炎症与免疫研究进展唐宏

炎症与免疫研究进展唐宏中科院感染免疫重点实验室炎症的病理特征与进程炎症的局部临床特征是红、热、肿、痛和组织/器官功能衰竭红热:炎症局部血管扩张、血流加快所致。肿胀:局部炎症性充血、血液成分渗出引起。疼痛:渗出物压迫和炎症介质直接作用于神经末梢而引起疼痛。功能衰竭：基于炎症的部位、性质和严重程度将引起不同的功能障碍，如肺炎影响气血交换从而引起缺氧和呼吸困难/窘迫等。炎症通常可按其病程分为急性炎症和慢性炎症急性炎症：启动急骤，持续几天至一个月。有害刺激一旦去除，炎症也就随之消失。以血浆渗出和中性粒细胞浸润为主要特征。慢性炎症：持续数月至数年，以淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞浸润以及微/小血管和结缔组织增生为主要病理学特征。炎症的细胞反应1、吞噬细胞是启动炎症反应的重要效应细胞，包括巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞。吞噬细胞通过其表面表达的多种受体(甘露糖受体，葡聚糖受体，Toll样受体等)，迅速识别并摄入外源微生物，形成吞噬体，继而与溶酶体结合形成吞噬溶酶体，微生物通过氧依赖或氧非依赖途径被杀伤。被激活的吞噬细胞同时分泌大量的促炎症因子和趋化因子（IL-1，TNF，IL-6和KC/CXCL8等)，发挥多种非特异性效应，包括致炎，致热，趋化炎症细胞，激活免疫细胞，抑制病毒复制，胞毒作用等。中性粒细胞存在于外周血，寿命短，数量多；巨噬细胞是从血液中的单核细胞分化而来分布于不同组织中，寿命长，形体大，富含细胞器。2、NK细胞也是参与炎症反应的重要细胞，在多种细胞因子刺激下，杀伤感染细胞内的微生物并产生细胞因子，进一步促进炎症细胞发挥作用而产生级联放大效应。3、此外，DC、γδT、B1、肥大细胞、NKT、上皮细胞等在一定范围内参与炎症反应。炎症是所有具有血管系统的个体，其组织与细胞对损伤性因子/因素所产生的反应PAMPvsDAMPDongetal,NatMed(2007)AdaptiveimmunesystempreventsoverreactiveinnateimmunityintheinitialphaseofinfectionsA02040608010002468101214Balb/cNudeDaysafterinjection%survivalBCBalb/cNude23456Day2Day4LogPFU/gmLiverTNF-

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