农林英语 课件 Unit 4 Ecosystem and Environment

Unit4EcosystemandEnvironmentUNIT4EcosystemandEnvironmentWarmingUpIntensiveReadingExtensiveReadingPracticalReadingComparativeReadingFurtherReadingLearningObjectivesBytheendofthisunit,you’llbeableto:•definetheecosystem,andtalkaboutitshealthandthechangesit’sexperiencing•outlinethefactorscontributingtodesertificationandsuggestsolutions•explainhowtobuildamini-aquaticsystem•describethechallengeshumansfaceinlivingwithwildanimals•translatesentencesusingthepassivevoice•discussissuesrelatingtotheecosystemandtheenvironmentTaskExcessivehumanactivitiescauseclimatechangethatexertsagreatinfluenceontheenvironment.Matchthepictureswiththeterms.()1deforestation()2carbonemission()3flood()4landslide()5desertification()6sandstormWarmingUpDFBCEAAcommunityoforganisms,naturalresourcesandtheirinfluenceoneachotheriscalledanecosystem.Inotherwords,anecosystemisachainofinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironments.Anecosystemcanbeassmallasanoasisinadesert,orasbigasanocean,spanningthousandsofmiles.Therearetwotypesofecosystems:terrestrialecosystemsandaquaticecosystems.Terrestrialecosystemsareexclusivelyland-basedecosystemsincludingforest,grassland,tundraanddesertecosystems.Aquaticecosystemsareecosystemspresentinabodyofwater,whichcanbefurtherdividedintotwotypes:freshwaterandmarineecosystems.译IntensiveReadingEcosystemanditshealthThroughouttime,climatechangeandhumanactivitieshavebroughtaboutmajorchangesintheenvironment.Theyhaveaffectedtheentireecosystem,sinceanimbalanceinthesystemiscreated.Inmostcases,thechangesdonotcompletelydestroytheecosystem,becauseanew,slightlydifferentecosystemcanbecreated.However,someecosystemshavebeendestroyed,astheycan’tbearthevastchangescausedbyhumans.TheWWFLivingPlanetReport2018statesthathalfoftheworld’sshallowwatercoralshavebeenlostinthelastseveraldecadesduetothecombinedeffectsofwarmerwater,improperfishingpracticesandwaterpollution.Alongsidethis,thedeforestationoftropicalrainforestscontributestothelossofmanyspeciesofplantsandanimals.Thesechangeshavebroughtirreversibledamagetotheecosystems.译IntensiveReadingSustainableforestryEcosystemanditshealthBiodiversity,ashortenedformofbiologicaldiversity,isthekeyindicatorofthehealthofanecosystem.BiodiversityisthevarietyoflifeonEarth.Thislife,inallitsshapesandsizes,occursinthecontextofecosystems—itreliesonandinteractswithotherorganismsandthephysicalenvironment.Protectingbiodiversityisessentialforthediversity,stabilityandsustainabilityofourecosystems.Aswehumanbeingsliveinandrelyonecosystems,ecologicalconservationisofcriticalimportance.Wecanmakejointeffortsinaspectslikeconservingspecies,habitatandlandscapestorealizeastableandsustainableecosystem.译IntensiveReadingSustainableforestryEcosystemanditshealth

Wordsorganismn.生物，有机体oasis

n.绿洲span

v.跨越，包括terrestrial

adj.陆地的，陆栖的，陆生的tundra

n.苔原，冻原marine

adj.海洋的imbalance

n.不平衡slightly

adv.稍微，略微deforestation

n.砍伐树林，毁林irreversible

adj.不可逆转的indicator

n.指示物interact

v.相互作用IntensiveReading

Expressionsshallowwatercoral浅水珊瑚ecologicalconservation生态保护IntensiveReading1Whatisanecosystem?2

Whatisaterrestrialecosystem?IntensiveReadingAnecosystemisachainofinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment./Anecosystemistheinteractionoforganismsandnaturalresources.Theterrestrialecosystemareland-basedecosystemsincludingforests,grassland,tundraanddesertecosystems.ReadingcomprehensionTask1

Readthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions.3

Whathascontributedtothemajorchangesintheenvironment?4Whathascausedthelossofhalfoftheworld’sshallowwatercorals?IntensiveReadingClimatechangeandhumanactivitieshavecontributedtothechanges.Thecombinedeffectsofwarmerwater,improperfishingpracticesandwaterpollution.ReadingcomprehensionTask1

Readthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions.5

Whyisbiodiversityimportantforanecosystem?IntensiveReadingBiodiversityisthekeyindicatorofthehealthofanecosystem.ReadingcomprehensionTask1

Readthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions.VocabularybuildingTask2

Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitionsaccordingtothetext.IntensiveReadingIntensiveReading

1biodiversityAtoincludeallofaparticularspaceorarea2species3ecosystem4imbalance5major6habitat7contributeB

alltheanimalsandplantsinaparticulararea,andthewayinwhichtheyarerelatedtoeachotherandtotheirenvironmentC

verylargeorimportantD

thenaturalhomeofaplantoranimalE

alackofafairorcorrectbalancebetweentwothings,whichresultsinproblemsorunfairnessF

agroupofplantsoranimalswhosemembersaresimilarandcanbreedtogethertoproduceyounganimalsandplantsG

thecuttingorburningdownofallthetreesinanarea7deforestation9

spanH

tohelptomakesomethinghappenIthevarietyofplantsandanimalsinaparticularplaceTask3

Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordsinbrackets.1Competitive,predatoryandmutualistic

differinthewaythattheinvolvingspeciesrelatewitheachother.(interact)2Howdolivingthings

onthenonlivingfactorsinanenvironment?(reliance)3Ecological

occurswhenanaturalorhuman-causeddisturbancedisruptsthenaturalbalanceofanecosystem.(balance)4Acountryshalltakeallpracticalstepstopromotetheprotectionofthe

.(environmental)5Thisinfectiousdisease

tothousandofdeathsofanimalsayear.(contribute)6Environmental

ispracticethatpavesthewayforprotectingtheenvironmentandnaturalresourcesonindividualandgovernmentallevels.(conserve)IntensiveReadinginteractionsrelyimbalanceenvironmentcontributingconservationDiscussionTask4WetlandsarethekidneysofEarth.DiscussinyourgroupthebenefitsofawetlandecosystembasedonthefollowingsuggestionsIntensiveReading课IntensiveReading生物与自然资源构成的群落以及它们之间的相互作用统称为生态系统。换言之，生态系统是连接生物体与周围环境的一条相互作用链。一个生态系统可以小到沙漠中的一片绿洲，也可以大到绵延数千英里的海洋。生态系统分为两种：陆地生态系统和水生生态系统。陆地生态系统专指基于陆地的生态系统，包括森林、草原、苔原和沙漠生态系统。水生生态系统是指存在于水体中的生态系统，又可进一步细分为淡水生态系统和海洋生态系统两类。

生态系统和生态系统健康课IntensiveReading随着时间的推移，气候变化和人类活动导致环境产生了重大变化。这些变化影响了整个生态系统，系统开始失衡。在大多数情况下，这些变化并不会完全摧毁生态系统，会有一个略有不同的新生态系统出现。然而，一些生态系统因无法承受人类造成的巨大变化而被损害。世界自然基金会《2018地球生命力报告》中指出，在过去几十年里，由于海水变暖、不当捕捞行为和水污染的综合影响，世界上有一半的浅水珊瑚已经死亡。除此之外，热带雨林的砍伐也造成了许多动植物物种的灭绝。这些变化对生态系统造成了不可逆转的破坏。生态系统和生态系统健康课IntensiveReadingBiodiversity是生物多样性（biologicaldiversity）的简称，是生态系统健康的关键指标。生物多样性是指地球上生命的多样性。形态各异、大小不同的生物依赖于其它生物和自然环境，并与之相互作用，共同存在于生态系统这个大环境中。保护生物多样性对生态系统的多样性、稳定性和可持续性至关重要。人类是生态系统的一部分，并依赖生态系统而存在，因此生态保护至关重要。我们可以在保护物种、栖息地和景观等方面共同努力，实现生态系统的稳定和可持续发展。生态系统和生态系统健康Desertificationistheprocessbywhichnaturalorhumancausesreducethebiologicalproductivityofdrylands(aridandsemiarid

areas).Desertificationdoesnotrefertothephysicalexpansionofexistingdesertsbutrathertothevariousprocessesthatthreatenalldrylandecosystems,includingdesertsaswellasgrasslandandscrubland.Drought,deforestation,climatechange,overgrazingandunsustainableirrigationpracticescancontributetothisextremeglobalissue—desertification.Prolongedperiodsofdroughtcantakeaseveretollonthe

land.Climatechangewillaccountfortheincreaseofdesertificationinthecomingyears.Desertificationreducestheland’sresiliencetonaturalchangesinclimate.Itdisruptsthenaturalcycleofwaterandnutrients,andintensifiesstrongwindsandwildfires.Theresultofdesertificationisbarrenlandthatcannotbeusedforcropandfoodproductionorotheragriculturalpurposes.Desertification译ExtensiveReadingSomewatermanagementmethodscanbeusedtopreventorlessentheimpactofdesertification.Thesemayincludetheuseoftraditionalwater

harvestingtechniques,waterstorageanddiversesoilandwaterconservationmeasures.Duringintensiverainfallepisodes,practicingwatercapturehelpspreventsurfacerun-offthatcarriesawaythethin,fertile,moisture-holdingtopsoil.Improvinggroundwaterrechargethroughsoil

waterconservation,upstreamrevegetationandfloodwaterdiversioncanprovidereservesofwaterforuseduringdroughtperiods.Otherwatermanagementmethodsincludewatersaving,reuseanddesalination.ExtensiveReading译DesertificationExtensiveReadingProtectionofvegetativecovercanbeanothermajorinstrumentforthepreventionofdesertification.Maintainingvegetativecovertoprotectsoilfromwindandwatererosionisakeypreventivemeasureagainstdesertification.Reducedrainfallmaybeinducedifvegetationcoverislostduetoovercultivationandovergrazing.Thisisusuallycoupledwiththeeffectofreducedsurfaceevapotranspirationandshadeorincreasedreflectivepower.Properlymaintainedvegetativecoveralsopreventsthelossofecosystemservicesduringdroughtperiods.Desertificationisnotalwaysinevitable.Itmaybealleviatedbythevariousmeasuresaforementioned.Humanfactors,suchasdeforestationandovergrazing,canbecontrolledbyoptimizingagriculturalandgrazingpractices.However,thelandcannotalwaysberehabilitatedanditsfertilityrestored.Peopleshouldbeawareofandminimizethenegativeimpactsoftheiractivitiesonnatureasbestastheycan.译Desertification

Wordsdesertification

n.荒漠化arid

adj.干旱的semiaridadj.半干旱的expansion

n.扩大scrubland

n.灌木丛林地overgrazing

n.过度放牧unsustainable

adj.不可持续的prolong

v.延长resilience

n.恢复力disrupt

v.扰乱，使混乱intensify

v.（使）加剧，（使）增强barren

adj.贫瘠的lessenv.（使）降低，（使）减少fertile

adj.肥沃的recharge

n.（地下水）补给upstream

adj.上游的revegetation

n.植被重建desalination

n.（海水的）脱盐，淡化ExtensiveReading

Wordsvegetative

adj.植物的，植物性的overcultivation

n.过度开垦evapotranspiration

n.蒸散作用rehabilitate

v.使恢复原状ExtensiveReading

Expressionsirrigationpractice灌溉措施accountforsth

是……的原因takeaseveretollonsth/sb

对……造成重大损失intensiverainfall强降雨vegetativecover植被ExtensiveReadingDesertificationistheprocessbywhichnaturalorhumancausesreducethebiologicalproductivityofdrylands.Desertificationis1

bydrought,deforestation,climatechange,overgrazingand2

irrigationpractices.Desertificationreducestheland’sresiliencetonaturalchangesinclimate.It3

strongwindsandwildfires.Therefore,thelandturnsbarrenandcannotbeusedforcropandfoodproduction.ReadingcomprehensionTask1Completethesummarywiththewordsinthebox。ExtensiveReadingcausedunsustainableintensifiesSomewatermanagementmethodscanbeusedtopreventorlessenthe4

ofdesertification,suchastraditionalwater-harvestingtechniques,waterstorageand5

soilandwaterconservationmeasures.Takingwatercapturemeasurescanpreventsurfacesoillossduringintensiverainfall.Soil-waterconservation,upstream6

andfloodwaterdiversioncanprovidereservesofwaterforuseduringdroughtperiods.ReadingcomprehensionTask1Completethesummarywiththewordsinthebox。ExtensiveReadingimpactdiverserevegetationMaintainingvegetativecovertoprotectsoilfromwindandwater7

isakeypreventivemeasureagainstdesertification.Maintainingvegetativecover8

alsopreventsthelossofecosystemservicesduringdroughtepisodes.ReadingcomprehensionTask1Completethesummarywiththewordsinthebox。ExtensiveReadingerosionproperlyDesertificationisnotalways9

.Itcanbealleviatedbyaforementionedmeasures.Butpeopleshouldtrytheirbesttominimizethenegativeimpactsoftheiractivitiesonnature.ReadingcomprehensionTask1Completethesummarywiththewordsinthebox。ExtensiveReadinginevitableVocabularybuildingTask2ReadthesentencesineachgroupandchoosesentenceAorBwheretheitalicizedwordhasthesamemeaningasinthesamplesentence.ExtensiveReading1Theresultofdesertificationisbarrenlandthatcannotbeusedforcropandfoodproductionorotheragriculturalpurposes.A.That’sprobablythemostbarrenandinhospitableislandI’veeverseen.B.Theroomwassimple,nearlybarrenoffurnitureordecoration.2Prolongedperiodsofdroughtcantakeaseveretollontheland.A.Thedeepeningrecessionhastakenitstollinthesouthofthecountry.B.Theadvantageoftollroadsisthattheyraisemoneyonlyfromcarusers.✅✅贫瘠的缺乏某物的严重的不良影响通行费VocabularybuildingTask2ReadthesentencesineachgroupandchoosesentenceAorBwheretheitalicizedwordhasthesamemeaningasinthesamplesentence.ExtensiveReading3

Improvinggroundwaterrechargethroughsoil-waterconservation,upstreamduringdroughtperiods.A.Economicalartificialwaterrechargeprojectscanutilizethebedofthemainstreamchannel.B.NewenergyvehiclesarepopularinChinabecausetheirbatteriescanberechargedquickly.4Protectionofvegetativecovercanbeanothermajorinstrumentforthepreventionofdesertification.A.Carbonemissionreductionisakeyinstrumentforaddressingclimatechange.B.Thelightinghaddamagedtheplane’sinstrumentsandtheyweren’tgivinganyreadings.✅补给，灌注充电✅方法，手段仪表VocabularybuildingTask2ReadthesentencesineachgroupandchoosesentenceAorBwheretheitalicizedwordhasthesamemeaningasinthesamplesentence.ExtensiveReading5Maintainingvegetativecovertoprotectsoilfromwindandwatererosionisakeypreventivemeasureagainstdesertification.A.Carbonreductionisoneofthekeywordsofourtime.B.Sheranherfingerslightlyoverthekeysofthepiano.6

However,thelandcannotalwaysberehabilitatedanditsfertilityrestored.A.Thepolicehaverestoredthepaintingtoitsrightfulowner.B.Thegovernmentpromisestorestoretheeconomytofullstrength.✅关键的键✅归还恢复1(Afforestation/Deforestation)isdefinedastheprocessofplantingtreesinapreviouslyinfertileenvironment.2Reducingemissionsfromdeforestation,plusthe(sustainable/unsustainable)managementofforests,isanessentialpartoftheglobaleffortstomitigateclimatechange.3Physicalforcesthatbreakdownrocksincludethedailyheatingandcoolingofrocksonthesurfaceandthe(expansion/expand)ofplantrootsincracksExtensiveReadingTask3

Choosetheappropriatewordforeachsentence.4Short-term(extensive/intensive)rainfallisadestructiveweatherphenomenonthatispoorly、

predictedbytraditionalforecastingmethods.5(Preventive/Preventable)measureshavebeenintroducedtoavoidtherisksofheavyrain,thunderstormsandlandslides.6Adozentreesof(various/variety)sortswereplantedonbarrenland.ExtensiveReadingTask3

Choosetheappropriatewordforeachsentence.课ExtensiveReading

荒漠化是指由于自然因素或人为原因造成的旱地（指干旱和半干旱地区）生物生产力降低的过程。荒漠化不是指现有沙漠的扩张，而是指威胁所有旱地生态系统（包括沙漠、草地和灌木丛地）的各种过程。

干旱、砍伐森林、气候变化、过度放牧和不可持续的灌溉措施都可能导致荒漠化这一极端的全球性问题。长期的干旱会对土地造成严重的损害。气候变化会在未来几年加剧荒漠化进程。荒漠化降低了土地对气候自然变化的适应能力。它破坏了土地中水和养分的自然循环，加剧了暴风和野火。荒漠化的结果是土地贫瘠，无法种植作物、生产粮食或者用做农业其它用途。荒漠化课ExtensiveReading

一些水资源管理方法可用于预防或减轻荒漠化的影响。这些方法包括使用传统的集水技术、蓄水以及各种水土保持措施。在雨季，采取蓄水措施有助于防止地表径流带走肥沃而湿润的浅层地表土。通过水土保持、上游植被重建和洪水分流来改善地下水补给，为旱季储备用水。还有节水、水资源再利用和海水淡化等其他水资源管理方法。

荒漠化课ExtensiveReading

保护植被是预防荒漠化的另一个主要手段。保持植被使土壤免受风、水侵蚀是防止荒漠化的一项关键措施。如果过度耕作和过度放牧导致了植被覆盖丧失，降雨量就有可能减少。植被减少也会带来地表蒸发量减少、遮荫减少、地表反射能力增强等效应。适当保持植被覆盖也可防止干旱期间生态系统功能的丧失。

荒漠化并非是不可避免的，可以通过上述各种措施来缓解。人为因素，如过度砍伐和过度放牧，可以通过优化农业和放牧活动加以控制。然而，土地都并非能恢复到其原来的肥沃程度。人们应该意识到人类活动对自然的负面影响，并尽可能减少其影响。荒漠化Step1Chooseapropercontainer.Ifbuildinganaquaticecosystemisnewtoyou,youmaywanttostartsmall.However,thesmalleryourcontainer,theharderitistomaintainaself-sustainingenvironment.Largercontainersallowfortheinclusionofdiversespeciesandgiveeverythingroomtogrow.Allcontainersmustbecleartoletlightin.Step2Exposethecontainertolighting.Lightingisimportantforthegrowthoftheplantsinyourecosystem.PracticalReadingBuildinganaquaticecosystem

译Step3Establishthesubstratefortheecosystem.Thesubstrateservesasthesoilthatenablestheplantstoanchorthemselvesandgrow.Itmustbeproperlyestablishedbeforeyoudoanythingelsetoformanenvironmentofgrowthandofnutrientcirculation.Step4Fillthecontainerwithwater.Thewaterisimportantbecauseitwillestablishthemajorsourceoffoodforfishandotherorganisms.Youcanstartwithdistilledwater,bottledwaterordechlorinatedtapwater.Addingsomewaterfromanestablishedtankwillalsohelpgrowthbecauseitalreadyhastheessentialnutrientsfororganisms.PracticalReadingBuildinganaquaticecosystem

译Step5Cultivateavarietyofplants.Itisessentialtoputplantsintheaquaticecosystem,astheycanprovideoxygenandfoodtofishandothercritters.Whenchoosingplants,youneedtoconsiderthegrowthspeedandsizeoftheplant,whethertheyareedibleforfishandsnailsandwhereintheaquariumtheywillgrow(atthebottomoratthesurface).Makesuretheplantsarewell-established(letthemgrowandbecomerooted)beforeaddingfishorsnailstotheecosystem.PracticalReadingBuildinganaquaticecosystem

译Step6Addtinycritters.Thenextstepinformingthefoodchainofyourecosystemistoaddtinycritterssuchassmallpondsnails.Theywillserveasfoodforfishthatdoesn’teatplantsoralgae.Step7Addfishorshrimpstotheecosystem.Oncetheplantsandtinycreatureshavebeenestablished,youcanstarttointroduceshrimpsorfishintothecontainer.Youcanstartwithcherryshrimpsandonlyaddoneortwoatatime.Theyreproducequicklyandcanalsoserveasagreatdietforlargerfish.PracticalReadingBuildinganaquaticecosystem

译PracticalReadinginclusion

n.包含，包括anchor

v.（使）稳固，（使）固定dechlorinatev.给……脱氯critter

n.生物cultivate

v.培育，种植edible

adj.可食用的aquarium

n.水族箱algaen.藻类shrimp

n.虾reproduce

v.繁殖WordsPracticalReadingdistilledwater蒸馏水ExpressionReadingcomprehensionTask1Readthetextanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).PracticalReadingexposethecontainertolighting.plantsneedlighttogrow.establishthesubstratefortheecosystem.substrateallowsplantstoanchorandgrow.fillthecontainerwithdistilled/bottled/dechlorinatedtapwater.waterprovidesthemajorsourceoffoodforfishandotherorganisms.ReadingcomprehensionTask1Readthetextanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).PracticalReadingchooseproperplants.theyprovideoxygenandfoodforfish.addtinycritters.theyarefoodforfishwhodon’teatplantsoralgae.addfishorshrimp.thesefishorshrimphelptoformaself-sustainingenvironment.PracticalReadingVocabularybuildingTask2Comparethewordsineachgroupandcompletethesentenceswiththerightones.Changetheformwhennecessary.keepsustain

maintain

keepA.Theloveofmyfamilyandfriendsmakesme

going.B.Manybuildings

severedamageintheearthquake.C.Wedonothavesufficientresourcestoour

campaignforlong.

1sustainmaintainPracticalReadingVocabularybuildingTask2Comparethewordsineachgroupandcompletethesentenceswiththerightones.Changetheformwhennecessary.dietdiet

meal

foodA.Itisimportanttohaveabalanced

.B.Dinneristhemain

ofthedayformostpeople.C.Therestaurantservesgood

ataffordableprices.

2mealfoodPracticalReadingVocabularybuildingTask2Comparethewordsineachgroupandcompletethesentenceswiththerightones.Changetheformwhennecessary.anchoranchor

support

hostA.Theroots

theplantintheearth.B.Thesemeasuresarestrongly

byenvironmentalgroups.C.Viewerssawhim

afive-minutesummaryofregionalnews.

3supportedhostingPracticalReadingVocabularybuildingTask2Comparethewordsineachgroupandcompletethesentenceswiththerightones.Changetheformwhennecessary.reproducereproduce

cultivate

breedA.Someplants

byproducingseedsthatcanbedispersedbywindoranimals.B.Breedersselectively

dogstoexhibitspecifictraitsandcharacteristics.C.Farmers

cropssuchaswheatandcorntoensureabountifulharvest.

4breedcultivate课PracticalReading步骤1：选择合适的容器。

如果你是第一次建造水生生态系统，你可以考虑从小型容器入手。然而容器越小，就越难维持一个自给自足的环境。更大的容器可以容纳不同的物种，并为所有生物提供足够的生长空间。注意，所有容器应该是透明的，以便透光。步骤2：置容器于光照下。

光照对生态系统中植物的生长非常重要。建立水生生态系统课PracticalReading步骤3：建立生态系统基质。

基质是植物扎根和生长的土壤。合适的基质是基础，便于形成一个有利于植物生长和养分循环的环境。步骤4：容器注水。

水很重要，水是鱼类和其他生物的主要食物来源。初期你可以使用蒸馏水、瓶装水或除氯自来水。从完善的生态循环水箱中取一些水加入也会有帮助，因为这些水中已经含有生物所需的营养物质。建立水生生态系统课PracticalReading步骤5：种植各种植物。

水生生态系统中植物种植至关重要，它们可以为鱼类和其他生物提供氧气和食物。选择植物时，需要考虑植物的生长速度和大小，还要考虑鱼类和蜗牛是否会食用以及它们在水族箱中的生长位置（底部还是表面）。在向生态系统中添加鱼类或蜗牛之前，要确保植物已经长成（长大并扎根）。建立水生生态系统课PracticalReading步骤6：养殖微小生物。

形成生态系统食物链的下一步是加入微小生物，比如小塘螺。对于不吃植物或藻类的鱼类，微小生物可以作为它们的食物。步骤7：加入鱼虾。

一旦植物和小生物都已长成，就可以开始往容器中加入虾鱼了。可以从加入樱花虾开始，每次只添加一两只。虾繁殖迅速，也可以作为大型鱼类的美食。建立水生生态系统ComparativeReadingAnecologicalfootprintisamethodofmeasuringhumans’dependenceonnaturalresourcesbycalculatinghowmuchoftheenvironmentpeopleneedtosustainaparticularlifestyle.Inotherwords,itmeasuresthedemandvs.thesupplyofnature.Howcanwereduceourecologicalfootprint?Herearefoursimpleandeffectivewaystostartreducingourecologicalfootprintathome.Reducingyourecologicalfootprintathome生态足迹是通过计算人类维持特定生活方式所需要占用环境的多少来衡量人类对自然资源依赖程度的方法。换句话说，它衡量的是需求与自然供给之争。我们如何减少生态足迹？从这四个简单且有效的方法开始减少家庭的生态足迹吧。参考译文ComparativeReadingGetridofsingle-useplasticsMostplasticsarenonbiodegradable.ThatmeanseveryplasticiteminexistencewillremainalmostindefinitelyonEarth.Mostplasticspollutethesoilandbodiesofwaterandhinderplantsfromgrowingfreely.Besides,theyoccupylargespaceinlandfills.Burningplasticsalsodirectlyemitspoisonoussubstancesintotheatmosphere.Oneofthebestwaystoreducetheecologicalfootprintistoeliminatesingle-useplastics.Reusableplasticscanbeusedinsteadofdisposableones.Reducingyourecologicalfootprintathome停止使用一次性塑料制品大多数塑料是不可降解的。这意味着每一个塑料制品几乎都会无限期地存在于地球上。大多数塑料污染土壤和水体，阻碍植物自由生长。此外，他们占据了垃圾填埋场大片的空间。燃烧塑料也会直接向大气中排放有毒物质。降低生态足迹最好的方法之一是消除一次性塑料制品。可以用可重复使用的塑料制品代替一次性塑料制品。参考译文ComparativeReadingEatmoreplant-basedfoodThetypeoffoodweeatcanhavealargeimpactontheenvironment.Theecologicalfootprintmeatproducesismuchhigherthanthatofvegetablesandotherplantbasedfoods.Anutritionallybalanceddiethasaecologicalfootprintthatismuchlowerthanadietcomposedmostlyofanimal-basedproteins.食用更多植物性食品我们所食用的食物类型会对环境产生很大的影响。肉类食品所产生的生态足迹远远高于蔬菜和其他植物性食品。与富含动物蛋白的饮食相比，营养均衡的膳食生态足迹要低得多。参考译文ReducingyourecologicalfootprintathomeComparativeReading

BuylocalSupportourcommunity,buybetterqualityproductsandsavetheenvironmentbypurchasinglocalgoods.Keepinmindthattheitemswebuytravelevenmorethanwedo—beitfood,clothesorofficesupplies.Withallthattravelingandshipping,theecologicalfootprintbeingcreatedcanbeexcessive.译

我的译文Reducingyourecologicalfootprintathome购买当地产品通过选购当地产品来支持我们的社区，买到更高质量的产品以及保护环境。要记住，不论是食物，衣服还是办公用品，我们买到的商品比我们所走过的距离更远。在所有运输和航运中产生的生态足迹可能会过量。ComparativeReadingReduce,reuseandrecycleMosthouseholdsworldwidethrowtheirwasteintobodiesofwaterandotherecosystems,therebyincreasingtheirecologicalfootprint.Ifpeoplebeganrecyclingatleasthalfoftheirhouseholdwaste,closetoseveralthousanpoundsofcarbondioxidecouldbereducedannually.Youcoulddoubleyoureffortbybuyingproductswithminimalpackaging.However,keepinmindthatsomeproductsthatappeartoberecyclablemaynotbeallowedtogointoyourrecyclingbin.译

我的译文Reducingyourecologicalfootprintathome减少使用量、重复使用和循环使用世界上大多数家庭把垃圾扔到水体或是其他生态系统中，由此增加了他们的生态足迹。如果人们回收至少一半的家庭垃圾，每年可以减少近几千磅二氧化碳的排放。如果还能购买包装最简单的产品，二氧化碳的减排效果则会翻倍。但是，请记住，某些看似可回收的产品可能不能进入垃圾箱。ComparativeReadingHopefully,we’llreduceourecologicalfootprinttotherequiredlimitwithinafewyearsbyusingthewaysabove.译

我的译文Reducingyourecologicalfootprintathome希望通过上述方法，我们能在几年内将生态足迹减少到所需的限度。TranslationTipsThepassivevoiceiswidelyusedinEnglishtodescribefactsandobjectivesituations,especiallyintechnicaltexts.Incontrast,theChineselanguageoftenusestheactivevoice.Therefore,thepassivevoiceinEnglishisoftentransferredintotheactivevoiceinChinesetomakethetranslatedtextmoreexpressive.Forthistranslationtechnique,youcanconverttheobjectintheEnglishpassivesentenceintothesubjectintheChinesesentence,therebytransformingthepassivevoiceintotheactivevoice.ComparativeReadingTranslationTipsComparativeReadingTheconceptoftheecologicalfootprintwasfirstcreatedbyWilliamReesintheearly1990s.20世纪90年代初，威廉·里斯首次提出了生态足迹的概念。（英文被动句