人教版（新课程标准） 必修1 Unit 4Earthquakes拓展阅读素材

第第页人教版（新课程标准）必修1Unit4Earthquakes拓展阅读素材人教课标新教材必修1Unit4拓展阅读

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EarthquakesaroundthePacific

About400earthquakesoccurworldwideeveryday,morethanahundredthousandinayear.

Chinaissituated(位于)inoneofthemostactiveearthquakeregions(区域)intheworldandtherehavebeenmanyterribleearthquakes.ThemostseriousoftheseoccurredinHuaCountyinShaanxiProvincein1556.TheearthquakeaffectedeightprovincesinCentralChina.Itcoveredanareaof800squarekilometers.Insomecommunities,60percentofthepopulationwerekilled.Inall,830,000peoplelosttheirlives.

TheCaliforniaEarthquakeofthe18thofApril1906istheworstearthquakethathaseverhappenedintheUS.Ittookplaceat5:15am,andlastedforonlyaminute.However,itcausedtheworstnaturaldisasterinthenation’shistory.

FirescausedbytheCaliforniaEarthquakedidthemostdamage.Thefiresburnedforthreedays,destroyingatotalof25,000buildings.About500peoplewerekilledinthecityofSanFranciscoand250,000weremadehomeless.InthewholeofCalifornia,theearthquakeandfirescausedabout3,000deaths.

The1906earthquakewascausedbyamovementontheSanAndreasFault.Onehundredyearslater,movementsontheSanAndreasFaultcontinuetocauseproblemsforthewholeofCalifornia.

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Howdohurricanesgettheirnames

Eachyear,asthesummercomestoaclose,hurricanesbegintoappear.Hurricanesarehugetropicalstormsthatcansometimesbeaslargeas600milesacross.

Hurricanesoccurinmanypartsoftheworld,butthey’renotalwayscalled“hurricanes”.Forthoseofyouwholikewords,youmaybeinterestedtoknowthathurricanesthatforminthewesternPacificOceanarecalled“typhoons(台风)”.IntheIndianOcean,theBayofBengalandAustralia,thesestormsarecalled“cyclones(旋风)”.They’reallthesametypeofstorm,though.

RecenthurricanesthathavecausedseriousdamageintheUnitedStatesincludeHurricaneIkeandHurricaneKatrina.OtherpasthurricaneshavehadnameslikeOpal,AndrewandFran.Howdotheygetthesenames

Hurricanesaregivennamessothatmeteorologists(气象学家)canrecognizethemandtrackthemacrosstheoceans.Sincetherearesometimesdifferenthurricanesatacertaintime,namingthemhelpstoavoidconfusion(混淆).

Since1979,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationhasusedsixlistsofnames—bothmaleandfemale—inrotation.Eachlistcontainsanameforeachletterofthealphabet(字母表),exceptforQ,UandZ.Thesamelistsarereusedeverysixyears.

Everyonceinawhile,ahurricanewillcausesomuchdamagethatitsnamegoesdowninthehistorybooks.HurricaneKatrinaisarecentexampleofsuchadisastrousstorm.Whenastormisbadenough,itsnamewillneverbeusedagain,andanewnamewillbeaddedtothelist.

Althoughhurricanescanformatanytime,thehurricaneseasonintheAtlanticOceanisusuallyJune1toNovember30,withmosthurricanesoccurringinthefallmonths.TheeasternPacificOceanhurricaneseasonrunsfromaboutMay15toNovember30.

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Howtosurviveanearthquake

Wecan'tstopanearthquakefromhappening,butwecanreducethedamageitbringstous.DoyouknowwhattododuringareallybigearthquakeExpertshavelookedintothemattercarefully.Itmaybeworthyourwhiletolookoverthe5tipstheyhaveforus.

Protectyourselffirst.Onceanearthquakehappens,protectyourselffirst.Ifyoucan'teasilyescapebygettingoutofthedoororwindow,stayinacornerandcoveryourheadandneckwithyourarms.Andthemostimportantthingistoprotectyourselffromfallingobjects.

Whentheshakingstops,trytofindawayoutthroughadoororawindow.Also,tohelpothers,usesomethingtomakesureadoororwindowremainsopensotheycanalsoescape.

Paniccanhurtyou.Ifyouareathomewhenanearthquakehappens,don'trushoutinapanic.Ifthereisenoughtimetoescape,youmustplacesomethingsuchaspillowsorbagsonyourhead,becausesomerooftiles(瓦),brokenglassandsignsmayfalldown.

Makesuretheelectricityandgasareoffbeforeevacuation(撤离).Accordingtosomeresearch,lotsofpeoplediefromfiredisasterafteranearthquake.

What'smore,firemakesrescuemoredifficult.

Worktogetheronrescueandfirstaid.Workwithyourneighborstofreevictimswhoareunderdebris(瓦砾)orfallenfurnitureandtogivefirstaid.Beverycarefulifyouusethestairs,becausetheymighthavebeendamagedbytheearthquake.

Thoughit'snotveryoftenthatweexperienceastrongearthquake,weshouldkeepitinmindtoalwayshopeforthebestbutpreparefortheworst.

4

TheChernobyldisaster

TheChernobyldisasterwasanuclearaccidentthatoccurredon26April1986attheChernobylNuclearPowerPlantintheUkrainianSSR(nowUkraine).Anexplosionreleasedlargequantitiesofradioactivesmokeintotheatmosphere,whichspreadovermuchofWesternRussiaandEurope.Itisconsideredtheworstnuclearpowerplantaccidentinhistory,andisoneofonlytwoclassifiedasalevel7eventontheInternationalNuclearEventScale(theotherbeingtheFukushima(福岛)nuclearincident,whichisconsideredfarlessseriousandhascausednodirectdeaths).Thebattletodealwiththegreatdisasterinvolvedover500,000workersandcostabout18billionrubles(thestandardunitofmoneyusedinRussia),damagingtheSovieteconomy.

Thedisasterbeganduringasystemsteston26April1986atreactor(核反应堆)numberfouroftheChernobylplant,whichisnearthetownofPripyat.Therewasasuddenpoweroutputincrease,andwhenanemergencymeasurewasattempted,aseriesofexplosionsoccurred.Theresultingfiresentacloudofhighlyradioactivesmokeintotheatmosphereandoveralargearea,includingthenearbytownofPripyat.From1986to2000,350,400peoplewereremovedandresettledfromthemostseverelypollutedareasofBelarus,Russia,andUkraine.Accordingtoofficialpost-Sovietdata,about60%oftheradioactivesmokelandedinBelarus.

TheChernobylaccidentcausedmanysevereradiationeffectsalmostimmediately.Ofthe600workerspresentonthesiteduringtheearlymorningof26April1986,134sufferedfromradiationsickness.Ofthese,28diedinthefirstthreemonthsandanother19diedin19