(amPFC)andthe

35precuneusandposteriorcingulatecortex(PCC).TheamPFCandthePCCaremedialpartsofthebrainthatareinvolvedinautobiographicalmemoryretrievalaswellasself-referentialthinking.

Whenfictionalcharacterswerefeatured,thebrain

40respondedsomewhatdifferently.Partsofthelateralfrontallobe,suchastheinferiorfrontalgyrus(IFG),weremoreactive.TheIFGisthoughttoprovidemirroringcapacities,butisalsoinvolvedinhigh-

levellanguageprocessing.ThefactthatGeorgeBush

45waslinkedtopersonalmemoryretrievalbutCinderellawasnotledtheresearcherstothinkthatacrucialdifferencewhenassessingrealorfictionalscenariosmightlienotsomuchinthedegreeofrealnessofthecharacterinvolved,butintheir

50relevancetoourreality.Totestthishypothesis,theypeeredintothebrainofnineteennewvolunteerswho,asinthepreviousstudy,wereaskedtoassessthepossibilitythatarealprotagonistcouldeitherimagine,hearordreamaboutoractuallyinteract

55withasetofcharacters.However,thistimethecharactersinvolvedinthescenarioswererankedinthreecategorieswithdifferingdegreesofpersonalrelevancefortheparticipants:theirfriendsorfamily(highpersonalrelevance),famouspeople(medium

60relevance)andfictionalcharacters(lowpersonalrelevance).Aspredicted,theactivationintheamPFCandPCCwasindeedproportionallymodulatedbythedegreeofrelevanceofthecharactersdescribed.Itwashighestinthecaseoffriendsandfamily

65membersandlowestinthecaseoffictionalcharacters.

Theresearchersgavethefollowingexplanation.

Whenyouencounterrealcharacters,evenifyouhavenevermetthem,theywillintegrateintoawide,

70comprehensiveandintricatelyconnectedstructureintheconceptualstorageofyourmind.Youarefamiliarwiththeirbasicbehaviouralfeaturesashumanbeings.Youknowmoreorlesshowtheythink,whatkindofopinionstheymayproduce.You

75areawareoftherangeofemotionsthatyoucanexpectfromthem.Bycontrast,yourmindisnotequallyfamiliarwithfictionalcharacters.Nomatterhowmuchweknowabouttheworldofafictionalcharactertherewillstillbesomethingalienand

80inscrutabletousaboutthatworld.Youmayhavereadallthebooksaboutafictionalcharacter,buttheamountofinformationyouhavegatheredaboutthatcharacterisstilldefinitelylimitedcomparedwiththewealthofinformationthatisavailabletoyouabout

85membersofyourfamily,friends,orfamousrealpeoplewhoarepartofyourimmediateandpastexperience.Basically,inordertounderstandafictionalcharacter,youneedtodigdeeperintoyourimagination,becauseheorsheisbounduptofewer

90nodesofreferenceinyournetworkthanarereal,orrelevant,peopleinyourlife.

1fMRIisshortfor“functionalmagneticresonanceimaging.”

Figure1

Figure2

11

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

advocateformoreresearchonhowthebrainconnectsrealandfictionalevents.

informthereaderabouttheresultsofexperimentsonbrainfunction.

explorehowthebrainprocessesfactualinformation.

arguethatthewaythebrainprocessesfictionalsituationsiswidelymisunderstood.

12

Asusedinline19,“operate”mostnearlymeans

manipulate.

exercise.

function.

conduct.

13

Whichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatthereareimportantsimilaritiesbetweenhowthebrainrespondstoscenariosinvolvingrealpeopleandhowitrespondstothoseinvolvingfictionalpeople?

lines21-24(“Common...events”)

lines28-31(“However...involved”)

lines71-76(“Youare...them”)

lines80-87(“Youmay...experience”)

14

17

ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethattheresultsofAbraham’sexperimentsshowedthat

interactivescenariosresultedinfinerdistinctionsinbrainactivitythandidinformativescenarios.

bothinteractiveandinformativescenariosrequiredmemoryrecall.

informativescenariosweremorelikelytobeconsideredpossiblethanwereinteractivescenarios.

allscenariosyieldedsomeunclassifiablebrainactivity.

15

ThegreatestincreaseinactivityintheamPFCofaresearchsubject’sbrainwouldmostlikelybeobservedinscenariosinwhicharealprotagonist

hasaconversationwitharealpersonwhoisunknowntothesubject.

interactswithrealpeoplewhowerechildhoodfriendsofthesubject’s.

encountersafictionalcharacteraboutwhomthesubjectisquiteknowledgeable.

istoldaboutarealpersonthesubjecthaspreviouslymet.

Accordingtothepassage,thebrainstoresinformationaboutfamousrealpeople

inordertoallowefficientretrievallater.

exactlyasitstoresinformationaboutclosefriendsorfamilymembers.

indifferentareasdependingonthetypeofcontactonehaswiththem.

inanetworkofmemoriesbroaderinscopethanmemoriesaboutfictionalpeople.

18

Asusedinline79,“alien”mostnearlymeans

inconsistent.

foreign.

extraterrestrial.

complex.

16

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines11-14(“Inone...characters”)

lines45-49(“However...personalrelevance”)

lines55-61(“Aspredicted...described”)

lines71-73(“Youare...beings”)

19

20

Accordingtofigure1,thepercentincreaseintheactivityofthePCCinsubjectsreactingtoascenarioinwhichsomeonehasaconversationwitharealpersonisapproximately

A)0.05%.

B)0.1%.

C)0.13%.

D)0.18%.

Accordingtofigure1andfigure2,thehighestpercentchangeinactivityinanyofthestudiedareasofthebrainwasinthe

PCCwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoaninteractivescenarioinvolvingrealpeople.

IFGwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoaninteractivescenarioinvolvingfictionalpeople.

PCCwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoanyscenarioinvolvingfictionalpeople.

IFGwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoaninteractivescenarioinvolvingrealpeople.

Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromDavidGrimm,“TheGenesThatTurnedWildcatsintoKittyCats.”©2014byAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.

Placeahousecatnexttoitsdirectancestor,theNearEasternwildcat,anditmaytakeyouaminutetospotthedifference.They’reaboutthesamesize

Lineandshape,and,well,theybothlooklikecats.Butthe

5wildcatisfierceandferal,whereasthehousecat,thankstonearly10,000yearsofdomestication,istameandadaptableenoughtohavebecometheworld’smostpopularpet.Nowscientistshavebeguntopinpointthegeneticchangesthatdrovethis

10remarkabletransformation.Thefindings,basedonthefirsthigh-qualitysequenceofthecatgenome,couldshedlightonhowothercreaturesbecometame.

“Thisistheclosestthingtoasmokinggunwe’veeverhad,”saysGregerLarson,anevolutionary

15biologistattheUniversityofOxfordintheUnitedKingdomwhohasstudiedthedomesticationofpigs,dogs,andotheranimals.“We’remuchclosertounderstandingthenitty-grittyofdomesticationthanwewereadecadeago.”

45revealed281genesthatshowsignsofrapidornumerousgeneticchanges—ahallmarkofrecentselections—indomesticcats.Someappeartobeinvolvedinhearingandvision,thesensesthatfelinesrelyonmost.Othersplayaroleinfatmetabolism

50andarelikelyanadaptationtocats’highlycarnivorouslifestyle.

Butthemostintriguingfindingscamewhentheteamsequencedthegenomesof22domesticcats—representingawidevarietyofbreedsandlocations—

55andcomparedthemwiththegenomesoftwoNearEasternandtwoEuropeanwildcats.Theresearchersuncoveredatleast13genesthatchangedascatsmorphedfromferaltofriendly.Someofthese,basedonpreviousstudiesofknockoutmice[genetically

60engineeredmice],seemtoplayaroleincognition,includingfearresponsesandtheabilitytolearnnewbehaviorswhengivenfoodrewards.“Thatjibeswithwhatweknowaboutthedomesticationofcats,”Montaguesays,“becausetheywouldhaveneededto

65becomelessfearfulofnewlocationsandindividuals,andthepromiseoffoodwouldhavekeptthemstickingaround.”

“Thisismyfavoritepartofthepaper,”says

KerstinLindblad-Toh,aleadingcomparative

20 Catsfirstenteredhumansocietyabout9,500years

ago,notlongafterpeoplefirsttookupfarmingintheMiddleEast.Drawntorodentsthathadinvadedgrainstores,wildcatsslunkoutofthedesertsandintovillages.There,manyscientistssuspect,they

70genomicistatUppsalaUniversityinSwedenwhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Shenotesthatafewofthegenestheteamidentifiedcodeforglutamatereceptors,whichplayakeyroleinlearningandmemoryandmayhavebeenselectedinhumansas

25mostlydomesticatedthemselves,withthefriendliest

onesabletotakeadvantageofhumantablescrapsandprotection.Overthousandsofyears,catsshrankslightlyinsize,acquiredapanoplyofcoatcolorsandpatterns,and(largely)shedtheantisocialtendencies

30oftheirpast.Domesticanimalsfromcowstodogshaveundergonesimilartransformations,yetscientistsknowrelativelylittleaboutthegenesinvolved.

ResearchersledbyMichaelMontague,apostdoc

75well.“We’rehittingongenesthatallowourbrainstodevelopandmakeusinteractsocially.”

Theteamalsofoundfivegenesindomesticcatsthatinfluencethemigrationofneuralcrestcells,stemcellsinthedevelopingembryothataffect

80everythingfromskullshapetocoatcolor.Thissupportsarecentproposalthatsuchcellsmaybethemastercontrolswitchesofdomestication,explainingwhydomesticanimalssharecommontraits,suchas

smallerbrainsandcertainpigmentationpatterns.

35attheWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,havenowpinpointedsomeofthem.

Thescientistsstartedwiththegenomeofadomesticcat—afemaleAbyssinian—thathadbeenpublishedindraftformin2007,thenfilledinmissing

85 Sowhyarecatsstillabitwilderthanourotherfavoritedomesticate,thedog?Co-authorWilliamMurphy,ageneticistatTexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,saysthecatgenomeappearstohaveundergonelessintenseandmorerecentevolutionary

40sequencesandidentifiedgenes.Theycomparedthe

resultinggenomewiththoseofcows,tigers,dogs,andhumans.

Theanalysis,publishedrecentlyinthe

ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,

90pressurethanthatofdogs;that’snotsurprising,consideringthatdogsmayhavelivedwithusforupto30,000years.“Catswerenotselectedforapurposelikedogsandotherdomesticates,”Murphyspeculates.

21

23

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

summarizeastudyofthegeneticdifferencesbetweenvariousbreedsofdomesticcats.

describefindingsregardingthebenefitsthatcatsprovidedtohumansasaresultofdomestication.

discussresearchintothegeneticchangesthatcatsunderwentaspartofdomestication.

presentexperimentalevidencecontrastingthebehaviorofwildcatsanddomesticcats.

Thepassagesuggeststhatsomescientistswouldagreewithwhichstatementaboutthedomesticationofcats?

Itdidnotoccuruntilafterthedomesticationofcowsandpigs.

Itcausedcatstoslightlyincreaseinsize.

Itwasnotintentionallyundertakenbyhumans.

Itresultedfromhumans’needforpets.

24

22

Theauthorincludesthephrase“and,well”(line4)mostlikelyto

stressthattherelationshipbetweenwildcatsanddomesticcatsiscontinuallyshifting.

introduceadiscussionofthephysicalattributesofdomesticcats.

advanceatentativehypothesisabouttheevolutionanddevelopmentofwildcats.

acknowledgetheobviousnessofasimilaritybetweenwildcatsanddomesticcats.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines24-27(“There...protection”)

lines27-30(“Over...past”)

lines30-33(“Domestic...involved”)

lines43-47(“Theanalysis...cats”)

25

26

WhichchoicebestdescribeshowMontague’steamachievedtheresultsdiscussedinthesixthparagraph(lines52-67)?

Theteamsequencedthegenomesoftwenty-twobreedsofdomesticcatsfromaroundtheworld,comparedthosegenomestooneanother,andidentifiedthegenesthatappeartohavechangedasaresultofbreeding.

Theteamusedapreviouslypublishedgenomesequenceofadomesticcattolocatethegenesassociatedwithhearingandvision,comparedthosegenestothesamegenesintwospeciesofwildcats,andidentifiedthepointintimeatwhichthosegenesappeartohavediverged.

Theteamsequencedthegenomesofseveralbreedsofgeographicallydiversedomesticcats,comparedthosegenomestothegenomesoffourwildcatsfromtwolocations,andidentifiedthegenesthatappeartohavechangedduetodomestication.

Theteamsequencedthegenomesofdomesticcatsfromtwolocations,comparedthosegenomestothegenomesofwildcatsfromthesamelocations,andidentifiedwhichgenesappeartobegeographicallyspecific.

Aspresentedinthepassage,Montague’sexplanationforthegenechangesindomesticcatsisbasedontheassumptionthat

genesassociatedwithparticularcharacteristicsinonespeciesareassociatedwithsimilarcharacteristicsinotherspecies.

missingsequencesinthegenomeofoneparticularbreedofcatcanbecompletedbytheparallelsequencesinthegenomeofanotherbreedofcat.

thenumberofgenesaffectedbydomesticationisgreaterinsomebreedsofdomesticcatsthaninotherbreeds.

changestothecatgenomeasaresultofdomesticationoccurredsimultaneouslywithchangestogenomesofotherspeciesassociatedwithsociability.

27

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

lines37-40(“Thescientists...genes”)

lines55-57(“Theresearchers...friendly”)

lines57-62(“Some...rewards”)

lines75-76(“We’rehitting...socially”)

28

30

Accordingtothepassage,thediscoverythatsomegenesindomesticcatsinfluencethemigrationofneuralcrestcellsisimportantbecauseneuralcrestcellsare

likelytobeoverlookedinanalysesregardingtheevolutionofdomesticanimals.

potentiallyresponsiblefordomesticanimals’abilitytothriveinharshenvironments.

thoughttobefundamentaltotheoverallprocessofthedomesticationofanimals.

consideredtobecriticaltodomesticanimals’reproduction.

Theauthormostlikelyincludesthequotationinthelastsentenceofthepassageto

offeranalternativetogenerallyacceptedbeliefsaboutthedomesticationofcats.

suggestapotentialexplanationforthedistinctwayinwhichdomesticcatsdeveloped.

provideapossiblereasonforthecontinualchangestothecatgenome.

qualifypreviouslydiscussedfindingsaboutdomesticanimals.

29

Asusedinline83,“commontraits”mostnearlymeans

widespreadmannerisms.

inferiorqualities.

familiarhabits.

similarfeatures.

Questions31-41arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

Passage1isadaptedfromaspeechdeliveredin1854byStephenDouglas,“DefenseoftheKansas-NebraskaBill.”In1854,Douglas,asenatorfromIllinois,proposedabillallowingvotersinthenewterritoriesofKansasandNebraskatodecidewhetherslaveryshouldbepermittedthere.Whenenacted,thebillwouldeffectivelyrepealtheMissouriCompromiseof1820,whichprohibitedslaveryintheseterritories.Passage2is

deliveredin1856byCharlesSumner,“TheCrimeagainstKansas.”SumnerwasasenatorfromMassachusetts.

Passage1

Theargumentof[myopponents]ispredicatedupontheassumptionthatthepolicyofthefathersoftherepublicwastoprohibitslaveryinalltheterritory

LinecededbytheoldstatestotheUnionandmade

5UnitedStatesterritoryforthepurposeofbeingorganizedintonewstates.Itakeissueuponthatstatement....

[Y]oufinduponthestatutebooksunderWashingtonandtheearlyPresidentsprovisionsof

10lawshowingthatinthesouthwesternterritoriestherighttoholdslaveswasclearlyimpliedorrecognized,whileinthenorthwestterritoriesitwasprohibited.Theonlyconclusionthatcanbefairlyandhonestlydrawnfromthatlegislationisthatitwasthepolicyof

15thefathersoftherepublictoprescribealineofdemarcationbetweenfreeterritoriesandslaveholdingterritoriesbyanaturalorageographicalline,beingsuretomakethatlinecorrespond,asnearasmightbe,tothelawsofclimate,ofproduction,

20andprobablyofallthoseothercausesthatwouldcontroltheinstitutionandmakeiteitherdesirableorundesirabletothepeopleinhabitingtherespectiveterritories....

NowIaskthefriendsandtheopponentsofthis

25measuretolookatitasitis.Isnotthequestioninvolvedthesimpleone,whetherthepeopleoftheterritoriesshallbeallowedtodoastheypleaseuponthequestionofslavery,subjectonlytothelimitationsoftheConstitution?Thatisallthebillprovides;and

30itdoessoinclear,explicit,andunequivocalterms Idonotwishtodealinanyequivocal

language.Ifthepri