GRE强化班阅读讲义

GRE阅读备考马扬（@马扬_MrClutch)教授课程：阅读部分TOEFLGREIELTSGMATSATGRE概况和误区老Gvs.新G1.能力vs.技巧2.VerbalSectionVerbalReasoningGRErevised=老GRE+逻辑3.SectionadaptivetestVerbal30min20questionQuantitative35min20question新GRE考试阅读部分的改革按照ETS官方的说法：“（新GRE考试将会）减少对于单词意涵的孤立考察（如取消类比反义题型），更加突出基于语境的理解能力的考察（如增加阅读理解题目）。”来更加深入并真实地反映考生的高级认知能力。阅读文章从老G的4篇增加到新G的10篇（2-3篇长文章，7-8篇短文章）

具体说来，这些能力包括：分析一段论述文字并推导结论；根据不完全的数据做推导；识别作者的前提/假设条件和视角；理解语言文字的多层次含义，包括字面含义，修辞含义和作者目的等。挑选重要观点，区别主要论述和次要/相关论述；总结全文；理解文章结构。理解词、句和段落篇章的意涵；理解不同词和概念间的关系等。新GRE考试阅读部分的三种题型1.单项选择题（5选1）2.多项选择题（新题型，3选N）3.段中点选题（新题型，在段落中点选符合题设问题的答案句）按问题分类：（1）themainideaorprimarypurposeofthepassage;——主旨题（2）informationexplicitlystatedinthepassage;——细节题（3）informationorideasimpliedorsuggestedbytheauthor;——推断题（4）possibleapplicationsoftheauthor’sideastoothersituations,includingtheidentificationofsituationsorprocessesanalogoustothosedescribedinthepassage;——类比应用题（5）theauthor’slogic,reasoning,orpersuasivetechniques;——结构题（6）thetoneofthepassageortheauthor’sattitudeasitisrevealedinthelanguageused.——语气态度题三大原则读文章的原则与TOEFL的比较（TPO）背景原则：白痴型思维顺序原则：先文后题，先套路后细节目的原则：很多的学生最大的问题是不能有的放矢详略得当的去阅读文章，导致没有效率阅读时关注(1)主题句，TopicSentence俗称TS(2)关键词，KeyWords俗称KW(3)结构框架，StructuralElements俗称SE(4)作者所持有的态度或者评价Attitude，一般存在着大正(+)，大负(-)和混合评价大正小负，小正大负阅读时关注文章的类型思考：GRE考试什么考试？美国的研究生考试

所以均为大量学术性文章大概可以区分为立论（presentation）评论（Argumentation）阅读的类型类型一：论点说明型首段提出观点，后段深入探讨结尾也许让步TS：一般就在首段中标志：开头出现一个表观点的判断句如…suggest/assert/arguethat…OGP.65(4、5)阅读的类型类型二：新老观点对比型首段阐述陈旧的观点，后段推翻叙述出新观点，TS一般就在新观点中。标志：过去的时间词或者动词的完成时，initially,ithaslongbeenestimatedthat…,ithasbeenfrequentlyassumedthat…普遍大众观点：often,usually,traditionally,typically,somehistorians,thecommonbelief,manypeoplebelievethat…否定肯定式：Kennedy：Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,butaskwhatyoucandoforthecountry;Socrates,Plato,AristotleAristotle:IlovenotPlatoless,buttruthmore.Iloveyounotbecausewhoyouare,butbecausewhoIamwhenIamwithyou.Thisis陈少清，heisnotaperson,heis陈少清。The

longest

distance

in

the

world

is

not

that

between

life

and

death，but

that

I

stand

in

front

of

you，yet

you

don't

evenknow

that

I

love

you.SomeobservershaveattributedthedramaticgrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1980'stoincreasedparticipationintheworkforcebycertaingroups,suchasfirsttimeorreenteringworkers,whosupposedlyprefersucharrangements.However,statisticalanalysesrevealthatdemographicchangesintheworkforcedidnotcorrelatewithvariationsinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkers.Instead,theseanalysessuggestthatfactorsaffectingemployersaccountfortheriseintemporaryemployment.Onefactorisproductdemand;temporaryemploymentisfavoredbyemployerswhoareadaptingtofluctuatingdemandforproductswhileatthesametimeseekingtoreduceoveralllaborcosts.Anotherfactorislabor'sreducedbargainingstrength,whichallowsemployersmorecontroloverthetermsofemployment.Giventheanalyses,whichrevealthatgrowthintemporaryemploymentnowfarexceedsthelevelexplainablebyrecentworkforceentryratesofgroupssaidtoprefertemporaryjobs,firmsshouldbediscouragedfromcreatingexcessivenumbersoftemporarypositions.Governmentpolicymakersshouldconsidermandatingbenefitcoveragefortemporaryemployees,promotingpayequitybetweentemporaryandpermanentworkers,assistinglaborunionsinorganizingtemporaryworkers,andencouragingfirmstoassigntemporaryjobsprimarilytoemployeeswhoexplicitlyindicatethatpreference.1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)presenttheresultsofstatisticalanalysesandproposefurtherstudies(B)explainarecentdevelopmentandpredictitseventualconsequences.(C)identifythereasonsforatrendandrecommendmeasurestoaddressit.(D)outlineseveraltheoriesaboutaphenomenonandadvocateoneofthem(E)describethepotentialconsequencesofimplementinganewpolicyandargueinfavorofthatpolicy.2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofthe“factorsaffectingemployers”thatarementionedinlines10?(A)Mostexpertscitethemashavinginitiatedthegrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredduringthe1980’s.(B)Theymayaccountfortheincreaseinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkersduringthe1980’s.(C)Theywerelessimportantthandemographicchangeinaccountingfortheincreaseoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980’s.(D)Theyincludedasharpincreaseinthecostoflaborduringthe1980’s.(E)Theyaremoredifficulttoaccountforthanatotherfactorsinvolvedinthegrowthoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980’s.ThepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanappropriatekindofgovernmentalactionEXCEPT(A)gettingfirmstooffertemporaryemploymentprimarilytoacertaingroupofpeople.(B)encouragingequitablepayfortemporaryandpermanentemployees(C)facilitatingtheorganizationoftemporaryworkersbylaborunions.(D)establishingguidelinesontheproportionoftemporaryworkersthatfirmsshouldemploy(E)ensuringthattemporaryworkersobtainbenefitsfromtheiremployers.阅读的类型类型三：问题解决型文章开始提出一个问题，可以是明确的设问，也可以是给出一个困难（difficulty）或任务（task），后面会对此作出解答。TS一般在问题解决处。标志：“问题”puzzle,task,problem,dilemma,difficulty,paradox,controversy;此后会有解释：onepossibleexplanationisthat…,Cressyfindsthat…等。例题：OGp.328重点关注：1、一段叙述后（尤其在第二段开始），出现转折词。2、设问及其回答（一般来说，回答句即为TS）。3、大段举例之前的观点或大段举例之后的总结往往就是TS，前者更为多见。Warm-bloodedanimalshaveelaboratephysiologicalcontrolstomaintainconstantbodytemperature(inhumans,37℃).Whythenduringsicknessshouldtemperaturerise,apparentlyincreasingstressontheinfectedorganism?Ithaslongbeenknownthatthelevelofserumironinanimalsfallsduringinfection.Garibaldifirstsuggestedarelationshipbetweenfeverandiron.Hefoundthatmicrobialsynthesisofsiderophores—substancesthatbindiron—inbacteriaofthegenusSalmonelladeclinedatenvironmentaltemperaturesabove37℃andstoppedat40.3℃.Thus,feverwouldmakeitmoredifficultforaninfectingbacteriumtoacquireironandthustomultiply.Cold-bloodedanimalswereusedtotestthishypothesisbecausetheirbodytemperaturecanbecontrolledinthelaboratory.KlugerreportedthatofiguanasinfectedwiththepotentiallylethalbacteriumA.hydrophilia,moresurvivedattemperaturesof42℃thanat37℃,eventhoughhealthyanimalspreferthelowertemperature.Whenanimalsat42℃wereinjectedwithanironsolution,however,mortalityratesincreasedsignificantly.Researchtodeterminewhethersimilarphenomenaoccurinwarm-bloodedanimalsissorelyneeded.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithattemptstodetermine(A)theroleofsiderophoresinthesynthesisofserumiron(B)newtreatmentsforinfectionsthatarecausedbyA.hydrophilia(C)thefunctionoffeverinwarm-bloodedanimals(D)themechanismsthatensureconstantbodytemperature(E)ironutilizationincold-bloodedanimals2.Accordingtothepassage,Garibaldideterminedwhichofthefollowing?

(A)Thatserumironisproducedthroughmicrobialsynthesis.

(B)Thatmicrobialsynthesisofsiderophoresinwarm-bloodedanimalsismoreefficientathighertemperatures.

(C)Thatonlyironboundtoothersubstancescanbeusedbybacteria.

(D)ThatthereisarelationshipbetweenthesynthesisofsiderophoresinbacteriaofthegenusSalmonellaandenvironmentaltemperature.

(E)ThatbacteriaofthegenusSalmonellarequireironasanutrient.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutwarm-bloodedanimalssolelyonthebasisofinformationinthepassage?(A)Thebodytemperaturesofwarm-bloodedanimalscannotbeeasilycontrolledinthelaboratory.(B)Warm-bloodedanimalsrequiremoreironinperiodsofstressthantheydoatothertimes.(C)Warm-bloodedanimalsaremorecomfortableatanenvironmentaltemperatureof37℃thantheyareatatemperatureof42℃.(D)Inwarm-bloodedanimals,bacteriaareresponsiblefortheproductionofsiderophores,which,inturn,makeironavailabletotheanimal.(E)Inwarm-bloodedanimals,infectionsthatleadtofeverareusuallytraceabletobacteria.4.Ifitweretobedeterminedthat“similarphenomenaoccurinwarm-bloodedanimals”(lines21-22),whichofthefollowing,assumingeachispossible,islikelytobethemosteffectivetreatmentforwarm-bloodedanimalswithbacterialinfections?(A)Administeringamedicationthatlowerstheanimals’bodytemperature(B)Injectingtheanimalswithanironsolution(C)Administeringamedicationthatmakesserumironunavailabletobacteria(D)Providingtheanimalswithreduced-irondiets(E)Keepingtheanimalsinanenvironmentwithtemperatureshigherthan37℃阅读的类型类型四：现象解释型开始是一个现象，并且往往很古怪，作者在后面一定会给出解释。TS一般在解释处。解释123…例题：OGp.59Schoolsexpecttextbookstobeavaluablesourceofinformationforstudents.Myresearchsuggests，however，thattextbooksthataddresstheplaceofNativeAmericanswithinhehistoryoftheUnitedStatesdistorthistorytosuit

aparticularculturalvaluesystem.Insometextbooks，forexample，settlersarepicturedasmorehumane，complex，skillful，andwisethanNativeAmerican.Inessence，textbooksstereotypeanddeprecatethenumerousNativeAmericancultureswhilereinforcingtheattitudethatthe

EuropeanconquestoftheNewWorlddenotesthesuperi-orityofEuropeancultures.AlthoughtextbooksevalueteNativeAmericanarchitecture，politicalsystems，andhome-making.Icontendthattheydoitfromanethnocentric，Europeanperspectivewithoutrecognizingthatotherper-spectivesarepossible.Oneargumentagainstmycontentionassertsthat，bynature，textbooksareculturallybiasedandthatIamsimplyunderestimatingchildren'sabilitytoseethroughthese

biases.Someresearchersevenclaimthatbythetimestudentsareinhighschool，theyknowtheycannottaketextbooksliterally.Yetsubstantialevidenceexiststothecontrary.Tworesearchers，forexample，haveconductedstudiesthatsuggestthatchildren'sattitudesaboutparticular

culturearestronglyinfluencedbythetextbooksusedinschools.Giventhis，anongoing，carefulreviewofhowschooltextbooksdepictNativeAmericaniscertainlywarranted.1.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlogicallybethetopicoftheparagraphimmediatelyfollowingthepassage?(A)SpecificwaystoevaluatethebiasesofUnitedStateshistorytextbooks(B)Thecentralityoftheteacher’sroleinUnitedStateshistorycourses(C)NontraditionalmethodsofteachingUnitedStateshistory(D)ThecontributionsofEuropeanimmigrantstothedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates(E)Waysinwhichparentsinfluencechildren’spoliticalattitudes2.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)describeindetailoneresearchstudyregardingtheimpactofhistorytextbooksonchildren’sattitudesandbeliefsaboutcertaincultures(B)describerevisionsthatshouldbemadetoUnitedStateshistorytextbooks(C)discussthedifficultyofpresentinganaccuratehistoryoftheUnitedStates(D)arguethattextbooksusedinschoolsstereotypeNativeAmericansandinfluencechildren’sattitudes(E)summarizewaysinwhichsometextbooksgivedistortedpicturesofthepoliticalsystemsdevelopedbyvariousNativeAmericangroups3.Theauthorimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwilloccuriftextbooksarenotcarefullyreviewed?(A)ChildrenwillremainignorantoftheEuropeansettlers’conquestoftheNewWorld.(B)Childrenwilllosetheirabilitytorecognizebiasesintextbooks.(C)ChildrenwillformnegativestereotypesofNativeAmericans.(D)Childrenwilldevelopanunderstandingofethnocentrism.(E)Childrenwillstoptakingtextbooksseriously.4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecontentofthehistorytextbooksdiscussedinthepassageisbestdescribedasoneof(A)indifference(B)hesitance(C)neutrality(D)amusement(E)disapproval标记词知识点：如何做标记（课堂听课，课后大量练习）标记词（多关注动词）

考点养成习惯

划出考点标记词(1)“三强”---强因果强对比强转折强因果两个“家族”：conclude,conclusion,conclusive;consequently,consequence.三个“所以”：thus,hence,therefore四个“短语”：resultin,resultfrom,leadto,liein五个“因为”：because,since,for,dueto,冒号标记词强对比unlike,incontrastto,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary强转折两个“虽然”：although,while三个“但是”：but,yet,however五对“同义词”(infact,actually)(nevertheless,nonetheless)(despite,inspiteof)(rather,instead)(virtually,practically)标记词三强标志词练习：OGp.57(3)OGp.58(6)(7)当年陪伴门德尔松一起练习钢琴的，是他的姐姐芳妮·门德尔松。对于幼年的门德尔松来说，姐姐芳妮是完美的化身，她天资聪慧、美丽动人、举止优雅，并且在艺术方面有着与门德尔松不相上下的敏感。在门德尔松整个的童年，姐姐芳妮是他的精神支柱，是他的良师益友，是他生活上的榜样，是他创作中的伙伴，更是他梦中的情人。两个人即使在同一屋檐下，也保持着常年通信的习惯。门德尔松对姐姐的迷恋随着时间的增长越发明显，同时他也在深深地克制着自己的情感，直到芳妮结婚的消息传来，门德尔松的精神世界崩塌了。就在门德尔松38岁那年，传来了姐姐芳妮去世的消息，门德尔松得知这个消息后，当场痛哭流涕。芳妮的死讯让门德尔松悲痛欲绝，无法自拔，终于在不久的某天，心力交瘁而死亡。十岁时，拜伦世袭家族的爵位及产业二十岁时（1808年），拜伦毕业于剑桥大学。1809年3月，他作为世袭贵族进入了上议院（贵族院），任上议院议员。他出席议院会议的发言都鲜明地表示了拜伦的自由主义的进步立场。深受启蒙思想影响。1809-1811年游历西班牙、希腊、土耳其等国，受各国人民反侵略、反压迫斗争鼓舞。《杨一笑传》杨一笑者，不详其姓字，亦不知其何许人也。其人常蓬头垢面，衣若悬鹑而怡然自得于市井之间，人异之而求其名，但自称杨一笑也……后杨一笑殁，葬云梦泽西鹿鸣山，其碑志曰：初从文，三年不中；后习武，校场发一矢，中鼓吏，逐之出；遂学医，有所成。自撰一良方，服之，卒标记词(2)专有名词时间状语最高比较褒贬评述专有名词：人名，物种，化学物质（首字母），如ViviananeZelizer---VZ；Adenosine---ad；Phosphodiesterase---ph；时间状语：untilrecently,priorto1970’s,now；标记词褒贬评述：形容词副词为主试着比较以下句子：Hisviewshapesmyphilosophy.Hisviewsuccessfullyshapesmyphilosophy.Hisviewcuriouslyshapesmyphilosophy.Hisbrazenviewshapesmyphilosophy.Hispenetratingviewshapesmyphilosophy.标记词最高比较：顺序最高级（first），频度最高级（always，never），程度最高级（foremost，uttermost），唯一性（only,solely,uniquely,exclusively,alone），比较说法（more/less…than与其说…不如说…），同级比较（as…as…,thesameas,similarto）主旨题主旨题特征指对文章的中心思想或主要写作内容进行发问的题目关键词primarypurpose,primarilyconcerned，focusprimarilyon,besttitle1ststep：搞清楚文章的类型，准确找出TS主旨题解题思路：1.文章的TS和选项依次对照，语气、内容都符合的选项就是正确的。2.此类题型都和作者态度有关，所以正确选项中有关态度的描述应该和作者在原文里的态度完全一致。主旨题注意事项：有些文章，前面部分结构已非常完整，但后面说了大段和前文无关的内容，这是要“从前不从后”，按前面的套路结构把握文章主题，不要受后面影响。有些文章前面给出作者的态度，特别是TS处对某事物给出正态度，末尾一段却又做转折，说了一些缺点、毛病。这时，末尾属于倒让步，是作者为了避免行文极端而给出的缓和语气，不会撼动作者在文中的主体态度。练习：p.325(16)态度题1.过于中庸，无态度indifferent漠不关心的ambivalence矛盾的resigned放弃的light-hearted戏谑的jocular爱开玩笑的态度题2.人身攻击condemned被谴责的indignant愤怒的envious嫉妒的offensive具有攻击性的，Insincere不诚恳的态度题Callous冷漠的Defiance挑衅的态度Derision嘲笑Scornful受鄙视的Cynical愤世嫉俗的Spiteful愤怒的态度题3.过于热情，甚至谄媚Fervent热烈的Fanatical狂热的Adulatory奉承的态度题4.程度过强，不留余地CompletelyentirelyTotallyAbsolutelyunrestrained,unmitigated,unchecked态度题正确的可能性较大的选项：限定性的形容词或副词（尤其当文中出现让步语气）。qualifiedguardedtemperedpartiallytentativeobjective态度题——让步语气让步语气在GRE文章中很常见且很重要，但让步语气在GRE阅读中的具体应用和大家在学校学到的语法不完全一样。1.强调本不该强调的助动词表示让步一般来说，如果助动词do，may，have出现在肯定句中，那说明这句话真的很重要。但在GRE文章中，这句话往往不是作者真正想说的，而是要做出转折。态度题——让步语气2.有的时候，文章刚提及一个理论或现象时，就加上“nodoubt”，“withoutdoubt”，“undoubtedly"等词语，这往往是一种让步语气。3.前面已给出明确结论，后面却有貌似相反的说法。尤其是给出负评价后出现小让步：XX其实还是有可取之处，等等。但后面又会给出明确转折。4.在文中特意强调“我不想……”、“我原本不是要……”（Idonotwantto...或Itisnottodeny...），也是一种让步语气的表达方式。ThisisnottodenythattheBlackgospelmusicoftheearlytwentiethcenturydifferedinimportantwaysfromtheslavespirituals.Whereasspiritualswerecreatedanddis-seminatedinfolkfashion,gospelmusicwascomposed,published,copyrighted,andsoldbyprofessionals.Never-theless,improvisationremainedcentraltogospelmusic.OnehasonlytolistentotherecordedrepertoireofgospelsongstorealizethatBlackgospelsingersrarelysangasongpreciselythesamewaytwiceandneveraccordingtoitsexactmusicalnotation.Theyperformedwhatjazzmusi-cianscall"headarrangements"proceedingfromtheirownfeelingsandfromtheway"thespirit"movedthematthetime.Thisimprovisatoryelementwasreflectedintheman-nerinwhichgospelmusicwaspublished.BlackgospelcomposersscoredthemusicintendedforWhitesinginggroupsfully,indicatingthevariousvocalpartsandtheaccompaniment,butthemusicproducedforBlacksingersincludedonlyavocallineandpianoaccompaniment.Ofthefollowingsentences,whichismostlikelytohaveimmediatelyprecededthepassage?(A)Fewcomposersofgospelmusicdrewontraditionssuchasthespiritualincreatingtheirsongs.(B)SpiritualsandBlackgospelmusicwerederivedfromthesamemusicaltradition.(C)Thecreationandsingingofspirituals,practicedbyBlackAmericansbeforetheCivilWar,continuedafterthewar.(D)Spiritualsandgospelmusiccanbeclearlydistinguishedfromoneanother.(E)Improvisationwasoneoftheprimarycharac-teristicsofthegospelmusiccreatedbyBlackmusicians.态度题——让步语气让步语气关键点：1.有让步存在，后面都会有针对该让步的转折。与让步相比，转折才是作者真是语气及落脚点。2.如果作者在文中用让步语气引出一事物，那该文的作者态度题就会较为复杂，应选择一个有限定修饰词的形容词或名词。事实细节题是GRE阅读中分量最重、难度最悬殊的题型。题干特征Accordingtothepassage/authorTheauthorstatesthat…Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingas…根据原文信息残缺关键：定位练习：p.73(5,7)p.326(21)事实细节题几种常见的错误方式：1.Confusion，混。文章说A有某些特征，选项却张冠李戴，将这些特征移植到了B上。选项貌似是做了同义改写，实际上是用了一个意义不同的说法来“转述”。2.Deviation，偏。文章说某事物有很多特征，选项只讲了其中一种特征，而且往往还是不重要的特征。事实细节题3.Reverse，反。原文说东，选项说西；原文说好，选项说坏。4.Notexistent，无。所讲内容在文中根本不存在。事实细节题大原则：名词优先1.专有名词(NatureAmerica)2.时间和数字(in

the1840s)3.特别的词串(oceanicislands,literaryrealism,spacedosesofinsulin)4.较特殊的单一名词(wind-pollination)5.动词形容词(bandramatically)6.连接词(when

as

because

resultfrom)事实细节题特殊的细节定位：1.如果题干所问的事物在原文中多次出现，则应该定位于首次出现的地方。首次出现之处所讲到的性质特点，往往就是出题点。2.如果题干所问的事物和文章主要叙述点focus相关，则将其和文章的TS联系，并依此定位。ScholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservationofAfricancultureintheUnitedStates.TheycorrectlynotethatslaverystrippedsomeculturalelementsfromBlackpeople—theirpoliticalandeconomicsystems—buttheyunderestimatethesignificanceofmusicinsustainingotherAfricanculturalvalues.Africanmusic,unlikethemusicofsomeothercultures,wasbasedonatotalvisionoflifeinwhichmusicwasnotanisolatedsocialdomain.InAfricanculturemusicwaspervasive,servingnotonlyreligion,butallphasesoflife,includingbirth,death,work,andplay.Themethodsthatacommunitydevisestoperpetuateitselfcomeintobeingtopreserveaspectsoftheculturallegacythatthatcommunityperceivesasessential.Music,likeartingeneral,wassoinextricablyapartofAfricanculturethatitbecameacrucialmeansofpreservingthecultureduringandafterthedislocationsofslavery.WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthefunctionofAfricanmusiccanbeinferredfromthepassage?(A)Itpreservedculturalvaluesbecauseitwasthoroughlyintegratedintothelivesofthepeople.(B)ItwasmoreimportantinthedevelopmentofAfricanreligiouslifethaninotherareasofculture.(C)Itwasdevelopedinresponsetothelossofpoliticalandeconomicsystems.(D)ItspervasivenessinAfricanculturehindereditseffectivenessinminimizingtheimpactofslavery.(E)Itsisolationfromtheeconomicdomainsoflifeenabledittosurvivethedestructiveimpactofslavery.Inline8,thephrase“isolatedsocialdomain”refersto(A)Africanmusicinrelationtocontemporarycultureasawhole(B)musicasitmaybeperceivedinnon-Africancultures(C)afeatureofAfricanmusicthataidedintransmittingAfricanculturalvalues(D)anaspectoftheAfricanculturallegacy(E)theinfluenceofmusiconcontemporaryculture事实细节题注意事项：一、在做细节题时，能定位的一定要定位，找原文语言重现，不要怕花时间。具体步骤：1.快速扫读一遍原文。2.题干定位。问到什么，再详细看。3.有些题目凭技巧可以做得更快。事实细节题二、警觉选项中可能出现的几个词：1.than如果在选项中出现比较从句，那么这两个被比的事物要在原文中比过，而且要有结果，才可以选。例：Andyisagiant,Allenisadwarf.AndyismuchtallerthanAllen.事实细节题2.最高级和表示唯一性的词汇带有最高级和唯一性的词汇不一定是必错的，要看原文对题干所问事物是如何描述的。如果文中出现最高级和唯一词汇，那么带有最高级或唯一词汇的选项就有可能正确。原文就是把一个人捧上了天，只要没有说他是最好的，那么正确选项中就不能带有最高级的正评价。Expect题基本结构：Theauthorprovidesthefollowingexamplesinthepassageexcept...解题思路：遇到这种题目，应该去寻找原文列举内容。同理，读文章时如果在原文中发现列举也要警觉，以便后面碰到这种题型时能迅速找到答案。Seekingacompetitiveadvantage，someprofessionalservicefirms（forexample，firmsprovidingadvertising，accounting，orhealthcareservices）haveconsideredofferingunconditionalguaranteesofsatisfaction.Suchguaranteesspecifywhatclientscanexpectandwhatthefirmwilldoifitfailstofulfilltheseexpectations.Particularlywithfirst-timeclients，anunconditionalguaranteecanbeaneffectivemarketingtooliftheclientisverycautious，thefirm‘sfeesarehigh，the

negativeconsequencesofbadservicearegrave，orbusinessisdifficulttoobtainthroughreferralsandword-of-mouth.However，anunconditionalguaranteecansometimeshindermarketingefforts.Withitsimplicationthatfailureispossible，theguaranteemay，paradoxically，causeclientstodoubttheservicefirm‘sabilitytodeliverthe

promisedlevelofservice.Itmayconflictwithafirm’sdesiretoappearsophisticated，ormayevensuggestthatafirmisbeggingforbusiness.Inlegalandhealthcare

services，itmaymisleadclientsbysuggestingthatlaw-suitsormedicalprocedureswillhaveguaranteedout-comes.Indeed，professionalservicefirmswithoutstandinreputationsandperformancetomatchhavelittletogainfromofferingunconditionalguarantees.Andanyfirmthatimplementsanunconditionalguaranteewithoutundertakingacommensuratecommitmenttoqualityofserviceismerelyemployingapotentiallycostlymarketinggimmick.1.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto（A）accountforthepopularityofapractice（B）evaluatetheutilityofapractice（C）demonstratehowtoinstituteapractice（D）weightheethicsofusingastrategy（E）explainthereasonsforpursuingastrategyAllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascircumstancesinwhichprofessionalservicefirmscanbenefitfromofferinganunconditionalguaranteeEXCEPT：（A）Thefirmishavingdiffiicultyretainingitsclientsoflongstanding.（B）Thefirmishavingdifficultygettingbusinessthroughclientrecommendations.（C）Thefirmchargessubstantialfeesforitsservices.（D）Theadverseeffectsofpoorperformancebythefirmaresignificantfortheclient.（E）Theclientisreluctanttoincurrisk.3.Whichofthefollowingiscitedinthepassageasagoalofsomeprofessionalservicefirmsinofferingunconditionalguaranteesofsatisfaction？（A）Alimitonthefirm‘sliability（B）Successfulcompetitionagainstotherfirms（C）Abilitytojustifyfeeincreases（D）Attainmentofanoutstandingreputationinafield（E）Improvementinthequalityofthefirm‘sserviceinorderto题提问文中举出某现象或某例子是为了什么真经“inorderto”引用细节的选项错。所有GRE文章都是论说文，文章举出的一些例子就是为了说明一定的道理。我们要看这个例子在原文中出现的位置，在它出现的不远处（以出现之前更为多见）肯定有一句总结说明的话，这就是inorderto类型选项中动词之后宾语的答案OfHomer'stwoepicpoems,theOdysseyhasalwaysbeenmorepopularthantheIliad,perhapsbecauseitincludesmorefeaturesofmythologythatareaccessibletoreaders.Itssubject(touseMaynardMack'scategories)is“life-as-spectacle,”forreaders,divertedbyitsvariousincidents,observeitsheroOdysseusprimarilyfromwithout;thetragicIliad,however,presents“life-asexperience”:readersareaskedtoidentifywiththemindofAchilles,whosemotivationsrenderhimanotparticularlylikablehero.Inaddition,theIliad,morethantheOdyssey,suggeststhecomplexityofthegods'involvementinhumanactions,andtotheextentthatmodernreadersfindthiscomplexityaneedlesscomplication,theIliadislesssatisfyingthantheOdyssey,withitssimpler'schemeofdivinejustice.Finally,sincetheIliadpresentsahistoricallyverifiableaction,Troy'ssiege,thepoemraiseshistoricalquestionsthatareabsentfromtheOdyssey'sblithelyimaginativeworld.1.TheauthorusesMack's“categories”(lines4)mostprobablyinorderto(A)arguethattheIliadshouldreplacetheOdysseyasthemorepopularpoem(B)indicateMack'simportanceasacommentatorontheIliadandtheOdyssey(C)suggestonewayinwhichtheIliadandtheOdysseycanbedistinguished(D)pointoutsomeofthedifficultiesfacedbyreadersoftheIliadandtheOdyssey(E)demonstratethattheIliadandtheOdysseycanbestbedistinguishedbycomparingtheirrespectiveheroes2.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith(A)distinguishingarguments(B)applyingclassifications(C)initiatingadebate(D)resolvingadispute(E)developingacontrast3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatareaderoftheIliadislikelytohavetroubleidentifyingwiththepoem'sheroforwhichofthefollowingreasons?(A)Theheroiseventuallyrevealedtobeunheroic.(B)Theherocanbeobservedbythereaderonlyfromwithout.(C)Thehero'spsychologyisnothistoricallyverifiable.(D)Thehero'semotionsoftendonotseemappealingtothereader.(E)Thehero'semotionsarenotsufficientlyvarioustoengagethereader'sattention.推理题包含逻辑（削弱、加强）和类比题特点：答案可能会出现原文中所没有的内容逻辑题1.逻辑削弱题干特征：Iftrue,wouldweaken/undermine/castdoubtonacertaintheoryinthepassage.（1）反对原因；反对论据；反对原因和结果间的关系（2）存在他因（3）同因异果，异因同果P71(1)逻辑题TheopponentwarnsaboutthepossibilitythatmicroorganismswithrecombinantDNAmightescapefromthelaboratory.Foreigntothenature,thenewly-createdmicrobesmayinhabithumansandbecomefixedthere,withunpredictableconsequences.Similarly,thenewstrainsofmicroorganismthatparasiteontheirnewhostslivingonnaturalenvironmentsmaywreckhavocinthefragileecologicalbalance.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtontheclaimofcriticsofrecombinantDNAtechnology?(A)Thenewly-createdmicroorganismsareunlikelytoescapefromlaboratoriesduetothedevelopmentofstate-of-the-artsafetydevices.(B)Anewly-createdmicroorganismaccidentallyescapingfromalaboratoryissuccessfullycontained.(C)Aparticularmicroorganismwithnewlyinsertedgenesencountersitsenemyspeciesthatdevoursitquickly.(D)Anumberofmicroorganismswithnewlyinsertedgenescannotsurviveoutsidethebodiesofmanyanimals.(E)AparticularhumangeneticdiseasehasbeentreatedbyakindofmicroorganismwithrecombinantDNA.Opponentsoflawsthatrequireautomobiledriversandpassengerstowearseatbeltsarguethatinafreesocietypeoplehavetherighttotakerisksaslongasthe