高中英语语法系统讲义：强调、替代、省略和倒装

强调、替代、省略和倒装知识要点归纳强调、省略、替代为了表达说话人强烈的感情色彩或达到语法结构的需要，常采用强调。应用中，强调常通过强调结构、语法性倒装、修辞性倒装等来体现。作为修辞手段，省略和替代能使语句简练、紧凑，但往往给学生的理解和选择造成一定的障碍。在近几年的高考题中省略和替代现象时有出现，而且出错率较高，原因是因为大多数考生对省略和替代的规律不明了。请注意下面的说明。一.强调结构为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语、或状语)，常用强调结构：Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…表示强调的it在这种结构的句子中作主句的主语。如：LastnightIsawafilmintheYouthPalace.强调主语：ItwasIthat(or:who)sawafilmintheYouthPalacelastnight.强调宾语：ItwasafimlthatIsawintheYouthPalacelastnight.强调地点状语：ItwasintheYouthPalacethatIsawafilmlastnight.强调时间状语：ItwaslastnightthatIsawafilmintheYouthPalace.一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用Itis…that(who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用Itwas…that(who)…另外，还要注意下面几点。1)在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致ItisIwhoamateacher.2)即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数如：Itistheywhooftenhelpmewithmylessons.3)在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why或how，而用that如：Itwasbecausehermotherwasillthatshedidn'tgowithus.4)在强调not…until结构中由until短语(或从句)表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型Itis(was)notuntil...that...。that从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。如：Myfatherdidn'tcomehomeuntil12o'clocklastnight.Itwasnotuntil12o'clocklastnightthatmyfathercamehome.5)在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序。如：DidthishappeninBeijing?WasitinBeijingthatthishappened?6）特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“疑问词如：Wherewereyouborn?Wherewasitthatyouwereborn?二.省略与替代省略是英语中常见而又复杂的语言现象。这里只叙述一下省略的一般性原则1.在行文中，为了达到简洁的效果，可以承接上下文省去相同的词语或结构例如（以下句中括号内的词语是被省去的部分）：Inmyclass,boyslikesportswhilegirlsdonot（likesports）Knowingisonething,andbelieving（is）another.知道是一回事，相信则是另一回事。Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and .A.theotheriswhiteB.anotherwhiteC.theotherwhiteD.anotheriswhiteHedoesnotloveme,norIhim.他不爱我，我也不爱他。Hewasable,energeticandcharmingandtheyreceivedhimasamaidenwouldalover.他才能出众，精力充沛，魅力无穷，他们欢迎他就像少女欢迎自己的恋人一般。应特别注意不定式省去动词只保留to的情形：1）在hope,like,try.want,wish,expect,tell,ask,advice,refuse等动词后作宾语：Blackpeoplehadnorighttovoteinthesouthernstates.Iftheywishedto,theyhadtopassareadingtest.2）在beableto,begoingto,bewillingto.wouldliketo等惯用语及usedto,haveto,oughtto之后Thedoctorwantedtooperate,buthewasn'tableto.3）在be+glad/happy/ready/pleased/delighted等形容词之后：4）在want,tell,persuade,allow,permit,等动词后作宾语补足语，或在其被动结构后作主语补足语：Don'ttouchanythingunlessyourteachertellsyouto.Iknowwhyyoucouldn'tplayme,butIwantyoutonextyear.我知道你为什么不叫我比赛，但我希望你明年会让我比赛。Shewouldn'tmoveunlessshewastoldto;Louisehasnowillofherown.露易丝这孩子没主见，你不说她是不会动的。5）其他—Bruce:Areyougoingtobeasailorwhenyouleaveschool?—LiQun:Idon'tknow.Ihaven'tdecidedwhethertoornot.特别提醒：如果不定式中有助动词be,have,havebeen等，通常要保留这些助动词。—Areyouasailor? —No,butIusedtobe.—Hehasn’tfinishedit.—Well,heoughttohave.在口语中，可根据特定的语境省去一些无关紧要的词语如：How/Whataboutthegirlstakingawalkdownthegarden?Whynotwearsomeflowers?简单句中的省略1)口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如：(Itis)Nicetoseeyou?(Thisis)Hespeaking.所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略如：I’mgoingtovisitTom’s(house).Imethimatthetailor’s(shop).两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省to如：Hisjobistocleanandmendthemachine.主(宾)语补足结构中的tobe常省略如：Hewasconsidered(tobe)thebeststudentintheclass.Therebe结构中therebe可同时省略，或只省略three如：(Isthere)Anythingwrong?表示年龄的yearsold,表示钟点的o’clock,minute等常省略如：Whattimeisitnow?It’sten(o’clock).4.从句中的省略1)宾语从句，以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句与主句谓语如相同，可省略从句中全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅保留一个wh一词如：Hewillcome,butwedon’tknowwhen(hewillcome).Hedidn’tcome,Iwonderedwhy(hedidn’tcome).2)宾语从句中、定语从句中可省略作宾语的引导词如：Ithink(that)itwillclearupthisafternoon.Theman(whom)Isawinthestreettheotherdayismyteacher.3)状语从句，在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中(如when,if,while,asif,though,although,as,until,,unless,whether等词引导的从句)，从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句主语是it,则be动词及其主语常可省略如：I’lltellhimthatwhen(itis)possible.Iwon’tgothereunless(I’m)invited.Heworksveryhardthough(heis)ratherweak.Mistakes,if(thereare)any,shouldbecorrected.Heopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.4)在than,as,nomatterwhat(who)等分句后面常省略某些成分。如：Hearrivedearlierthan(hehadbeen)expected.Thisbookisasinterestingasthatone(is).Anyone,nomatterwho(heis),maypointoutourshortings.5)在“the+比较级…the+比较级…结构”中，有时可省略be或therebe如：Thehigherthetemperature(is),thegreaterthepressure(is).Instudingaforgeignlanguage,themorepratice(thereis),thebetter(itis).三.替代do替代动词Ifthat'sthecasethen100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000peoplewouldweighasmuchasthewholeEarthdoes.(=weighs)Difficultiesstrengthenthemind,aslabourdoesthebody.(=strengthen)劳动锻炼身体，困难锻炼意志。Afeatherfallsslowerthanastoneonlybecausetheairholdsthefeatherbackmorethanitdoesthestone.（替代）so和not分别代替肯定和否定的从句（常用动词：think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,beafraid,fear,hope.etc.）—Ishecoming?—Isupposeso./SoIsuppose.否定:Isupposenot.四.倒装句倒装句有两种：全部倒装与部分倒装，采用倒装语序有两个原因，一是由于语法结构的需要，称为语法倒装；还有一种是修辞的需要，称为修辞倒装。.语法倒装：有下列几个重点1）在表示祝愿的句中Longliveourbelovedmotherland.Mayyoulivelong!2）在therebe句型中Thereisayoungmanwaitingforyououtside3）在省略了if的虚拟条件状语从句中Shouldanyonecall,tellhimtowaitformehere.HadIbeeninformedearlier,Iwouldhavemetherattheairport..修辞倒装：主要有下列情况：1）only+状语放在句首时Onlyinthiswaycanyouhopetoimprovethesituationthere.注：如only在开头不是修饰状语，则要用正常语序。Onlymymotherreallyunderstandsme.（only+主语）2）某些表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时SeldomhaveIreadastorysotouching.Innocasewilltheylookonwithfoldedarms.这样常用的词语有：never,seldom,little,rarely,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,nosooner,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,notinfrequently,notuntil,innotime,notonly…butalso,neither…nor等3）在so…that,such…that结构中，so,such位于句首以示强调时Soharddidtheworkersdotheirworkthattheyfulfilledtheplanaheadoftime.Insuchdesperateconditionsdidhefindhimselfthathewasreducedtoplayingtheviolininthestreet.4）当so,neither,nor用来避免重复时HehaspassedthedrivingtestandsohaveI.Iwon’tgothereagain,nor（andneither）willanyofmyclassmates.5）当“manya+名词”的短语放在句子开头时Manyatimehavetheybeentothebeautifulpark.Manyadaydidtheyspendinthesmallmountainvillage.6）当一些地点状语或时间状语如here,there,now,then,及某些副词away,up,down,in,out等放在句首时Hereisaletterforyou.Nowcomesyourturn.注意：主语是代词时不倒装。Awayshewent.7）在一些生动地描述动作的句子中Followingtheroar,outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.Downjumpedthethieffromthetenthfloor.8）在“主+系+表”结构中，表语由下列结构充当时表语可提前，形成倒装。