考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷646(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷646(题后含答案及解析)全部题型2.ReadingComprehensionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)Manywilldoubttobaccoindustryclaimsthatitissharpeningitssciencetoevaluate“healthiercigarettes”.Butthat’swhatwillhappeniftheUSFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)getsthejobofregulatingtheindustry,asaSenatevoteontheissuewasexpectedtodecidethisweek.Thenthehealthagencywillbeplacedinthebizarresituationofdecidingwhethertoapprovenewversionsofproductsthathavekilledmillions.Radicalswillarguethattheonlywayofpreventingtobacco-relateddeathanddiseaseistobancigarettes,notencouragemoretobaccoproductsontothemarket—eveniftheymightbesafer.However,abanisunlikely,andsohelpingpeopletoquit,dissuadingteensfromsmokinginthefirstplaceandhelpingpeopleavoidsecond-handsmokeshouldremainattheheartofhealthpolicies.SuchmeasureshavealreadycutthenumberofUSsmokersfromaround50percentofthepopulationinthe1960stoaround20percenttoday—butthisisstillwellshortoftheUSgovernment’stargetof12percentby2010.Abstinencecannotbetheonlypolicy,however.Pragmatistswillseethesenseofsafercigarettes.Thereisahardcoreofpeoplewhocannotorwillnotgiveup,andsafercigarettescouldalsohelpinpoorerpartsoftheworld,wheremoreandmorepeoplearetakingupsmoking:theWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthatby2030morethan80percentoftobacco-relateddeathswillbeinlowtomiddle-incomecountries.Weneedtofindnewwaysofcuttingtherisksoftobacco.Nicotinereplacementsareonesolution;reduced-harmproductslikemodifiedcigarettesmightbeanother.Withoutrobustsciencetobackuptheclaimsofsafety,however,theycouldmakethingsworse,ashashappenedbefore.Themarketingof“light”,“ultra-light”and“low-tar”cigarettesledmanysmokerstobelievethatthesewerehealthieralternativestostrongerbrands,yetwenowknowthattheycausejustasmuchcancer.Thetobaccoindustryhasapoorhistoryoftransparencywhenitcomestoresearch.Tobaccocompaniesarenowdevelopingbiomarkerstoassessriskmoreaccurately.Theyshouldbeapplauded,butonlyiftheyarepreparedtosubjecttheirresearchtotoughexamination.FDAregulationmayforcethemtodothis.Itshouldalsomakethelabelingofcigarettesevenclearer,sothatconsumersunderstandtherelativerisks.Onlygoodsciencecancutthroughthesmokescreenthatfordecadeshasobscuredthehazardsofcigarettes.1．FromthefirsttwoparagraphsweknowthatA．itisimpossibleforthetobaccoindustrytomakesafercigarettes.B．theUSFoodandDrugAdministrationisgoingtobansmoking.C．discouragingpeoplefromsmokingshouldbethefirstpriority.D．theUSgovernmenthasmetitstargetofreducingthesmokingpopulation.正确答案：C解析：第二段讲到healthpolicies的核心之一在于帮助人们戒烟，所以C项正确。知识模块：阅读2．Whenitcomestosmoking,pragmatistsbelieveA．peopleshouldbeencouragedtosmokeconsideringeconomicinterests.B．itissensibletointroducesafercigarettessincemanypeoplewon’tquit.C．theUSgovernmentshouldsparenoefforttobansmokinginpublic.D．thetobaccoindustryshouldexportcigarettestoundevelopedcountries.正确答案：B解析：根据pragmatists定位到第三段，实用主义者的观点是安全型香烟的存在有意义，因为总有顽固分子戒不掉也不肯戒烟，所以B项正确。知识模块：阅读3．Themarketingof“light”,“ultra-light”and“low-tar”cigarettesismentionedtoA．introducesomekindsofsafercigarettes.B．provethatit’spossibletocuttherisksoftobacco.C．illustratetheinabilityoftobaccoindustrytodoscienceresearch.D．showthattheclaimedsafercigarettesarerisky.正确答案：D解析：根据“light”，“ultra-light”and“low-tar”定位到第四段。第四段提及了烟草业科研透明度很不够，一个表现就是误导吸烟者认为light，ultra-lightandlow-tar香烟比浓烟更健康，其实同样有害，所以D项正确。知识模块：阅读4．ItisimportantforFDAtoregulatethetobaccoindustryinthatA．itwillimposetoughexaminationonthetobaccoindustryintheUS.B．ithasstrongerscientificmethodstoboostAmerica’stobaccoindustry.C．itcanevaluatetherisksinthetobaccoindustrymoreaccurately.D．itwillintroducepoliciestobansmokinginthepublicplacesintheUS.正确答案：A解析：根据FDA定位到最后一段，该段讲到烟草业研制安全型香烟必须subjecttotoughexamination，并且FDA可能会迫使他们这样做，所以A项正确。知识模块：阅读5．Whichadjectivebestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardstobaccoindustry?A．Radical.B．Supportive.C．Objective.D．Disgustful.正确答案：C解析：本题考的是作者对烟草业的态度。整篇文章作者都是以事实为依据进行客观的论述，既有对烟草业一些不当行为的揭露和批评，也有对其某些努力的褒奖，所以答案为C项。知识模块：阅读Organizationsandsocietiesrelyonfinesandrewardstoharnesspeople’sself-interestintheserviceofthecommongood.Thethreatofaticketkeepsdriversinline,andthepromiseofabonusinspireshighperformance.Butincentivescanalsobackfire,diminishingtheverybehaviorthey’remeanttoencourage.Agenerationago,RichardTitmussclaimedthatpayingpeopletodonatebloodreducedthesupply.Economistswereskeptical,citingalackofempiricalevidence.Butsincethen,newdataandmodelshavepromptedaseachangeinhoweconomiststhinkaboutincentives—showing,amongotherthings,thatTitmusswasrightoftenenoughthatbusinessesshouldtakenote.Experimentaleconomistshavefoundthatofferingtopaywomenfordonatingblooddecreasesthenumberwillingtodonatebyalmosthalf,andthatlettingthemcontributethepaymenttocharityreversestheeffect.Dozensofrecentexperimentsshowthatrewardingself-interestwitheconomicincentivescanbackfirewhentheyunderminewhatAdamSmithcalled“themoralsentiments.”Thepsychologyherehasescapedblackboardeconomists,butitwillbenosurprisetopeopleinbusiness:Whenwetakeajoborbuyacar,wearenotonlytryingtogetstuff—wearealsotryingtobeacertainkindofperson.Peopledesiretobeesteemedbyothersandtobeseenasethicalanddignified.Andtheydon’twanttobetakenforsuckers.Rewardingblooddonationsmaybackfirebecauseitsuggeststhatthedonorislessinterestedinbeingaltruisticthaninmakingadollar.Incentivesalsorunintotroublewhentheysignalthattheemployermistruststheemployeeorisgreedy.Closesupervisionofworkerscoupledwithpayforperformanceistextbookeconomics—andaprescriptionforsullenemployees.Perhapsmostimportant,incentivesaffectwhatouractionssignal,whetherwe’rebeingself-interestedorcivic-minded,manipulatedortrusted,andtheycanimply—sometimeswrongly—whatmotivatesus.Finesorpublicrebukesthatappealtoourmoralsentimentsbysignalingsocialdisapproval(thinkoflittering)canbehighlyeffective.Butincentivesgowrongwhentheyoffendordiminishourethicalsensibilities.Thisdoesnotmeanit’simpossibletoappealtoself-interestedandethicalmotivationsatthesametime—justthateffortstodosooftenfail.Ideally,policiessupportsociallyvaluedendsnotonlybyharnessingself-interestbutalsobyencouragingpublic-spiritedness.ThesmalltaxonplasticgrocerybagsenactedinIrelandin2002thatresultedintheirvirtualeliminationappearstohavehadsuchaneffect.Itpunishedoffendersmonetarilywhileconveyingamoralmessage.Carryingaplasticbagjoinedwearingafurcoatinthegalleryofanti-socialanachronisms.6．Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,weknowthatA．organizationalandsocialprogressesdependoneconomicincentives.B．economicincentivesactuallydiscouragepeopletobehavewell.C．economistsdidn’tagreewithTitmussforthelackofempiricalevidenceD．economistsnowpromptbusinessestonotedownTitmuss’sclaim.正确答案：C解析：根据题干定位到文章开头两段。第二段明确提到“那时经济学家对这种说法(理查德关于献血者的说法)持怀疑态度，认为其缺少经验证据”，故C项为答案。知识模块：阅读7．Accordingtoexperimentaleconomists,A．moremoneyisoffered,fewerpeopledonateblood.B．economicincentivesmayrunintheoppositedirection.C．adecreasingnumberofpeopledonatebloodforcharity.D．economicincentivesclashwith“themoralsentiments”.正确答案：B解析：根据experimentaleconomists定位到第三段。该段列举献血者的例子，说明当“道德情操”被破坏时用经济奖励去激励自愿行为会带来反效果，故不难推断B项为答案。知识模块：阅读8．WeknowfromthetextthatincentivesarecharacterizedasA．counterproductive.B．manipulating.C．implicative.D．effective.正确答案：C解析：考查全文。本文提到激励在很多情况下给人们的行为带来暗示，比如可能会暗示捐血的人是为了钱而不是为了帮助别人等，故C项implicative(有暗示性的)为正确答案。知识模块：阅读9．ThesmalltaxonplasticgrocerybagsinIrelandismentionedtoshowthatA．Irelandisdeterminedtoeliminateplasticpollution.B．incentivepoliciesbythegovernmentaremoreeffective.C．incentivescanharnessegoismandinspirealtruism.D．monetarypunishmentsusuallyhavemoralimplications.正确答案：C解析：根据plasticgrocerybags或Ireland定位到第五段。该段提到，政策不仅通过遏制自我利益，而且通过鼓励公益精神来支持社会价值取向，C项符合文意，故为正确答案。知识模块：阅读10．ThetextintendstotellusthatA．businessesmightaswellputeconomicincentivestofullerplay.B．incentiveshavemorenegativeinfluencesthanpositiveones.C．moneyisnoteverything,instead,thereisalwayssomethingelse.D．incentivesmaygowrongwhentheyclashwith“themoralsentiments”.正确答案：D解析：考查全文。本文讨论的是当“道德情操”因素被削弱，经济激励有时会产生反效果，故D项为答案。知识模块：阅读Morethananyotherindustry,America’smulti-billion-dollarentertainmentbusinessiscaughtinthecrossfireofthecountry’sculturewar.Mediafirmshavealwayshadtowalkafinelinebetweengivingadultsrealisticshowsandshieldingchildrenfromsexandbadlanguage.Butthankstothecurrentpoliticalinfluenceofsocialconservatives,TVandradiofirmsareundermoreattackthaneverforallegedlycorruptingAmerica’syouth.Congressisthreateningtoincreasesharplyfinesforairingindecentmaterial.Over80%ofAmericanhomessubscribeeithertocableorsatelliteTV,butonlybroadcasttelevision,whichistechnicallyfree,issubjecttoindecencyregulation.Themediaindustryfearsthatnewrulescoulddamageitsbusinessmodel.TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC),themediaindustry’sregulator,definesindecencyaslanguageormaterialthatdescribessexualactionsororgansandwhichisconsidered“offensivebycontemporarycommunitystandards.”Solelyforthesakeofchildren(presentinone-thirdofAmericanhomes),indecencyisforbiddenfrom6a.m.to10p.m.onbroadcastTVandradio.Incontrastto“obscenity”—illegalallthetime—indecencymostlyconsistsofswearing,partialnudityandsexuality.America’scurrentbattlesoverindecencybeganin2003whenBono,arockstar,said“thisisreally,reallyfuckingbrilliant”ataliveawardsshow.TheFCCdecidedtodonothing.ThencameaglimpseofJanetJackson’sbreastinSuperBowl,outragingsomeviewers.PressedbyCongress,theFCCreverseditsdecisiononBonoandsaiditwouldgettoughonindecency.In2004itfinedmediafirmsnearly$8m,fivetimeswhatithadleviedintheprevioustenyearscombined.Forthesefirmssuchfinesarepuny.Yetfearingwhatfuturemeasuresmightbedeployedagainstthem,theyhaveincreasinglycensoredthemselves.LastyearseveralTVstationsdeclinedtoair“SavingPrivateRyan”,awarmoviewithlotsofswearing.Themediaindustryfacesapowerfulbipartisancoalitionofpoliticianswhoseevotesincleansingtheairwaves.Republicansareleadingtheeffort,butsomeDemocratsarejoiningin—notsurprisingly,asmanyparentsdoseemworried.OnedefensivestrategyforthemediaindustryistoplaythemoralizingwingoftheRepublicanPartyoffagainstitssubstantiallibertarianwing,whichisopposedtogivingthegovernmentmorepowertocensor.NewsCorporationandGeneralElectric’sNBChavetogetherenlistedthesupportoftheAmericanConservativeUnion,AmericansforTaxReformandtheUSChamberofCommerce.Advancesintechnology,thesegroupsargue,meanthatthegovernmentnolongerneedstopolicetheairwavesforindecency.ManyparentsnowhaveV-chipsintheirTVsetstoblockoutpornographicmaterial.Set-topboxesforcableandsatelliteTValsogiveparentscontrol.11．Thephrase“walkafineline”(Line3,Paragraph1)mostprobablyindicatesA．alternate.B．balance.C．transfer.D．distinguish.正确答案：B解析：考点在第一段第二句。其中讲到传媒公司一直以来不得不在“为成人制作贴近生活的节目”和“保护青少年不受侵害”之间探寻微妙的道路，即寻求一种平衡，故选B项。根据该段中的crossfire，culturewar，undermoreattack以及corrupting等关键词也可推知B项“平衡”最合适。知识模块：阅读12．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A．TVandradiofirmsarecorruptingtheyoungpeopleinAmerica.B．BroadcasttelevisionotherthansatelliteTVisunderindecencyregulation.C．America’sbattlesoverindecencyhavelastedforaslongasadecade.D．Afineof8millionUSdollarsissuchahugeoneformediafirms.正确答案：B解析：该类题型可以通过“定位追踪、粗中辨细”快速解答。B项符合第二段第二句，即只有广播电视受到禁播不雅内容的限制。知识模块：阅读13．AmajordifferencebetweenindecencyandobscenityisthatA．obscenityinvolvesmoreswearing,nudityandsexuality.B．obscenityisforbiddenonallchannelsallthetime.C．indecencyinflictsmoreharmonchildrenandyoungadults.D．indecencyismoreoffensivebycontemporarystandards.正确答案：B解析：根据题干中的obscenity定位至第三段最后一句。第三段最后一句提到obscenity是“在任何时候都不能播放的，违法的”；而indecency只是“包括讲脏话、部分裸露和色情”。B项符合原文。知识模块：阅读14．Therefusaltobroadcast“SavingPrivateRyan”byseveralTVstationsshowsthatA．themoviefeatureslotsofswearing.B．mediafirmshaveintensifiedcensoring.C．mediafirmswereafraidofhugefines.D．thefilmwasdefinedasindecent.正确答案：B解析：例证通常为了说明已经或将要提及的观点及事实。该事例出自第五段第三句，而其前一句就点出传媒公司加强自我审查力度，故选B项。知识模块：阅读15．Whatstrategyhasthemediaindustryadoptedtodefenditself?A．CreatingbitterquarrelsbetweenRepublican’stwowings.B．Protestingthegovernment’spowerovercensorship.C．AllyingwithsuchgroupsastheAmericanConservativeUnion.D．Arguingthatthematerialisactuallyunderthecontrolofparents.正确答案：A解析：根据题干中的strategy和defenditself可快速定位到第六段第一句。该句中明确提到传媒行业的抵御策略之一便是挑起共和党内部两个派系的争论，A项符合文意，故为答案。知识模块：阅读Icametofeminismthewaysomepeoplecometosocialmovementsintheirearlyyears:outofself-interest.IgotontheequalitybandwagonbecauseIwasayoungwomanwithastreakofambitionamilewide,andwithoutachangeintheatmosphereIthoughtIwasgoingtowinduplivingalifethatwouldmakemecrazy.Asmyfathersaidnotlongago,“Canyouimaginewhatitwouldhavebeenlikeifyouhadbeenborn50yearsearlier?Yourlifewouldhavebeenmiserable.”Thegreatthingwasthatitwaspossibletodogoodforallwhileyouweredoingwellforyourself.Eachofusroseontheshouldersofwomenwhohadcomebeforeus.Moveup,reachdown:thatwasthemottoofthosewhowereworthknowing.Butitwasnotjustotherwomenweelevated,butentireenterprises.Morewomenonthestaffsandthemastheadsofthecountry’slargestpublicationschangedthem.Itresultedinnewspapersandmagazinesthatcoveredwomenasmorethanamixtureofrecipesandfashioncollections.Butthere’sonequestionthatalwayslurksaroundthemarginsofthebattleforequalrights:howwillweknowwhenwe’vewon?Sometimesitseemslikeaclassicdanceoftwostepsforward,oneback.IndraNooyi,anIndian-bornnumbercruncher,wasrecentlynamedCEOofPepsi.Butthatmakesheroneofonly11womennowrunningaFortune500company,whichworksouttoslightlymorethan2percent.AndForbesmagazinejustpublishedanessaytitled“Don’tMarryCareerWomen”byamalewriterwhocouldn’tseetheadvantagesofawifewhocouldpaythemortgageandsupportthechildrenevenifherhusbandlosthisjoborsufferedamassivecoronary.Thatkindofnonsensetakesyoubackintime,totheearlydayswhenwomendumpedbabiesonthedeskofthemayorofSyracusetoprotestthelackofchildcare.Maybeitwastheclassicprotestslogan“Don’tcookdinner—starvearattoday,”buttheperceptionwasthatthefightforequalitywasawaragainstmen.Butthebattlewasreallyagainstthewasteoftalent,thewastetosociety,thewasteofwomenwhohadcertaingiftsandgoalsandhadtosuppressboth.Thepointwasnottotakeovermaleterrainbuttochangeitbecauseitbadlyneededchanging.Thedepthandbreadthofthattransformationiswhatreflects