《现代语言学》试题

现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneoftheourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandblackenthecorrespondingletterA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.symbolsusedforLanguageisasystemofarbitraryhumancommunication.symbolsusedforA.visualB.vocalC.writtenD.spokenTheEnglishsounds[j]and[w]areA.liquids B.glidesC.affricatives D.nasalsTheoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisitionisA.earlyteenage B.7yearsoldC.6yearsoldD.20yearsoldmodifythemeaningandinmanycaseschangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.Prefixes13.RootsC.SuffixesD.StemsNeurolinguistshaveconcludedthatthreeareasofthelefthemispherearevitaltolanguage,namely,Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandA.neurons B.cerebralcortexC.Exner'sarea D.theangulargyrusAclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsaloneisknownasafiniteclause.A.semanticallyB.structurallyC.sociolinguisticallyD.phonologicallyisalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.CreoleB.VernacularC.BilingualismD.DiglossiaThesenserelationthatholdsbetweenthetwowordspieceandpeaceisA.polysemyB.homonymyC.hyponymyD.synonymyAsanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage,speechacttheorywasoriginatedwithinthelate50'softhe20thcentury.A.PaulGriceB.JohnSearleC.NoamChomskyD.JohnAustinIngeneral,linguisticchangeinthesystemandthevocabularyofalanguageismorenoticeablethanthatinothersystemsofthegrammar.A.syntacticB.morphologicalC.sound D.semanticDirections:FillintheblankontheANSWERSHEETineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalizedasetofrabouthislanguage,whichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.Englishvowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,candback.Blearningtheorysuggestedthatachild'sverbalbehaviorwasconditionedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.Imorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.ThelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledI16.SyntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerisknownaslinguisticcApisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofcommunication.Sreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.AccordingtoJ.Austin,aIactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MEnglishandModemEnglish.IIIDirections:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseontheANSWERSHEET.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.Modemlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary.[s]and[z]aretwoalveolarfricativesinEnglish.Ingeneral,languagelearningreferstochildren'sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage.Thewordupdateisformedbyderivation.ThecaseofGeniedemonstratesthatthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiod.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Ofthetwosounds/b/and/1/,childrenaremorelikelytoacquire/1/firstratherthan/b/.TheconceptualistviewofmeaningwasfurtherstrengthenedbyBloomfield,whodrewonbehavioristpsychologywhentryingtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticform.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication.Languagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchangeinthegrammar.IV.Directions:ExplainthefollowingtermsandgiveexamplesforillustrationwhereerlanguagerootthecriticalperiodhypothesisUniversalGrammarslanghyponymyperlocutionaryactsemanticchangeV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedas"thescientificstudyoflanguage".Describebrieflytheprocessoflinguisticstudy.WhatistheCooperativePrinciple?PleasemakeananalysisofwhatmaximisviolatedbyBandwhatimplicatureisproducedinthefollowingconversation.A:Thespeakerisanawfulbore.Don'tyouthink?B:Thelecturehallisspacious,isn'tit?(ThisissaidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatitisentirelypossibleforBtomakeacommentonthespeaker.)2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandblackenthecorrespondingletterA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(2%x10=20%)1.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.A.competenceB.performanceC.langueD.paroleTheEnglishsound[u:]isaA.closevowelB.semi-closevowelC.semi-openvowelD.openvowelWhichofthefollowingfactorsisNOTalearnerfactor?A.AcculturationB.PersonalityC.InteractionD.MotivationThewords"take"and"table"arecalledbecausetheycanoccurunattached.A.freemorphemes B.boundmorphemesC.formwords D.inflectionalmorphemesWhatcanbedrawnsafelyfromthecaseofGenieisthatA.itconfirmsthecriticalperiodhypothesishuman'slanguageacquisitiondeviceisindependentofotherintellectualabilitieslanguagecannotbeacquiredatallafterthecriticalperiodthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiodand,asaresult,mostlinguisticskillscannotdevelopConstituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesameA.syntacticcategoryB.phonologicalcategoryC.morphologicalcategoryD.semanticcategorySociolinguisticsisprimarilyconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguageandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.variationB.changeC.structureD.formInsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalled,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.A.predicationB.predicateC.argumentD.senseThenotionofisessentialtothepragmaticstudyofIanguage.A.utteranceB.sentenceC.contextD.speechactThefirstandmostwideIyinvestigatedIanguagefamiIyoftheworIdisA.theSino-TibetanFamiIy B.theIndo-EuropeanFamiIyC.theAustronesianFamiIy D.theAfroasiaticFamiIyDirections:FillintheblankontheANSWERSHEETineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%x10=10%)Culturaltmeansthatlanguagecanbepassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Whenpitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasiLanguageacquisitionisconcernedwithIanguagedinhumans.SemanticaIIy,themeaningofacompoundisofteni,notaIwaysbeingthesumtotaIofthemeaningsofitscomponents.ThereIationshipbetweenthenameandthemeaningofawordisquite.aSyntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionaIIycaIIedtruIes,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.Acreolelanguageisoriginallyapthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.Preferstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Ifonecontributesmoreinformationthanisrequiredinaconversation,he/sheviolatesthemaximofqManyofthemostbasictermsintheEnglishlanguageoriginatefromOEnglish.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseontheANSWERSHEET.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.(2%~10=20%)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisadiachronicstudy.[0]and[6]aretwodentalfricativesinEnglish.Althoughthereareindividualdifferencesinonsetandrateoflanguagedevelopment,childrenacrossculturesfollowthesameorderoflanguagedevelopment."Plural"isamorpheme.Languageistheonlymeansforthought.ParametersaresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.Aregionaldialectisusuallyspokenbyagroupofpeoplelivinginthesamecommunity.Contexualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Thetwosentences"Tomsmokes."and"Tomissmoking."havethesamepredication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthespoken.Directions:Explainthefollowingtermsandgiveexamplesforillustrationwhereappropriate・(3%x10=30%)dualitywordstresssecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)stemcerebralplasticityAUX-movementspeechcommunitysensepragmaticshistoricallinguisticsDirections:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)Nameanddescribe5ofthecorebranchesoflinguistics.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandblackenthecorrespondingletterA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(2%x10=20%)1.LinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthestudyofIanguage.synchronicB.scientificC.specificD.diachronicaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinaIanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginIinguisticcommunication.A.PhoneticsB.PhonoIogyC.Phone D.PhonemeTheAmericanSLAschoIarproposedthedistinctionbetweenacquisitionandIearning.A.F.deSaussure B.N.ChomskyC.S.Krashen D.B.F.SkinnerThebasicunitinthestudyofmorphoIogyisA.phoneB.wordC.phonemeD.morphemeOneofmajormentaIfunctionscontroIIedbytherighthemisphereofthebrainisA.temporaIordering B.hoIisticreasoningC.caIcuIation D.anaIyticreasoningTraditionallythethreemajortypesofsentencesare,andsentences.A.full/partial/incompleteB.affirmative/interrogative/imperativeC.positive/negative/neutralD.simple/coordinateorcompound/complexInsociolinguistics,themorestandardvarietyiscalledthevariety,whichisusedformoreformalorseriousmatters,suchasspeechesmadeingovernment,themedia,school,orchurch.A.IowB.highC.authoritativeD.officialThesenserelationthatholdsbetweenthetwowordsfiowerandroseisA.polysemyB.homonymyC.hyponymyD.synonymyWhilethemeaningofasentenceisabstract,anddecontextualized,themeaningofa(n)isconcrete,andcontext-dependent.A.wordB.phraseC.idiom D.utteraneeHistoricallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageehange,therefore,itmainlyadoptsaapproaeh.A.diaehronic B.synehronic C.descriptiveD.preseriptiveDirections:FillintheblankontheANSWERSHEETineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%x10=10%)Dfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedeitherintermsofmofarticulationorintermsofplaceofarticulation.LanguageacquisitionisconcernedwithIanguagedinhumans.BoundmorphemesincIudetwotypes:rootsandaThebrainisdividedintotworoughIysymmetricaIhaIves,caIIedh,oneontherightandoneontheIeft.ThetheoryofCaseConditionaccountsforthefactthatnphrasesappearonIyinsubjectandobjectpositions.AparticularrmaybeusedbyaparticulargroupofpeopIe,usuaIIysharingthesameoccupationIikedoctors,teachers,andlawyers,orthesameinterests,suchasstampcollectors,footballfans.Rmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.AccordingtoJohnAustin,pweresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastateandwerenotverifiable.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModemEnglish.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseontheANSWERSHEET.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion・(2%x10=20%)AccordingtoF.deSaussure,paroleisconcrete,whilelangueisabstract.TherearetwonasalsinEnglish:[m][n].StudiesoftheeffectofformalinstructioningeneralsupportthehypothesisthatinstructiondecidesSLA.Sinceacompoundisaword,itscomponentscannotbewrittenseparately.Formostindividuals,thelefthemisphereisdominantforlanguage,regardlessofhandiness.Thearrangementofwordsinalinearsequenceentailsthatsentencesaresimplylinearly-structured.Aeuphemismisamild,directorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoreindirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlyoffensive.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomophones.Ifonesayswhathebelievestobefalse,heviolatesthemaximofquantity.Themostvigorousandon-goingchangeinthehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguageisthechangeinitsvocabulary.Directions:Explainthefollowingtermsandgiveexamplesforillustrationwhereappropriate・(3%x10=30%)appliedlinguistics32.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)33.languagetransfer34.inflectionalaffixes35.linguisticlateralization36.branchingnodes37.semantics38.illocutionaryacthistoricallinguisticslinguafranca

V.Directions:AnswerthefollowingV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechandwriting,whichismorebasicintheviewofmodemlinguistics?Explainthereasons.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?Explainthembriefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandblackenthecorrespondingletterA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.1.providesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.A.Arbitrariness B.ProductivityC.Duality D.Displacement[3：][]and[a]arethevowelsinEnglish.A.front B.semi-openC.central D.backTherootofthewordcarelessnessisA.careC.-lesscarelessA.careC.-lessD.-nessSyntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthestructureoflanguage.A.sound B. wordsentence D.meaningThesenserelationbetweenthetwowordsfiowerandroseisA.antonymyB.hyponymyC.homonymyD.polysymyThestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunicationiscommonlycalledA.semantics B.syntaxC.pragmatics D.sociolinguisticsHistoricallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageA.change B.factC.grammar D.presenceVariationinlanguageusewhichisassociatedwiththesexofindividualspeakersisA.age B.genderC.register D.slangThelanguagecenterthatisresponsibleforconvertingavisualstimulusintoanauditoryformandviceversaiscalleda(n)A.Broca'sarea B.Wemicke'sareaC.motorarea D.angulargymsInlanguagelearning,isdefinedintermsofthelearner'soverallgoalororientation.A.motivation B.aptitudeC.acculturation D.personalityDirections:FillintheblankontheANSWERSHEETineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.Chomskydefinespastheactualrealizationoftheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.Thearticulatoryorgansofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthencavity.Morphemesthatcannotstandalone,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalledbmorphemes.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastas anditspredicate.Thecviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.Ifyousaywhatyoubelievetobefalseinaconversation,youviolatethemaximofqManyofthemostbasicterms,suchasman,eatandhouseintheEnglishlanguageoriginatefromOEnglish.Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommun